Ahn, J-H, Wang, GX, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2003, 'Nanoparticle-dispersed PEO polymer electrolytes for Li batteries', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 119-121, pp. 422-426.
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Ahn, J-H, Wang, GX, Yao, J, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2003, 'Tin-based composite materials as anode materials for Li-ion batteries', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 119-121, pp. 45-49.
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Aktan, F, Henness, S, Roufogalis, BD & Ammit, AJ 2003, 'Gypenosides derived from Gynostemma pentaphyllum suppress NO synthesis in murine macrophages by inhibiting iNOS enzymatic activity and attenuating NF-κB-mediated iNOS protein expression', Nitric Oxide, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 235-242.
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Ammit, AJ & Panettieri, RA 2003, 'Airway smooth muscle cell hyperplasia: a therapeutic target in airway remodeling in asthma?', Prog Cell Cycle Res, vol. 5, pp. 49-57.
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Severe asthma is characterized by airway remodeling due, in part, to increases in airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass. Regulation of ASM hyperplasia is considered an attractive therapeutic target for the potential treatment of airway remodeling in asthma. In order to develop anti-remodeling drugs, researchers have utilized cell culture techniques to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying ASM cell proliferation and to identify the critical cell cycle events that regulate ASM cell growth. Attractive lead compounds that have emerged from in vitro studies can now be examined in new animal models of airway remodeling, thus providing tools to design novel therapies to prevent or abrogate airway remodeling.
Apanasovich, TV, Sheather, S, Lupton, JR, Popovic, N, Turner, ND, Chapkin, RS, Braby, LA & Carroll, RJ 2003, 'Testing for Spatial Correlation in Nonstationary Binary Data, with Application to Aberrant Crypt Foci in Colon Carcinogenesis', Biometrics, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 752-761.
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Summary. In an experiment to understand colon carcinogenesis, all animals were exposed to a carcinogen, with half the animals also being exposed to radiation. Spatially, we measured the existence of what are referred to as aberrant crypt foci (ACF), namely, morphologically changed colonic crypts that are known to be precursors of colon cancer development. The biological question of interest is whether the locations of these ACFs are spatially correlated: if so, this indicates that damage to the colon due to carcinogens and radiation is localized. Statistically, the data take the form of binary outcomes (corresponding to the existence of an ACF) on a regular grid. We develop score‐type methods based upon the Matern and conditionally autoregressive (CAR) correlation models to test for the spatial correlation in such data, while allowing for nonstationarity. Because of a technical peculiarity of the score‐type test, we also develop robust versions of the method. The methods are compared to a generalization of Moran's test for continuous outcomes, and are shown via simulation to have the potential for increased power. When applied to our data, the methods indicate the existence of spatial correlation, and hence indicate localization of damage.
Asatryan, AA, Busch, K, McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM & Nicorovici, NA 2003, 'Two-dimensional Green tensor and local density of states in finite-sized two-dimensional photonic crystals', WAVES IN RANDOM MEDIA, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 9-25.
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The two-dimensional Green tensor for two-dimensional photonic crystals, consisting of clusters of circular cylinders of infinite length, is constructed using the exact theory of multipole expansions. On the basis of this Green tensor, the local density of states for both polarizations is calculated, showing how the density of states depends on the position inside the crystal. We include results for clusters with a waveguide, obtained by removing a line of cylinders, and a cavity, obtained by forming a localized defect.
Asatryan, AA, Robinson, PA, McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, Langtry, TL & Nicorovici, NA 2003, 'Diffusion and anomalous diffusion of light in two-dimensional photonic crystals', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 8-8.
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The transport properties of electromagnetic waves in disordered, finite, two-dimensional photonic crystals composed of circular cylinders are considered. Transport parameters such as the transport and scattering mean free paths and the transport velocity are calculated, for the case where the electromagnetic radiation has its electric field along the cylinder axes. The range of the parameters in which the diffusion process can take place is specified. It is shown that the transport velocity [Formula presented] can be as much as [Formula presented] times less than its free space value, while just outside the cluster [Formula presented] can be 0.3c. The effects of weak and strong disorders on the transport velocity are investigated. Different regimes of the wave transport—ordered propagation, diffusion, and anomalous diffusion—are demonstrated, and it is inferred that Anderson localization is incipient in the latter regime. Exact numerical calculations from the Helmholtz equation are shown to be in good agreement with the diffusion approximation. © 2003 The American Physical Society.
Ashmore, J, Bishop, R, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2003, 'Comparison of the X-ray structures of concomitant pseudodimorphs formed between a diquinoline host and d-chloroform guest', Mendeleev Communications, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 144-146.
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Asselberghs, I, Clays, K, Persoons, A, McDonagh, AM, Ward, MD & McCleverty, JA 2003, 'In situ reversible electrochemical switching of the molecular first hyperpolarizability', Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 368, no. 3-4, pp. 408-411.
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In situ reversible electrochemical switching of the molecular second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) polarizability, or first hyperpolarizability, has been implemented in a specially designed cell. The redox-switchable NLO chromophore is based on the octamethylferrocene/octamethylferrocenium redox system as electron-donor (D) group, in conjunction with nitrothiophene as the electron-acceptor (A) group and ethenyl as the π-conjugation bridge. This D-π-A chromophore has been shown to exhibit reversible redox switching of its linear and nonlinear optical properties.The importance and potential of this electrochemical switching of the first hyperpolarizability is discussed in the context of current and future applications of second-order NLO effects. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Bancroft, L 2003, 'Dietary fish oil reduces oxidative DNA damage in rat colonocytes', Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 149-159.
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Benn, DE, Croxson, MS, Tucker, K, Bambach, CP, Richardson, AL, Delbridge, L, Pullan, PT, Hammond, J, Marsh, DJ & Robinson, BG 2003, 'Novel succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) mutations in familial phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas, but an absence of somatic SDHB mutations in sporadic phaeochromocytomas', Oncogene, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 1358-1364.
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Ben-Nissan, B 2003, 'Natural bioceramics: from coral to bone and beyond', Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, vol. 7, no. 4-5, pp. 283-288.
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Recent advances in the production and use of natural bioceramics for applications in hard and soft tissue replacement are discussed. The synthesis of complex inorganic forms, which are based on natural structures that can mimic natural scaffold, upon which the cells are seeded, offers an exciting range of avenues for the construction of a new generation bone analogs for tissue engineering. The use of natural and synthetic calcium phosphate bioceramics as bone grafts in orthopaedics and dentistry is considered. Issues affecting the use of different materials in vivo are outlined, of particular importance are osteoconductivity (ability to support tissue ingrowth and bone formation) and osteogenicity (formation of bone from cells within a bone graft). A variety of other natural alternatives including sol-gel coated coralline apatite are evaluated, and other key success factors (strength, longevity and stability) are reviewed. Several treatments for improving performance are outlined, and speculation on future advances, including combination of traditional bioceramic implants with more recent advances in stem cell research is made. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Berry, DJ, Beran, RG, Plunkeft, MJ, Clarke, LA & Hung, WT 2003, 'The absorption of gabapentin following high dose escalation', SEIZURE-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EPILEPSY, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 28-36.
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Bettelheim, KA, Hornitzky, MA, Djordjevic, SP & Kuzevski, A 2003, 'Antibiotic resistance among verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) and non-VTEC isolated from domestic animals and humans', Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 155-162.
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Two hundred verocytotoxigenic and 216 non-verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC and non-VTEC), isolated from a variety of sources were tested for their resistances to 11 antimicrobial agents. The strains included isolates from domestic food animals and both symptomatic and asymptomatic infections in man. A much higher level of resistance was found among the non-VTEC than among the VTEC, regardless of source. The resistant VTEC isolated from animals were predominantly from specimens associated with sick animals. Antibiotic resistance was detected in only four of the 59 (6.8 %) VTEC of human origin, whereas more of the human non-VTEC possessed antibiotic resistance determinants. It was particularly noteworthy that 24/87 (28 %) strains isolated from healthy babies, who had neither contact with antibiotics nor had gastrointestinal symptoms for at least 2 weeks prior to the specimen being taken, were resistant to one or more of the antibiotics tested.
Bibby, TS, Nield, J, Chen, M, Larkum, AWD & Barber, J 2003, 'Structure of a photosystem II supercomplex isolated from Prochloron didemni retaining its chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting system', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 100, no. 15, pp. 9050-9054.
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Prochlorophytes are a class of cyanobacteria that do not use phycobiliproteins as light-harvesting systems, but contain chlorophyll (Chl) a / b -binding Pcb proteins. Recently it was shown that Pcb proteins form an 18-subunit light-harvesting antenna ring around the photosystem I (PSI) trimeric reaction center complex of the prochlorophyte Prochlorococcus marinus SS120. Here we have investigated whether the symbiotic prochlorophyte Prochloron didemni also contains the same supermolecular complex. Using cells isolated directly from its ascidian host, we found no evidence for the presence of the Pcb–PSI supercomplex. Instead we have identified and characterized a supercomplex composed of photosystem II (PSII) and Pcb proteins. We show that 10-Pcb subunits associate with the PSII dimeric reaction center core to form a giant complex having an estimated M r of 1,500 kDa with dimensions of 210 × 290 Å. Five-Pcb subunits flank each long side of the dimer and assuming each binds 13 Chl molecules, increase the antenna size of PSII by ≈200%. Fluorescence emission studies indicate that energy transfer occurs efficiently from the Pcb antenna. Modeling using the x-ray structure of cyanobacterial PSII suggests that energy transfer to the PSII reaction center is via the Chls bound to the CP47 and CP43 proteins.
Bilic, A, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2003, 'Modeling the adsorption of norbornadiene on the Si(001) surface: The predominance of non-[2+2]-cycloaddition products', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 119, no. 2, pp. 1115-1126.
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Binet, MT, Adams, MA, King, CK, Stauber, JL, Doyle, C, Lim, RP & Laginestra, E 2003, 'Toxicity assessment of leachates from Homebush Bay landfills', Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology, vol. 9, pp. 7-18.
Binstead, RA, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2003, 'Inter-porphyrin coupling: rotation-modulation of inter-ring coupling in a mu-oxo-silicon phthalocyanine dimer', CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 378, no. 5-6, pp. 654-659.
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Blann, K, Williams, DBG, Roodt, A & Muller, A 2003, '(1R*,5R*,6S*,7R*)-6,7-Dihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-2-oxabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-3-one', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 59, no. 10, pp. o1551-o1553.
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Boggs, PB 2003, 'Bed Covers and Dust Mites', New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 349, no. 17, pp. 1668-1671.
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Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, Langtry, TN, White, TP, de Sterke, CM & McPhedran, RC 2003, 'Semianalytic treatment for propagation in finite photonic crystal waveguides', OPTICS LETTERS, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 854-856.
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We present a semianalytic theory for the properties of two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides of finite length. For single-mode guides, the transmission spectrum and field intensity can be accurately described by a simple two-parameter model. Analogies are drawn with Fabry-Perot interferometers, and generalized Fresnel coefficients for the interfaces are calculated. © 2003 Optical Society of America.
Bower, K, Djordjevic, SP, Andronicos, NM & Ranson, M 2003, 'Cell Surface Antigens of Mycoplasma Species Bovine Group 7 Bind to and Activate Plasminogen', Infection and Immunity, vol. 71, no. 8, pp. 4823-4827.
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ABSTRACT Mycoplasma species bovine group 7 bound plasminogen at the cell surface in a lysine-dependent manner. Cell-bound plasminogen was rapidly activated to plasmin by exogenous urokinase, and this activity was associated with plasminogen binding capacity. Binding assays using plasminogen modified with a trifunctional cross-linking agent revealed several binding proteins.
Bretelle, F, Sabatier, F, Desprez, D, Camoin, L, Grunebaum, L, Combes, V, D’Ercole, C & Dignat-George, F 2003, 'Circulating microparticles: a marker of procoagulant state in normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction', Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 89, no. 03, pp. 486-492.
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SummaryIn the present study, we explored the microparticles involved in the control of hemostatic equilibrium, i.e microparticles originating from platelet, endothelial cells and total MP defined as annexin V positive microparticles. Our aim was to analyze the level and procoagulant activity of these microparticles in normal pregnancy and pregnancies complicated with preeclampsia or isolated intrauterine growth restriction. We reported increased levels of platelet and endothelial microparticles in normal pregnancy compared to non pregnant healthy women. Number of annexin V microparticles was significantly increased together with their procoagulant activity. In pathological pregnancies, significant reduction in platelet microparticle number was found in preeclampsia. The procoagulant activity generated by the total annexin V MP was unchanged, suggesting that the microparticles remaining in the circulation were pro-coagulant. This study evidenced that microparticles constitute a cellular marker of a proinflammatory and procoagulant responses in normal pregnancy. In pregnancies with vascular complications, circulating MP with procoagulant potential may be part of the exacerbation of these responses.
Brett, KN, Hornitzky, MA, Bettelheim, KA, Walker, MJ & Djordjevic, SP 2003, 'Bovine Non-O157 Shiga Toxin 2-Containing Escherichia coli Isolates Commonly Possess stx 2-EDL933 and/or stx 2vhb Subtypes', Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 2716-2722.
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ABSTRACT stx 2 genes from 138 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates, of which 127 were of bovine origin (58 serotypes) and 11 of human origin (one serotype; O113:H21), were subtyped. The bovine STEC isolates from Australian cattle carried ehxA and/or eaeA and predominantly possessed stx 2-EDL933 (103 of 127; 81.1%) either in combination with stx 2vhb (32 of 127; 25.2%) or on its own (52 of 127; 40.4%). Of 22 (90.9%) bovine isolates of serotype O113:H21, a serotype increasingly recovered from patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) or hemorrhagic colitis, 20 contained both stx 2-EDL933 and stx 2vhb ; 2 isolates contained stx 2vhb only. Although 7 of 11 (63.6%) human O113:H21 isolates associated with diarrhea possessed stx 2-EDL933 , the remaining 4 isolates possessed a combination of stx 2-EDL933 and stx 2vhb . Three of the four were from separate sporadic cases of HUS, and one was from an unknown source.
Brett, KN, Ramachandran, V, Hornitzky, MA, Bettelheim, KA, Walker, MJ & Djordjevic, SP 2003, 'stx 1c Is the Most Common Shiga Toxin 1 Subtype among Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Sheep but Not among Isolates from Cattle', Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 926-936.
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ABSTRACT Unlike Shiga toxin 2 ( stx 2 ) genes, most nucleotide sequences of Shiga toxin 1 ( stx 1 ) genes from Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Shigella dysenteriae , and several bacteriophages (H19B, 933J, and H30) are highly conserved. Consequently, there has been little incentive to investigate variants of stx 1 among STEC isolates derived from human or animal sources. However stx 1OX3 , originally identified in an OX3:H8 isolate from a healthy sheep in Germany, differs from other stx 1 subtypes by 43 nucleotides, resulting in changes to 12 amino acid residues, and has been renamed stx 1c . In this study we describe the development of a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay that distinguishes stx 1c from other stx 1 subtypes. The PCR-RFLP assay was used to study 378 stx 1 -containing STEC isolates. Of these, 207 were isolated from sheep, 104 from cattle, 45 from humans, 11 from meat, 5 from swine, 5 from unknown sources, and 1 from a cattle water trough. Three hundred fifty-five of the 378 isolates (93.9%) also possessed...
Brunton, BJ & Booth, DJ 2003, 'Density- and size-dependent mortality of a settling coral-reef damselfish (Pomacentrus moluccensis Bleeker)', OECOLOGIA, vol. 137, no. 3, pp. 377-384.
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Density-dependent mortality may regulate many populations, but due to an offshore larval phase in benthic marine organisms, it is often difficult to quantify the effects of mortality of arriving individuals. We added approximately 600 recruit-sized individuals onto coral reef that parallels patterns in naturally settling fish. Strong, positive density-dependent mortality occurred 3 days, 1-2 weeks, and 4 months after release. Since our study species was patchily distributed, we estimated both mean group size and overall density in a transect. Mortality was more strongly related to mean group size than overall density in a transect, indicating that recruit patchiness was important. Cohesive groups may suffer higher mortality than those spread over larger areas, even if overall density of the latter is greater. Aggregative responses of predators may occur in response to larger groups, so may have contributed to positive density-dependent mortality. Increased conspicuousness to predators and congeneric aggression are additional factors that may vary positively with group size. Tagging of recruits showed migration within but not between transects, so persistence was tantamount to survival. Standard otolith back-calculation techniques employed to reconstruct original size of tagged recruits that persisted 4 months after additions indicated that mortality was also size-dependent. Size-dependent mortality was apparent at the site with the highest mortality but not at the site with the lowest mortality, resulting in different mean body sizes of recruits between sites. Size-dependent mortality may influence estimation of growth and lead to onset of size-based maturity in these fish. Strong, positive density-dependent mortality may regulate recruitment, and if coupled with size-dependent mortality, may increase maturity rate, adding to reproductive schedules of those that survive.
Buckley, BW, Leslie, LM & Speer, MS 2003, 'The Impact of Observational Technology on Climate Database Quality: Tropical Cyclones in the Tasman Sea', Journal of Climate, vol. 16, no. 15, pp. 2640-2645.
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Bühlmann, H & Platen, E 2003, 'A Discrete Time Benchmark Approach for Insurance and Finance', ASTIN Bulletin, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 153-172.
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This paper proposes a consistent approach to discrete time valuation in insurance and finance. This approach uses the growth optimal portfolio as reference unit or benchmark. When used as benchmark, it is shown that all benchmarked price processes are supermartingales. Benchmarked fair price processes are characterized as martingales. No measure transformation is needed for the fair pricing of insurance policies and derivatives. The standard actuarial pricing rule is obtained as a particular case of fair pricing when the contingent claim is independent from the growth optimal portfolio.1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: primary 90A12 secondary 60G30, 62P20JEL Classification: G10, G13
Burger, F, Doble, P & Roux, C 2003, 'Forensic analysis of condom and personal lubricants found in sexual assault cases by capillary electrophoresis', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 136, pp. 247-247.
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Butt, AJ, Dickson, KA, McDougall, F & Baxter, RC 2003, 'Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein-5 Inhibits the Growth of Human Breast Cancer Cells in Vitro and in Vivo', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 278, no. 32, pp. 29676-29685.
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The role of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-5 in human breast cancer cell growth is unclear. We determined the effects of IGFBP-5 expression on the growth of human breast cancer cell lines in vivo and in vitro. Expression of IGFBP-5, both by stable transfection and adenoviral-mediated infection, was inhibitory to the growth of MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T human breast cancer cells over a 13-day period. IGFBP-5 expression resulted in a G /M cell cycle arrest and the induction of apoptosis in both cell lines, an effect that was abrogated in the presence of the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk. IGFBP-5-induced apoptosis was associated with a transcriptional increase in expression of the proapoptotic regulator bax and decrease in the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 compared with vector controls. Secreted IGFBP-5 when added exogenously to breast cancer cells was not internalized and had no effect on cell growth or apoptosis, suggesting that IGFBP-5 may elicit its inhibitory effects via a novel, intracrine mechanism. In athymic nude mice, stable expression of IGFBP-5 significantly inhibited both the formation and growth of tumors derived from MDA-MB-231 cells. IGFBP-5-expressing tumors also had a significantly elevated level of bax mRNA and decreased levels of bcl-2 mRNA compared with vector tumors. These data suggest that IGFBP-5 is a potent growth inhibitor and proapoptotic agent in human breast cancer cells via modulation of cell cycle regulation and apoptotic mediators. 2
Caddy, J, Williams, DBG, Roodt, A & Muller, A 2003, '(1R*,5S*,6S*,7R*)-6,7-Dihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-2-oxabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-3-one', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 59, no. 8, pp. o1095-o1097.
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Camiolo, S, Coles, SJ, Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB & Tizzard, GJ 2003, 'Crown Ether Appended Amidopyrrole Clefts', Supramolecular Chemistry, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 231-234.
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Camiolo, S, Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB & Light, ME 2003, 'Nitrophenyl derivatives of pyrrole 2,5-diamides: structural behaviour, anion binding and colour change signalled deprotonationElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectra for compounds 2 and 3, NMR anion titration profiles in DMSO-d6–0.5% water. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/ob/b2/b210848h/', Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 741-744.
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Camiolo, S, Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB, Light, ME & Warriner, CN 2003, '2,5-Diamidofuran anion receptors', Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 44, no. 7, pp. 1367-1369.
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Casamento, S, Kwok, B, Roux, C, Dawson, M & Doble, P 2003, 'Optimization of the separation of organic explosives by capillary electrophoresis with artificial neural networks', JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 1075-1083.
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The separation of 12 explosives by capillary electrophoresis was optimized with the aid of artificial neural networks (ANNs). The selectivity of the separation was manipulated by varying the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the pH of the electrolyte, while maintaining the buffer concentration at 10 mM borate. The concentration of SDS and the electrolyte pH were used as input variables and the mobility of the explosives were used as output variables for the ANN. In total, eight experiments were performed based on a factorial design to train a variety of artificial neural network architectures. A further three experiments were required to train ANN architectures to adequately model the experimental space. A product resolution response surface was constructed based on the predicted mobilities of the best performing ANN. This response surface pointed to two optima; pH 9.0-9.1 and 60-65 mM SDS, and pH 8.4-8.6 and 50-60 mM SDS. Separation of all 12 explosives was achieved at the second optimum. The separation was further improved by changing the capillary to an extended cell detection window and reducing the diameter of the capillary from 75 μm to 50 μm. This provided a more efficient separation without compromising detection sensitivity.
Celedon, JC, Wright, RJ, Litonjua, AA, Sredl, D, Ryan, L, Weiss, ST & Gold, DR 2003, 'Day care attendance in early life, maternal history of asthma, and asthma at the age of 6 years', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE, vol. 167, no. 9, pp. 1239-1243.
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Among children not selected on the basis of a parental history of atopy, day care attendance in early life is inversely associated with asthma at school age. We examined the relation between day care in the first year of life and asthma, recurrent wheezing, and eczema at the age of 6 years and wheezing in the first 6 years of life among 453 children with parental history of atopy followed from birth. Among all study participants, day care in the first year of life was inversely associated with eczema (odds ratio [OR] = 0.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.1-0.8). Day care attendance in early life was associated with a decreased risk of asthma (OR = 0.3, 95% CI = 0.1-0.7) and recurrent wheezing (OR = 0.3, 95% CI = 0.1-0.9) at the age of 6 years and with a decreased risk of any wheezing after the age of 4 years only among children without maternal history of asthma. Among children with maternal history of asthma, day care in early life had no protective effect on asthma or recurrent wheezing at the age of 6 years but was instead associated with an increased risk of wheezing in the first 6 years of life. Our findings suggest that maternal history of asthma influences the relation between day care-related exposures and childhood asthma.
Chan, DKY, Lam, MKP, Wong, R, Hung, WT & Wilcken, DEL 2003, 'Strong association between N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype and PD in Hong Kong Chinese', NEUROLOGY, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 1002-1005.
Chan, DKY, Mellick, GD, Hung, WT & Woo, J 2003, 'Genetic and environmental risk factors and their interactions for Parkinson's disease in a Chinese population', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 313-315.
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Cheah, IK, Cheema, SS, Langford, SJ, Lopes, EC, Macfarlane, KJ, Petratos, S & Turner, BJ 2003, 'Design and application of a peptide nucleic acid sequence targeting the p75 neurotrophin receptor', Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, vol. 13, no. 14, pp. 2377-2380.
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Chen, JC, Chang, WR, Shih, TS, Chen, CJ, Chang, WP, Dennerlein, JT, Ryan, LM & Christiani, DC 2003, 'Predictors of whole-body vibration levels among urban taxi drivers', ERGONOMICS, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 1075-1090.
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To identify a set of important WBV predictors that could be used to develop a statistical instrument for exposure assessment in a large epidemiologic study, a total of 432 WBV measures were taken from a sample of 247 male drivers in Taipei City, Taiwan. In accordance with the ISO 2631-1 (1997) methods, we measured the frequency-weighted vertical acceleration (z-axis) over drivers' seat surface, under conditions representing different types of rides (vacant vs. short vs. long) assigned to random destinations. Mixed effect models were used to analyse the WBV data including repeated measures. For this group of urban taxi drivers regularly exposed to WBV of low intensity (mean = 0.31 ms-2, ranging from 0.17 to 0.55 ms -2 r.m.s.), our analyses indicated that average driving speed was the primary predictor (p < 0.0001). As average driving speed increased, measured vertical acceleration increased in a quadratic-linear manner (p < 0.0001). Other WBV predictors, after adjusting for the effects of other covariates, included automobile manufacturer (p = 0.02), engine size (p = 0.04), body weight (p = 0.002), age (p = 0.02), use of seat cushion (p = 0.03), and traffic period (p = 0.02). Our study suggests that a similar statistical approach could be employed in future studies to improve the quality and efficiency of WBV exposure assessment in professional drivers.
Chen, Y, Wang, GX, Konstantinov, K, Ahn, JH, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2003, 'Studies of the Electrochemical Properties of Nanosize Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Oxide as Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries', Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials, vol. 15-16, pp. 625-628.
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Nanosize cobalt oxides (Co3O4) were synthesized by chemical decomposition of cobalt octacarbonyl (Co2(CO)8) in toluene at the low temperature of 130°C. The crystallinity and microstructure were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties of electrodes made of nanosized Co3O4 particles were tested in Li-ion cells. The nanosized Co3O4 electrode material demonstrates a stable reversible lithium storage capacity of about 460 mAh/g over 30 cycles.
Chen, Y, Wang, GX, Konstantinov, K, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2003, 'Synthesis and characterization of LiCoxMnyNi1−x−yO2 as a cathode material for secondary lithium batteries', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 119-121, pp. 184-188.
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Chen, YC, Guo, YLL, Su, HJJ, Hsueh, YM, Smith, TJ, Lee, MS, Chao, SC, Lee, JYY & Christiani, DC 2003, 'Arsenic methylation and skin cancer risk in southwestern Taiwan', JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 241-248.
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Arsenic is a known carcinogen, but data are especially lacking on the health effects of low-level exposure, and on the health significance of methylation ability We conducted a case-control study (76 cases and 224 controls from 1996 to 1999) in southwestern Taiwan to explore the association among primary and secondary arsenic methylation index (PMI and SMI, respectively), cumulative arsenic exposure (CAE), and the risk of skin cancer. As compared with the controls, the skin cancer group reported more sun exposure (P = 0.02) and had a lower BMI (P = 0.03), as well as lower education level (P = 0.01). Skin cancer patients and controls were similar with regard to age, gender, smoking and alcohol consumption. Given a low SMI (≤5), CAE > 15 mg/L-year was associated with an increased risk of skin cancer (OR, 7.48; 95% CI, 1.65-33.99) compared to a CAE ≤ 2 mg/L-year. Given the same level of PMI, SMI, and CAE, men had a higher risk of skin cancer (OR, 4.04; 95% CI, 1.46-11.22) when compared to women. Subjects with low SMI and high CAE have a substantially increased risk of skin cancer. Males in all strata of arsenic exposure and methylation ability had a higher risk of skin cancer than women.
Chen, YC, Su, HJJ, Guo, YLL, Hsueh, YM, Smith, TJ, Ryan, LM, Lee, MS & Christiani, DC 2003, 'Arsenic methylation and bladder cancer risk in Taiwan', CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 303-310.
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Objective: The mechanism of arsenic detoxification in humans remains unclear. Data are especially lacking for low-level arsenic exposure. We hypothesize that arsenic methylation ability, defined as the ratios of monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V))/inorganic
Chen, YC, Xu, LL, Guo, YLL, Su, HJJ, Hsueh, YM, Smith, TJ, Ryan, LM, Lee, MS, Chaor, SC, Lee, JYY & Christiani, DC 2003, 'Genetic polymorphism in p53 codon 72 and skin cancer in southwestern Taiwan', JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 201-211.
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The Pro/Pro polymorphism of p53 codon 72 has been reported to be related to bladder and lung cancer, but its relationship with skin cancer is unclear. We assessed the hypothesis that there is a relationship between the p53 codon 72, Pro/Pro polymorphism, cumulative arsenic exposure, and the risk of skin cancer in a hospital-based case-control study in southwestern Taiwan. From 1996 to 1999, 93 newly-diagnosed skin cancer patients at the National Cheng-Kung University (NCKU) Hospital and 71 community controls matched on residence were recruited in southwestern Taiwan. The genotype of p53 codon 72 (Arg/Arg, Arg/Pro, or Pro/Pro) was determined for all subjects by polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). A questionnaire was administered to each subject for collection of demographic information, personal habits, disease history, diet information, and other relevant questions. The Pro/Pro (homozygous) genotype was more frequent in skin cancer patients (cases, 20%; controls, 12%; P = 0.37). Subjects with the susceptible genotype Pro/Pro and heterozygous (intermediate) genotype Pro/Arg had 2.18 and 0.99 times risk of skin cancer than the wild type Arg/Arg (95% confidence interval, 0.74-4.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.44-2.21), respectively. Compared with subjects with 18.5 < BMI < 23, subjects with BMI > 18.5 had 5.78 times risk of skin cancer (95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 31.36) after adjusting for other risk factors. There was no interaction between BMI and genotype, but the sample size was small. The risk of skin cancer did not significantly vary by tumor cell-type. The risk of skin cancer is increased in individuals with the Pro/Pro genotype. Larger, confirmatory studies are needed to clarify the role of constitutional polymorphisms in p53 and skin cancer risk.
Chiarella, C & Platen, E 2003, 'Introduction to Selected Proceedings from Quantitative Methods in Finance 2002', Quantitative Finance, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. C5-C5.
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Chiarella, C, Craddock, M & El-Hassan, N 2003, 'An Implementation of Bouchouev's Method for a Short Time Calibration of Option Pricing Models', Computational Economics, vol. 22, no. 2/3, pp. 113-138.
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We analyse the Bouchouev integral equation for the deterministic volatility function in the Black-Scholes option pricing model. We areable to reduce Bouchouev's original triple integral equation to a single integral equation and describe its numerical solution. Moreover we show empirically that the most complex term in the equation may often be safely ignored for the purposes of numerical calculations. We present a selection of numerical examples indicating the range of time values for which we would expect the equation to be valid. © 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Choinski, JS, Ralph, P & Eamus, D 2003, 'Changes in photosynthesis during leaf expansion in Corymbia gummifera', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 111-118.
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Growth, pigment levels and various photosynthesis parameters were measured in expanding leaves of Corymbia gummifera (Solander ex Gaertner) Hochreutiner. C. gummifera trees were studied growing in sandstone plateau woodland communities in Royal National Park, New South Wales, in a recently burned open habitat. Young leaves (horizontally oriented to maximise light exposure) were found to be conspicuously red until they reached approximately 75% of their full size. As the leaves expanded, anthocyanin content declined and chlorophyll levels proportionately increased. Young red leaves showed net negative carbon assimilation rates, although CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, actual quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII) and apparent electron transport rate (ETR) all increased in a similar pattern as the leaves expanded. Measurements of maximum quantum yield of dark-adapted leaves (Fv/Fm) were also correlated with leaf area. Younger leaves had lower Fv/Fm ratios than did mature leaves, whether measured at midday or 2 h after sunset, indicating that young leaves exhibited some degree of chronic photoinhibition. It is concluded that C. gummifera exhibits a transient red pattern of anthocyanin expression and that photosynthesis is limited in young leaves because of low stomatal conductance, low chlorophyll content, immature chloroplasts and an attenuation of light caused by anthocyanins.
Choy, B, Dun, T & Schlogl, E 2003, 'Correlating Market Models', Asia Risk, vol. October, pp. 53-59.
Christian, KA, Webb, JK & Schultz, TJ 2003, 'Energetics of bluetongue lizards (Tiliqua scincoides) in a seasonal tropical environment', OECOLOGIA, vol. 136, no. 4, pp. 515-523.
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CLARKE, IC, MANAKA, M, GREEN, DD, WILLIAMS, P, PEZZOTTI, G, KIM, Y-H, RIES, M, SUGANO, N, SEDEL, L, DELAUNEY, C, NISSAN, BB, DONALDSON, T & GUSTAFSON, GA 2003, 'CURRENT STATUS OF ZIRCONIA USED IN TOTAL HIP IMPLANTS', The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume, vol. 85, no. SUPPL. 4, pp. 73-84.
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Coles, SJ, Denuault, G, Gale, PA, Horton, PN, Hursthouse, MB, Light, ME & Warriner, CN 2003, 'Mono- and bis-ferrocene 2,5-diamidopyrrole clefts: solid-state assembly, anion binding and electrochemical properties', Polyhedron, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 699-709.
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Coles, SJ, Frey, JG, Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB, Light, ME, Navakhun, K & Thomas, GL 2003, 'Anion-directed assembly: the first fluoride-directed double helix', Chemical Communications, no. 5, pp. 568-569.
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Colville, AE & Lim, RP 2003, 'Microscopic structure of the mantle and palps in the freshwater mussels Velesunio ambigus and Hyridella depressa (Bivalvia : Hyriidae)', Molluscan Research, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1-1.
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Contreras, JP, Ly, NP, Gold, DR, He, H, Wand, M, Weiss, ST, Perkins, DL, Platts-Mills, TAE & Finn, PW 2003, 'Allergen-induced cytokine production, atopic disease, IgE, and wheeze in children', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 112, no. 6, pp. 1072-1077.
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Cordingley, RL, Kohan, L, Ben-Nissan, B & Pezzotti, G 2003, 'Aluminia and zirconia bioceramics in orthopaedic applications', Journal of the Australasian Ceramic Society, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 20-28.
Coull, BA, Mezzetti, M & Ryan, LM 2003, 'A Bayesian hierarchical model for risk assessment of methylmercury', JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 253-270.
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This article uses a Bayesian hierarchical model to quantify the adverse health effects associated with in-utero exposure to methylmercury. By allowing for study-to-study as well as outcome-to-outcome variability, the approach provides a useful meta-analytic tool for multi-outcome, multi-study environmental risk assessments. The analysis presented here expands on the findings of a National Academy of Sciences (NAS) committee, charged with advising the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on an appropriate approach to conducting a risk assessment for methylmercury. The NAS committee, for which the senior author (Ryan) was a committee member, reviewed the findings from several conflicting studies and reported the results from a Bayesian hierarchical model that synthesized information across several studies and for several outcomes. Although the NAS committee did not suggest that the hierarchical model be used as the actual basis for a methylmercury risk assessment, the results from the model were used to justify and support the final recommendation that the risk analysis be based on data from a study conducted in the Faroe Islands, which had found an association between in-utero exposure to methylmercury and impaired neurological development. We consider a variety of statistical issues, but particularly sensitivity to model specification.
Cranfield, C, Wieser, HG, Al Madan, J & Dobson, J 2003, 'Preliminary evaluation of nanoscale biogenic magnetite-based ferromagnetic transduction mechanisms for mobile phone bioeffects', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOBIOSCIENCE, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 40-43.
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Cranfield, CG, Weiser, HG & Dobson, J 2003, 'Exposure of magnetic bacteria to simulated mobile phone-type RF radiation has no impact on mortality', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOBIOSCIENCE, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 146-149.
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Crossley, MJ, Sintic, PJ, Walton, R & Reimers, JR 2003, 'Synthesis and physical properties of biquinoxalinyl bridged bis-porphyrins: models for aspects of Photosynthetic Reaction Centres', ORGANIC & BIOMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY, vol. 1, no. 15, pp. 2777-2787.
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Dalton, JP, Brindley, PJ, Knox, DP, Brady, CP, Hotez, PJ, Donnelly, S, O'Neill, SM, Mulcahy, G & Loukas, A 2003, 'Helminth vaccines: from mining genomic information for vaccine targets to systems used for protein expression', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY, vol. 33, no. 5-6, pp. 621-640.
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The control of helminth diseases of people and livestock continues to rely on the widespread use of anti-helminthic drugs. However, concerns with the appearance of drug resistant parasites and the presence of pesticide residues in food and the environment, has given further incentive to the goal of discovering molecular vaccines against these pathogens. The exponential rate at which gene and protein sequence information is accruing for many helminth parasites requires new methods for the assimilation and analysis of the data and for the identification of molecules capable of inducing immunological protection. Some promising vaccine candidates have been discovered, in particular cathepsin L proteases from Fasciola hepatica, aminopeptidases from Haemonchus contortus, and aspartic proteases from schistosomes and hookworms, all of which are secreted into the host tissues or into the parasite intestine where they play important roles in host-parasite interactions. Since secreted proteins, in general, are exposed to the immune system of the host they represent obvious candidates at which vaccines could be targeted. Therefore, in this article, we consider the potential values and uses of algorithms for characterising cDNAs amongst the collated helminth genomic information that encode secreted proteins, and methods for their selective isolation and cloning. We also review the variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell expression systems that have been employed for the production and downstream purification of recombinant proteins in functionally active form, and provide an overview of the parameters that must be considered if these recombinant proteins are to be commercialised as vaccine therapeutics in humans and/or animals. © 2003 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dalton, JP, Neill, SO, Stack, C, Collins, P, Walshe, A, Sekiya, M, Doyle, S, Mulcahy, G, Hoyle, D, Khaznadji, E, Moire, N, Brennan, G, Mousley, A, Kreshchenko, N, Maule, AG & Donnelly, SM 2003, 'Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L-like proteases: biology, function, and potential in the development of first generation liver fluke vaccines', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 1173-1181.
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Fasciola hepatica secretes cathepsin L proteases that facilitate the penetration of the parasite through the tissues of its host, and also participate in functions such as feeding and immune evasion. The major proteases, cathepsin L1 (FheCL1) and cathepsin L2 (FheCL2) are members of a lineage that gave rise to the human cathepsin Ls, Ks and Ss, but while they exhibit similarities in their substrate specificities to these enzymes they differ in having a wider pH range for activity and an enhanced stability at neutral pH. There are presently 13 Fasciola cathepsin L cDNAs deposited in the public databases representing a gene family of at least seven distinct members, although the temporal and spatial expression of each of these members in the developmental stage of F. hepatica remains unclear. Immunolocalisation and in situ hybridisation studies, using antibody and DNA probes, respectively, show that the vast majority of cathepsin L gene expression is carried out in the epithelial cells lining the parasite gut. Within these cells the enzyme is packaged into secretory vesicles that release their contents into the gut lumen for the purpose of degrading ingested host tissue and blood. Liver flukes also express a novel multi-domain cystatin that may be involved in the regulation of cathepsin L activity. Vaccine trials in both sheep and cattle with purified native FheCL1 and FheCL2 have shown that these enzymes can induce protection, ranging from 33 to 79%, to experimental challenge with metacercariae of F. hepatica, and very potent anti-embryonation/hatch rate effects that would block parasite transmission. In this article we review the vaccine trials carried out over the past 8 years, the role of antibody and T cell responses in mediating protection and discuss the prospects of the cathepsin Ls in the development of first generation recombinant liver fluke vaccines. © 2003 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dang, L, Seale, JP & Qu, X 2003, 'Protein Kinase C Inhibition Reverses High-glucose-induced Expression And Secretion Of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor In Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells.', Diabetologia, vol. 46, pp. 1-1.
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Davey, MS, Suggett, DJ, Geider, RJ & Taylor, AR 2003, 'PHYTOPLANKTON PLASMA MEMBRANE REDOX ACTIVITY: EFFECT OF IRON LIMITATION AND INTERACTION WITH PHOTOSYNTHESIS1', Journal of Phycology, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1132-1144.
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Phytoplankton plasma membrane electron transport activity was determined by monitoring the reduction of the impermeant artificial electron acceptor ferricyanide in a range of diatoms. The results revealed that constitutive plasma membrane electron transport activity of marine diatoms is high compared with chlorophytes and higher plant cells. Diatom plasma membrane electron transport activity was not significantly increased by iron limitation. This lack of induction on iron limitation indicates that diatoms have an iron acquisition strategy that is distinct from chlorophytes and the dicotyledon higher plants that exhibit marked increases in plasma membrane ferricyanide reductase activity on iron limitation. The interaction of the constitutive plasma membrane electron transport with photosynthesis was also investigated. We found that 1) ferricyanide reduction at the plasma membrane was progressively inhibited in response to increasing irradiances; 2) the presence of extracellular ferricyanide, but not the reduced couple ferrocyanide, caused a marked inhibition of carbon fixation at high irradiance; and 3) extracellular electron acceptors ferricyanide and hexachloroiridate (but not ferrocyanide) induced an immediate and reversible decrease in fluorescence yields (Fo and Fm). The extent to which extracellular electron acceptors affected CO2 fixation, Fo, and Fm was related to the level of constitutive ferricyanide reductase activity, the species with highest ferricyanide reduction rates being most sensitive. The data suggest that consumption of electrons and/or reductant at the plasma membrane by external acceptors may compete directly with CO2 fixation for electrons, alter cytosolic‐chloroplast redox poise, and/or induce a redox‐signaling cascade that alters photosynthetic metabolism.
Dawson, M, Doble, P, Beavis, A, Li, LXL, Soper, R, Scolyer, RA, Uren, RF & Thompson, JF 2003, 'Antimony by ICP-MS as a marker for sentinel lymph nodes in melanoma patients', ANALYST, vol. 128, no. 3, pp. 217-219.
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A sensitive, accurate and specific method for the analysis of antimony by ICP-MS is presented as a marker of the sentinel lymph node in melanoma patients.
de Bas, BS, Dorsett, HE & Ford, MJ 2003, 'The electronic structure of Be and BeO: benchmark EMS measurements and LCAO calculations', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 495-505.
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The electronic band structures of Be and BeO have been measured by transmission electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS). The low atomic number of beryllium and the use of ultrathin solid films in these experiments reduce the probability of electron multiple scattering within the sample, resulting in very clean 'benchmark' measurements for the EMS technique. Experimental data are compared to tight-binding (LCAO) electronic structure calculations using Hartree-Fock, and local density (LDA-VWN), gradient corrected (PBE) and hybrid (PBE0) density functional theory. Overall, DFT calculations reproduce the EMS data for metallic Be reasonably well. PBE predictions for the valence bandwidth of Be are in excellent agreement with EMS data, provided the calculations employ a large basis set augmented with diffuse functions. For BeO, PBE calculations using a moderately sized basis set are in reasonable agreement with experiment, slightly underestimating the valence bandgap and overestimating the O(2s) and O(2p) bandwidths. The calculations also underestimate the EMS intensity of the O(2p) band around the Γ-point. Simulation of the effects of multiple scattering in the calculated oxide bandstructures do not explain these systematic differences. Crown Copyright © 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dean, RT, Dunlop, R, Hume, P & Rodgers, KJ 2003, 'Proteolytic 'defences' and the accumulation of oxidized polypeptides in cataractogenesis and atherogenesis', PROTEASES AND THE REGULATION OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 135-146.
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Over the last few years, it has been clearly established that normal plasma contains low levels of oxidized polypeptides, and that these accumulate in tissues during several age-related pathologies. In contrast, normal mammalian aging, contrary to conven
Death, AK, Fisher, EJ, McGrath, KCY & Yue, DK 2003, 'High glucose alters matrix metalloproteinase expression in two key vascular cells: potential impact on atherosclerosis in diabetes', Atherosclerosis, vol. 168, no. 2, pp. 263-269.
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Diabetes is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. Hyperglycemia is an underlying contributing factor; however, the mechanisms that mediate the vascular complications are not yet fully understood. In the present study, we provide evidence that elevated
Dey, A, Zhu, X, Carroll, R, Turck, CW, Stein, J & Steiner, DF 2003, 'Erratum: Biological processing of the cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript precursors by prohormone convertases, PC2 and PC1/3 (The Journal of Biological Chemistry (2003) 278 (15007-15014))', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 278, no. 26, p. 24242.
Djordjevic, SP 2003, 'Characterization of a chromosomal region of Mycoplasma sp. bovine group 7 strain PG50 encoding a glycerol transport locus (gtsABC)', Microbiology, vol. 149, no. 1, pp. 195-204.
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Mycoplasma species bovine group 7, represented by the type strain PG50, is one of six members of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster and has been implicated in sporadic and outbreak cases of polyarthritis and mastitis in Australian dairy cattle. This study describes cloning and sequencing a 7·9 kb region of the PG50 chromosome and identification of genes involved in glycerol transport (gtsA, gtsB and gtsC) that are followed by a putative lipoprotein gene lppB and a genomic locus containing two ORFs encoding putative membrane proteins. Long range PCR using primers spanning gtsABC and downstream flanking genes, and Southern hybridization analyses using a suite of probes derived from M. mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type (SC) strain Afadé for gtsA, gtsB and gtsC, lppB and the two downstream genes confirmed that these genes were conserved among Mycoplasma sp. bovine group 7 isolates and mycoplasmas belonging to the M. mycoides subcluster [M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC, M. mycoides subsp. mycoides large colony type (LC) and M. mycoides subsp. capri] but were absent in mycoplasmas belonging to the Mycoplasma capricolum subcluster (M. capricolum subsp. capricolum and M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae). M. capricolum subsp. capricolum type strain California kid did not hybridize with the probe for gtsA and gave only weak or no hybridization signals with probes derived from the loci downstream of gtsABC, suggesting that this region has diverged in mycoplasmas belonging to subspecies of M. capricolum.
Doble, P, Sandercock, M, Du Pasquier, E, Petocz, P, Roux, C & Dawson, M 2003, 'Classification. of premium and regular gasoline by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, principal component analysis and artificial neural networks', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 132, no. 1, pp. 26-39.
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Detection and correct classification of gasoline is important for both arson and fuel spill investigation. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to classify premium and regular gasolines from gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GCMS) spectral data obtained from gasoline sold in Canada over one calendar year. Depending upon the dataset used for training and tests, around 8093% of the samples were correctly classified as either premium or regular gasoline using the Mahalanobis distances calculated from the principal components scores. Only 4862% of the samples were correctly classified when the premium and regular gasoline samples were divided further into their winter/summer sub-groups. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were trained to recognise premium and regular gasolines from the same GCMS data. The best-performing ANN correctly identified all samples as either a premium or regular grade. Approximately 97% of the premium and regular samples were correctly classified according to their winter or summer sub-group.
Dolferus, R, Klok, EJ, Delessert, C, Wilson, S, Ismond, KP, Good, AG, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2003, 'Enhancing the anaerobic response', ANNALS OF BOTANY, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 111-117.
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Dooley, AH & Hamachi, T 2003, 'Markov odometer actions not of product type', ERGODIC THEORY AND DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS, vol. 23, pp. 813-829.
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Dooley, AH & Hamachi, T 2003, 'Nonsingular dynamical systems, Bratteli diagrams and Markov odometers', ISRAEL JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS, vol. 138, pp. 93-123.
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Doyle, CJ, Pablo, F, Lim, RP & Hyne, RV 2003, 'Assessment of metal toxicity in sediment pore water from Lake Macquarie, Australia', ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 343-350.
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Recent investigations into the level of heavy metal enrichment in the sediments of Lake Macquarie have indicated that significant contamination has occurred over the past 100 years, with elevated levels of lead, zinc, cadmium, copper, and selenium being observed in most parts of the lake. Pore water extracted from sediments showing the greatest contamination by these metals exhibited toxicity to the larval development of the sea urchin Heliocidaris tuberculata. However, an analysis of pore water metal concentrations revealed that the concentrations of these metals were too low to cause toxicity. Rather, pore water toxicity was highly correlated with manganese for the majority of sites sampled; subsequent spiking experiments confirmed manganese as a cause of toxicity. Current levels of manganese in the sediments of Lake Macquarie have arisen from natural sources and are not the result of anthropogenic activities. These results reiterate the importance of identifying the causes of toxicity in assessments of sediment contamination, particularly when testing sediment pore waters using sensitive early life stages.
Dredge, P, Wuhrer, R & Phillips, MR 2003, 'Monet's painting under the microscope', MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 139-143.
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An oil painting by Claude Monet, Port-Goulphar, Belle-Ile 1887 (collection of the Art Gallery of New South Wales), was examined to determine both the identity of the pigments used by the artist in this painting and his technique of mixing colors and laying paint on the canvas. The extremely complex construction of the painting was revealed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), and X-ray mapping (XRM) analysis of cross sections of paint flakes excised from damaged regions of Port-Goulphar, Belle-Ile. Nine different pigments were found on the painting. Many of the identified colors were modern pigments that became available only late in the 19th century as a result of scientific advances in pigment chemistry. Although similar colors were available in a natural mineral form, they lacked the vivid color of their manufactured counterparts. The use of these new synthetic metallic oxide colors by Monet accounts for the brilliance of his paintings. In addition, a separation between successive paint layers was observed in some areas of paint chip cross sections, indicating that oil-based paint was applied to paint that had dried, and consequently, Port-Goulphar, Belle-Ile was painted over a long period of time. This observation is contrary to the general perception of Monet's technique of painting freely and quickly.
Duty, S, Silva, M, Barr, D, Brock, J, Ryan, L, Chen, Z, Herrick, R, Christiani, D & Hauser, R 2003, '', Epidemiology, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 269-277.
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Duty, SM, Silva, MJ, Barr, DB, Brock, JW, Ryan, L, Chen, ZY, Herrick, RF, Christiani, DC & Hauser, R 2003, 'Phthalate exposure and human semen parameters', EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 269-277.
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Duty, SM, Singh, NP, Silva, MJ, Barr, DB, Brock, JW, Ryan, L, Herrick, RF, Christiani, DC & Hauser, R 2003, 'The relationship between environmental exposures to phthalates and DNA damage in human sperm using the neutral comet assay', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 111, no. 9, pp. 1164-1169.
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Phthalates are industrial chemicals widely used in many commercial applications. The general population is exposed to phthalates through consumer products as well as through diet and medical treatments. To determine whether environmental levels of phthalates are associated with altered DNA integrity in human sperm, we selected a population without identified sources of exposure to phthalates. One hundred sixty-eight subjects recruited from the Massachusetts General Hospital Andrology Laboratory provided a semen and a urine sample. Eight phthalate metabolites were measured in urine by'using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, data were corrected for urine dilution by adjusting for specific gravity. The neutral single-cell microgel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) was used to measure DNA integrity in sperm. VisComet image analysis software was used to measure comet extent, a measure of total comet length (micrometers); percent DNA in tail (tail%), a measure of the proportion of total DNA present in the comet tail; and tail distributed moment (TDM), an integrated measure of length and intensity (micrometers). For an interquartile range increase in specific gravity-adjusted monoethyl phthalate (MEP) level, the comet extent increased significantly by 3.6 μm [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.74-6.47]; the TDM also increased 1.2μm (95% CI, -0.05 to 2.38) but was of borderline significance. Monobutyl, monobenzyl, monomethyl, and mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalates were not significantly associated with comet assay parameters. In conclusion, this study represents the first human data to demonstrate that urinary MEP, at environmental levels,is associated with increased DNA damage in sperm.
Edmonson, JH, Ryan, LM, Falkson, CI, Hicks, DG & Blum, RH 2003, 'Phase II Study of Ifosfamide+Doxorubicin in Patients With Advanced Synovial Sarcomas (E1793): A Trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group', Sarcoma, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 9-11.
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Purpose Because we had observed in the synovial sarcoma subgroup of a broad phase III advanced soft tissue sarcoma study a significantly greater objective regression rate from ifosfamide+doxorubicin (88%) than from doxorubicin alone (20%) (P = 0.02), the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) decided to further assess this two drug combination in a subsequent Phase II study.Patients Between 1994 and 1999, twelve adult patients with advanced synovial sarcomas were enrolled to receive, as their initial chemotherapy, ifosfamide 7.5 gm/m2 plus doxorubicin 60 mg/m2, given intravenously over two consecutive days every 3 weeks.Methods Each day for 2 days doxorubicin 30 mg/m2 was infused over 5 min through a running i.v., followed by ifosfamide 3750 mg/m2 over 4 h. Continuous i.v. fluid was infused at 300 mL/h for 3 h on day 1, before chemotherapy was begun; then the infusion was continued at 100 mL/h for a total of 3 days. Mesna 750 mg/m2 was given 15 min before ifosfamide and at 4 and 8 h after ifosfamide on days 1 and 2 of each treatment cycle. Filgrastim (G‐CSF) 5 μg/kg was given subcutaneously each day for 14 days beginning on day 3 of each treatment cycle to limit the severity of neutropenia.Results Five of our 12 patients (42%) experienced partial regression of their advanced synovial sarcomas; however, this first stage result was borderline for proceeding to the second planned stage of accrual and our case accrual was quite poor. Thus, the study was closed after stage one accrual. Our patients received a median of four cycles of chemotherapy (range: 1 to 6). All patients experienced at least grade 3 neutropenia (grade 4 in nine of them), and one patient died of treatment‐related sepsis following the initial cycle of chemotherapy. Median survival was 11 months.
Elder, M & McCammond, J 2003, 'CAT(0) is an algorithmic property', Geometriae Dedicata, vol. 107, pp. 25-46.
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In this article we give an explicit algorithm which will determine, in adiscrete and computable way, whether a finite piecewise Euclidean complex isnon-positively curved. In particular, given such a complex we show how todefine a boolean combination of polynomial equations and inequalities in realvariables, i.e. a real semi-algebraic set, which is empty if and only if thecomplex is non-positively curved. Once this equivalence has been shown, themain result follows from a standard theorem in real algebraic geometry.
Elder, M, McCammond, J & Meier, J 2003, 'Combinatorial conditions that imply word-hyperbolicity for 3-manifolds', Topology. An International Journal of Mathematics, vol. 42, pp. 1241-1259.
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Thurston conjectured that a closed triangulated 3-manifold in which everyedge has degree 5 or 6, and no two edges of degree 5 lie in a common 2-cell,has word-hyperbolic fundamental group. We establish Thurston's conjecture byproving that such a manifold admits a piecewise Euclidean metric ofnon-positive curvature and the universal cover contains no isometricallyembedded flat planes. The proof involves a mixture of computer computation andtechniques from small cancellation theory.
El-Hassan, N & Kofman, P 2003, 'Tracking Error and Active Portfolio Management', Australian Journal of Management, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 183-207.
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Persistent bear market conditions have led to a shift of focus in the tracking error literature. Until recently the portfolio allocation literature focused on tracking error minimization as a consequence of passive benchmark management under portfolio weights, transaction costs and short selling constraints. Abysmal benchmark performance shifted the literature's focus towards active portfolio strategies that aim at beating the benchmark while keeping tracking error within acceptable bounds. We investigate an active (dynamic) portfolio allocation strategy that exploits the predictability in the conditional variance-covariance matrix of asset returns. To illustrate our procedure we use Jorion's (2002) tracking error frontier methodology. We apply our model to a representative portfolio of Australian stocks over the period January 1999 through November 2002.
Ellis, JT & Pomroy, WE 2003, 'Hammondia heydorni oocysts in the faeces of a greyhound in New Zealand', NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY JOURNAL, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 38-39.
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Ellis, JT, Morrison, DA & Reichel, MP 2003, 'Genomics and its impact on parasitology and the potential for development of new parasite control methods', DNA AND CELL BIOLOGY, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 395-403.
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Parasitic organisms remain the scourge of the developed and underdeveloped worlds. Malaria, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis, for example, still result in a large number of human deaths each year worldwide, while drug resistance among nematodes still poses a major problem to the livestock industries. Genome projects involving parasitic organisms are now abundant, and technologies for the investigations of the parasite transcriptome and proteome are well established. There is no doubt the era of the 'omics' is with parasitology, and current trends in the discipline are addressing fundamental biological questions that can make best use of the new technologies, as well as the vast amount of new data being generated. Will this become the 'golden age of molecular parasitology,' leading to the control of parasitic diseases that have plagued mankind for hundreds of years? The primary aim of this paper is to review advances in the general area of parasite genomics, and to outline where the application of 'omics' technologies can and have impacted on the development of new control methods for parasitic organisms.
Exline, DL, Wallace, C, Roux, C, Lennard, C, Nelson, MP & Treado, PJ 2003, 'Forensic Applications of Chemical Imaging: Latent Fingerprint Detection Using Visible Absorption and Luminescence', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 1-7.
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Abstract Chemical imaging technology is a rapid examination technique that combines molecular spectroscopy and digital imaging, providing information on morphology, composition, structure, and concentration of a material. Among many other applications, chemical imaging offers an array of novel analytical testing methods, which limits sample preparation and provides high-quality imaging data essential in the detection of latent fingerprints. Luminescence chemical imaging and visible absorbance chemical imaging have been successfully applied to ninhydrin, DFO, cyanoacrylate, and luminescent dye-treated latent fingerprints, demonstrating the potential of this technology to aid forensic investigations. In addition, visible absorption chemical imaging has been applied successfully to visualize untreated latent fingerprints
Fagerlind, MG, Rice, SA, Nilsson, P, Harlén, M, James, S, Charlton, T & Kjelleberg, S 2003, 'The Role of Regulators in the Expression of Quorum-Sensing Signals in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>', Microbial Physiology, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 88-100.
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Quorum-sensing systems provide <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> with a sensitive regulatory mechanism that allows for the induction of several phenotypic genes in a cell density fashion. In this work, a mathematical model of the acylated homoserine lactones regulatory network system in <i>P. aeruginosa</i> has been developed. It is the first integrated model to consider both quorum-sensing systems. The model has allowed us to disentangle the complex behavior exhibited by the system as the concentration of extracellular OdDHL is increased. At either low or high levels of extracellular OdDHL, the bacterium remains in an uninduced or induced state, respectively. At moderate levels, the behavior is characterized by several states. Here, the bacteria can switch suddenly from an uninduced to an induced phenotype in response to small changes in the concentration of extracellular OdDHL. Additionally, we have been able to address the roles of RsaL and Vfr as regulators of the quorum-sensing system. An important result from this analysis suggests that RsaL will increase the concentration of extracellular OdDHL required to induce the system, and it is a key regulator of the inhibition of the quorum-sensing system under low cell densities. Most importantly, our results suggest that Vfr has strong regulatory effects on the system as an increased affinity between the LasR/OdDHL complex, and the <i>las</i>R promoter leads to significant qualitative changes in induction patterns. We also show experimental data that demonstrate that Vfr is required for signal production in the early phase of growth, but that in the latter stages of growth, the <i>vfr</i> mutant is able to synthesize wild-type levels of signal.
Fallon, GD, Lee, MA-P & Langford, SJ 2003, 'N,N′-Bis(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1,8:4,5-naphthalenetetracarboximide dimethyl sulfoxide disolvate', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. o328-o329.
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Ferreira, LG, Yoshioka, H, Huete, A & Sano, EE 2003, 'Seasonal landscape and spectral vegetation index dynamics in the Brazilian Cerrado: An analysis within the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA)', REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 534-550.
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The Brazilian Cerrado biome comprises a vertically structured mosaic of grassland, shrubland, and woodland physiognomies with distinct phenology patterns. In this study, we investigated the utility of spectral vegetation indices in differentiating these physiognomies and in monitoring their seasonal dynamics. We obtained high spectral resolution reflectances, during the 2000 wet and dry seasons, over the major Cerrado types at Brasilia National Park (BNP) using the light aircraft-based Modland Quick Airborne Looks (MQUALS) package, consisting of a spectroradiometer and digital camera. Site-intensive biophysical and canopy structural measurements were made simultaneously at each of the Cerrado types including Cerrado grassland, shrub Cerrado, wooded Cerrado, Cerrado woodland, and gallery forest. We analyzed the spectral reflectance signatures, their first derivative analogs, and convolved spectral vegetation indices (VI) over all the Cerrado physiognomies. The high spectral resolution data were convolved to the MODIS, AVHRR, and ETM+ bandpasses and converted to the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) to simulate their respective sensors. Dry and wet season comparisons of the measured biophysical attributes were made with the reflectance and VI data for the different Cerrado physiognomies. We found that three major domains of Cerrado could be distinguished with the dry and wet season spectral signatures and vegetation indices. The EVI showed a higher sensitivity to seasonality than the NDVI; however, both indices displayed seasonal variations that were approximately one-half that found with the measured landscape green cover dynamics. Inter-sensor comparisons of seasonal dynamics, based on spectral bandpass properties, revealed the ETM +-simulated VIs had the best seasonal discrimination capability, followed by MODIS and AVHRR. Differences between sensor bandpass-derived VI values, however, varied with Cer...
Fischer, G, Cai, ZL, Reimers, JR & Wormell, P 2003, 'Singlet and triplet valence excited states of pyrimidine', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A, vol. 107, no. 17, pp. 3093-3106.
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Fussell, DP, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM & Asatryan, AA 2003, 'Three-dimensional local density of states in a finite two-dimensional photonic crystal composed of cylinders', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 4-4.
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The three-dimensional local density of states (LDOS), which determines the radiation dynamics of a point source, is presented here for a finite two-dimensional photonic crystal as a function of space and frequency. The LDOS is obtained from the dyadic Green’s function, which is calculated exactly using the multipole method. Maximum suppression in the LDOS occurs at the high frequency edge of the complete two-dimensional band gap and varies smoothly about this frequency. Macroporous silicon is shown to suppress the LDOS by one order of magnitude at the center of its air pores. © 2003 The American Physical Society.
Gale, PA 2003, '', Coordination Chemistry Reviews, vol. 240, no. 1-2, pp. 1-1.
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Gale, PA 2003, '7 Supramolecular chemistry', Annual Reports Section 'B' (Organic Chemistry), vol. 99, pp. 244-244.
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Gale, PA 2003, 'A “Holey” Supramolecular Approach to the Detection of Enzyme Activity', ChemBioChem, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 1299-1302.
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Gale, PA 2003, 'Anion and ion-pair receptor chemistry: highlights from 2000 and 2001', Coordination Chemistry Reviews, vol. 240, no. 1-2, pp. 191-221.
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Gale, SA, Smith, SV, Lim, RP, Jeffree, RA & Petocz, P 2003, 'Insights into the mechanisms of copper tolerance of a population of black-banded rainbowfish (Melanotaenia nigrans) (Richardson) exposed to mine leachate, using Cu-64/67', AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 135-153.
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Gao, X, Huete, AR & Didan, K 2003, 'Multisensor comparisons and validation of MODIS vegetation indices at the semiarid Jornada experimental range', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 2368-2381.
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Vegetation indices (VIs) are one of the standard science products available from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument on the Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra platform, launched in December 1999. An important requirement of MODIS science products is that they be rigorously validated. In this study, we conducted a site-intensive MODIS VI product validation at the semiarid Jornada Experimental Range, New Mexico, an EOS Land Validation Core Site. Our validation approach involved scaling up independent fine-grained datasets, including ground and airborne radiometry, and high spatial resolution imagery [Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)], to the coarser MODIS spatial resolutions. The MODIS VIs were evaluated with respect to their radiometric performances, the uncertainties of the compositing methodology, and their capabilities to depict seasonal variations in vegetation. The MODIS Quick Airborne Looks (MQUALS) radiometric package was found useful in up-scaling field in situ measurements to coarser spatial resolutions. Both single-day nadir-view and 16-day composited MODIS reflectances and VIs matched well with the nadir-based atmosphere-free MQUALS observations for all the land cover types found at Jornada, with the root mean squared deviations less than 0.03. The MODIS 16-day composited products also performed well with the single-day nadir-view MODIS data, despite some off-nadir view angles and uncertainties with the cloud mask algorithm. The quality assurance (QA)-based constrained view angle-maximum value composite (CV-MVC) algorithm successfully filtered out much of the cloud and aerosol contaminated observations and helped to minimize view angle-related problems. The MODIS seasonal VI profiles also matched quite well with the other multiple sensor datasets obtained at the finer spatial resolutions. The QA information was found to be crucial in achieving consistent spatial and temporal comparisons of global vegetation...
Gelhausen, O, Klein, HN, Phillips, MR & Goldys, EM 2003, 'Electron irradiation-induced electro-migration and diffusion of defects in Mg-doped GaN', PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC RESEARCH, vol. 239, no. 2, pp. 310-315.
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In-plane- and depth-resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) microanalysis and spectroscopy was carried out to study the impact of electron injection on electro-migration and diffusion of native defects and residual impurities in rapidly thermally annealed (RTA) Mg-doped p-type GaN. During intense electron beam irradiation (e.g. Eb, = 10 keV, Ib = 80 nA), an electric field is generated within the primary beam interaction volume. We observed the following two electric field-related effects: (i) an increased electron recombination length and a subsequent field-assisted charge spreading, which causes a dissociation of Mg-H complexes beyond the interaction volume of the primary electron beam, and ii) thermally assisted electro-migration of positively charged, mobile defects leading to the formation of deeper complexes, which are highly stable and act as nonradiative recombination pathways. Furthermore, the diffusion of electron beam-dissociated hydrogen was found to result in the passivation of Mg acceptors beyond the charge recombination volume. © 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Gelhausen, O, Klein, HN, Phillips, MR & Goldys, EM 2003, 'Low-energy electron-beam irradiation and yellow luminescence in activated Mg-doped GaN', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 83, no. 16, pp. 3293-3295.
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A study was performed on the effect of low-energy electron-beam irradiation (LEEBI) in activated Mg-doped GaN. The residual impurities and native defects in metalorganic-vapor-phase-epitaxy-grown, GaN were also studied. Excitation power density-resolved and temperature-resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy was used for the study. It was found that the LEEBI-treatment dissociated neutral Mg-H complexes and other hydrogenated defect complexes and gave rise to additional radiative recombination channels.
Gelhausen, O, Phillips, MR & Goldys, EM 2003, 'A method to improve the light emission efficiency of Mg-doped GaN', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 36, no. 23, pp. 2976-2979.
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Scanning cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy and imaging were used to study the effect of post-growth processing on the CL efficiency of metal-organic vapour phase epitaxy-grown Mg-doped GaN. In this work, two treatments, thermal annealing in high-purity gaseous atmospheres (N2, O2 and H2(5%)/N2) and low-energy electron beam irradiation (LEEBI), have been investigated. Post-growth annealing in a H2/N2 atmosphere followed by LEEBI leads to a significant enhancement of the free electron-to-bound Mg-acceptor (e, Mg) CL emission and a reduction of nonradiative centres involving native defects. The presented results demonstrate that the combination of post-growth annealing in a H2/N2 atmosphere and LEEBI dissociation of Mg-H complex acceptors significantly improves the light emitting efficiency of Mg-doped p-type GaN. Conversely, the samples annealed in a N2 or O2 atmosphere exhibit a reduced (e, Mg) emission after both annealing and LEEBI treatment.
Genger, RK, Peacock, WJ, Dennis, ES & Finnegan, EJ 2003, 'Opposing effects of reduced DNA methylation on flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana', PLANTA, vol. 216, no. 3, pp. 461-466.
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Gilmore, AM, Larkum, AWD, Salih, A, Itoh, S, Shibata, Y, Bena, C, Yamasaki, H, Papina, M & Van Woesik, R 2003, 'Simultaneous Time Resolution of the Emission Spectra of Fluorescent Proteins and Zooxanthellar Chlorophyll in Reef-building Corals ¶†', Photochemistry and Photobiology, vol. 77, no. 5, pp. 515-523.
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Light is absorbed by photosynthetic algal symbionts (i.e. zooxanthellae) and by chromophoric fluorescent proteins (FP) in reef-building coral tissue. We used a streak-camera spectrograph equipped with a pulsed, blue laser diode (50 ps, 405 nm) to simultaneously resolve the fluorescence spectra and kinetics for both the FP and the zooxanthellae. Shallow water (<9 m)-dwelling Acropora spp. and Plesiastrea versipora specimens were collected from Okinawa, Japan, and Sydney, Australia, respectively. The main FP emitted light in the blue, blue-green and green emission regions with each species exhibiting distinct color morphs and spectra. All corals showed rapidly decaying species and reciprocal rises in greener emission components indicating Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between FP populations. The energy transfer modes were around 250 ps, and the main decay modes of the acceptor FP were typically 1900-2800 ps. All zooxanthellae emitted similar spectra and kinetics with peak emission (∼683 nm) mainly from photosystem II (PSII) chlorophyll (chl) a. Compared with the FP, the PSII emission exhibited similar rise times but much faster decay times, typically around 640-760 ps. The fluorescence kinetics and excitation versus emission mapping indicated that the FP emission played only a minor role, if any, in chl excitation. We thus suggest the FP could only indirectly act to absorb, screen and scatter light to protect PSII and underlying and surrounding animal tissue from excess visible and UV light. We conclude that our time-resolved spectral analysis and simulation revealed new FP emission components that would not be easily resolved at steady state because of their relatively rapid decays due to efficient FRET. We believe the methods show promise for future studies of coral bleaching and for potentially identifying FP species for use as genetic markers and FRET partners, like the related green FP from Aequorea spp.
Gimm, O & Marsh, DJ 2003, 'Does a somatic deletion in RET clarify the sporadic nature of medullary thyroid carcinoma?', Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 381-383.
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Gladstone, W & Davis, J 2003, 'Reduced survey intensity and its consequences for marine reserve selection', BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 1525-1536.
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There has been much interest in the potential of short-cuts in biodiversity surveys (e.g. physical surrogates, indicator groups, and lower taxonomic resolution) in systematic processes to select networks of representative marine reserves. This study tested the consequences for reserve selection of reducing survey intensity in intertidal rocky shores in southeast Australia. Using a reference data set of species'' distributions based on surveys of two replicate sites in each of 15 locations, a reduction in survey intensity was simulated by randomly eliminating the data from one of the replicate sites in each location. A complementarity-based reserve selection algorithm was used to determine the number of locations required to represent all species once in a reserve network and the irreplaceability value of locations. A reduction in survey intensity led to increases in: the size of reserve networks (of between 8 and 17%); the irreplaceability value of locations; and the number of irreplaceable locations. These changes were caused by a reduction in the observed range sizes of species in the data sets simulating a reduced survey intensity.
Gladstone, W, Krupp, F & Younis, M 2003, 'Development and management of a network of marine protected areas in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden region', OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 741-761.
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Godlewski, M, Guziewicz, E, Kopalko, K, Lusakowska, E, Dynowska, E, Godlewski, MM, Goldys, EM & Phillips, MR 2003, 'Origin of white color light emission in ALE-grown ZnSe', JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE, vol. 102, no. SPEC, pp. 455-459.
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We discuss light emission properties from thin films of ZnSe grown by atomic layer epitaxy on GaAs (100). White color emission is observed in photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence, due to the observation of three RGB emission bands. We demonstrate possibility of color tuning by either variation of film thickness or, in cathodoluminescence experiments, variation of an accelerating voltage. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Godlewski, M, Ivanov, VY, Goldys, EM, Phillips, M, Böttcher, T, Figge, S, Hommel, D, Czernecki, R, Prystawko, P, Leszczynski, M, Perlin, P, Grzegory, I & Porowski, S 2003, 'Cathodoluminescence Profiling of InGaN-Based Quantum Well Structures and Laser Diodes - In-Plane Instabilities of Light Emission', Acta Physica Polonica A, vol. 103, no. 6, pp. 689-694.
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Instabilities of light emission and also of stimulated emission in series of GaN epilayers and InGaN quantum well structures, including laser diode structures, are studied. A stimulated emission is observed under electron beam pumping. This enabled us to study light emission properties from laser structures and their relation to microstructure details. We demonstrate large in-plane fluctuations of light emission and that these fluctuations are also present for excitation densities larger than the threshold densities for the stimulated emission.
Golden, CM, Ryan, LM & Holmes, LB 2003, 'Chorionic villus sampling: A distinctive teratogenic effect on fingers?', BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH PART A-CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 557-562.
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BACKGROUND: An increased frequency of major limb malformations, especially terminal transverse limb defects, have been described in several studies of birth defects in children who had been exposed to the prenatal diagnosis procedure known as chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Vascular disruption has been proposed as the mechanism behind the fetal effect. We postulate that this mechanism is more likely to affect one or two middle fingers, rather than all five fingers. A recent report of the frequency of defects in any or all fingers in an unexposed control population enabled us to assess whether CVS is associated with an increased frequency of defects involving one or two fingers, as well as terminal transverse limb defects. METHODS: The frequency of limb-reduction defects affecting one or more fingers or toes, including those with constriction rings and tissue loss, in published studies of 20,236 children who had been exposed to CVS was compared with the frequency in 161,252 newborn infants who had not been exposed to CVS. Children with recognized genetic disorders were excluded. RESULTS: Several aspects of the limb deficiencies were more common in the CVS-exposed infants than in unexposed controls. The former were more likely to have: 1) any type of limb deficiency involving one or more fingers (p < .001); 2) absence/ hypoplasia of two fingers (p < .001); and 3) absence/hypoplasia of all five fingers (p = .015). The absence of the distal portion of the third finger was a distinctive type of limb-reduction defect in CVS-exposed infants. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of deficiencies in one or two fingers, including those designated as 'amniotic band deformities,' are as common as terminal transverse limb defects in CVS-exposed infants, and both are much more common than in unexposed infants. The absence of the distal portion of the third finger, with tapering and stiff joints, appears to be a distinctive effect of exposure to CVS. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Guenneau, S, Poulton, C & Movchan, A 2003, 'Conical propagation of electromagnetic waves through an array of cylindrical inclusions', Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 338, no. 1-4, pp. 149-152.
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This paper presents properties of electromagnetic waves propagating through a doubly periodic array of cylindrical channels in oblique incidence. A new method, based on a multipole scattering approach, has been proposed to reduce this spectral problem for partial differential equations to a certain algebraic problem of the Rayleigh-type. We also address the question of a singular perturbation induced by the conical incidence and discuss some effective properties for ferro-magnetic photonic crystal fibers in the long wavelength limit. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Guenneau, S, Poulton, CG & Movchan, AB 2003, 'Oblique propagation of electromagnetic and elastic waves for an array of cylindrical fibres', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 459, no. 2037, pp. 2215-2263.
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This paper presents analysis of electromagnetic and elastodynamic waves propagating through a doubly periodic array of cylindrical channels in oblique incidence. A new method, based on a multipole scattering approach, has been proposed to reduce these spectral problems for partial differential equations to certain algebraic problems of the Rayleigh type. We obtain a formulation in terms of an eigenvalue problem that enables us to construct the high-order dispersion curves and to study both photonic and phononic band-gap structures in oblique incidence. We also address the question of a singular perturbation induced by the conical incidence and discuss some effective properties for ferromagnetic photonic crystal fibres in the long-wavelength limit.
Guo, ZP, Konstantinov, K, Wang, GX, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2003, 'Preparation of orthorhombic LiMnO2 material via the sol–gel process', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 119-121, pp. 221-225.
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Guo, ZP, Zhong, S, Wang, GX, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2003, 'Structure and Electrochemical Characteristics of LiMn0.7M0.3O2 (M: Ti, V, Zn, Mo, Co, Mg, Cr).', ChemInform, vol. 34, no. 14.
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AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Guo, ZP, Zhong, S, Wang, GX, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2003, 'Structure and electrochemical characteristics of LiMn0.7M0.3O2 (M=Ti, V, Zn, Mo, Co, Mg, Cr)', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 348, no. 1-2, pp. 231-235.
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Hager, P, Sleet, RJ, Logan, PF & Hooper, M 2003, 'Teaching critical thinking in undergraduate science courses', Science & Education, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 303-313.
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This paper reports on the design and evaluation of a project aimed at fostering the critical thinking abilities and dispositions of first year students at an Australian university. Novel paper and pencil problems were designed to foster the range of critical thinking abilities identified by Ennis (1991). Most of these critical thinking tasks relate to applications of chemistry and physics in everyday life. Some of the tasks were developed from information and/or ideas obtained from critical incident interviews with scientists in private and government organisations. The first year university students were required to attempt the tasks in co-operative groups and to interact in these groups in ways aimed at fostering the dispositions of Ennis ideal critical thinker (Ennis 1996). The project was evaluated from discussions with groups of students, from comments of tutors who observed the students working in groups and from a questionnaire. Evidence obtained from these data indicated that many students considered their thinking skills were enhanced by their experience of attempting the tasks in small co-operative groups.
Hamlett, A, Ryan, L, Serrano-Trespalacios, P & Wolfinger, R 2003, 'Mixed models for assessing correlation in the presence of replication', JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 442-450.
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The need to assess correlation in settings where multiple measurements are available on each of the variables of interest often arises in environmental science. However, this topic is not covered in introductory statistics texts. Although several ad hoc approaches can be used, they can easily lead to invalid conclusions and to a difficult choice of an appropriate measure of the correlation. Lam et al. approached this problem by using maximum likelihood estimation in cases where the replicate measurements are linked over time, but the method requires specialized software. We reanalyze the data of Lam et al. using PROC MIXED in SAS and show how to obtain the parameter estimates of interest with just a few lines of code. We then extend Lam et al.’s method to settings where the replicate measurements are not linked. Analysis of the unlinked case is illustrated with data from a study designed to assess correlations between indoor and outdoor measurements of benzene concentration in the air. © 2003 Air and Waste Management Association.
Hammerton, KM, Jayasinghe, N, Jeffree, RA & Lim, RP 2003, 'Experimental study of blood lead kinetics in estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) exposed to ingested lead shot', ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 390-398.
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A previous study of lead (Pb) contamination in estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in Kakadu National Park, Australia, found elevated Pb levels in bone and flesh from individuals caught in habitats where hunting with lead ammunition had occurred. L
Hardin, JW & Carroll, RJ 2003, 'Measurement Error, GLMs, and Notational Conventions', The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 329-341.
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This paper introduces additive measurement error in a generalized linear-model context. We discuss the types of measurement error along with their effects on fitted models. In addition, we present the notational conventions to be used in this and the accompanying papers.
Hardin, JW & Carroll, RJ 2003, 'Measurement Error, GLMs, and Notational Conventions', The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 329-341.
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Hardin, JW & Carroll, RJ 2003, 'Variance Estimation for the Instrumental Variables Approach to Measurement Error in Generalized Linear Models', The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 342-350.
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Hardin, JW & Carroll, RJ 2003, 'Variance Estimation for the Instrumental Variables Approach to Measurement Error in Generalized Linear Models', The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 342-350.
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This paper derives and gives explicit formulas for a derived sandwich variance estimate. This variance estimate is appropriate for generalized linear additive measurement error models fitted using instrumental variables. We also generalize the known results for linear regression. As such, this article explains the theoretical justification for the sandwich estimate of variance utilized in the software for measurement error developed under the Small Business Innovation Research Grant (SBIR) by StataCorp. The results admit estimation of variance matrices for measurement error models where there is an instrument for the unknown covariate.
Hardin, JW, Schmiediche, H & Carroll, RJ 2003, 'Instrumental Variables, Bootstrapping, and Generalized Linear Models', The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 351-360.
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This paper discusses and illustrates the qvf command for fitting generalized linear models. The differences between this new command and Stata's glm command are highlighted. One of the most notable features of the qvf command is its ability to include instrumental variables. This functionality was added specifically to address measurement error but may be utilized by the user for other purposes. The qvf command was developed in the C-language using Stata's new plugin features and executes much faster than the glm ado-file.
Hardin, JW, Schmiediche, H & Carroll, RJ 2003, 'Instrumental Variables, Bootstrapping, and Generalized Linear Models', The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 351-360.
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Hardin, JW, Schmiediche, H & Carroll, RJ 2003, 'The Regression-calibration Method for Fitting Generalized Linear Models with Additive Measurement Error', The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 361-372.
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This paper discusses and illustrates the method of regression calibration. This is a straightforward technique for fitting models with additive measurement error. We present this discussion in terms of generalized linear models (GLMs) following the notation defined in Hardin and Carroll (2003). Discussion will include specified measurement error, measurement error estimated by replicate error-prone proxies, and measurement error estimated by instrumental variables. The discussion focuses on software developed as part of a small business innovation research (SBIR) grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Hardin, JW, Schmiediche, H & Carroll, RJ 2003, 'The Regression-calibration Method for Fitting Generalized Linear Models with Additive Measurement Error', The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 361-372.
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Hardin, JW, Schmiediche, H & Carroll, RJ 2003, 'The Simulation Extrapolation Method for Fitting Generalized Linear Models with Additive Measurement Error', The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 373-385.
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We discuss and illustrate the method of simulation extrapolation for fitting models with additive measurement error. We present this discussion in terms of generalized linear models (GLMs) following the notation defined in Hardin and Carroll (2003). As in Hardin, Schmiediche, and Carroll (2003), our discussion includes specified measurement error and measurement error estimated by replicate error-prone proxies. In addition, we discuss and illustrate three extrapolant functions.
Hardin, JW, Schmiediche, H & Carroll, RJ 2003, 'The Simulation Extrapolation Method for Fitting Generalized Linear Models with Additive Measurement Error', The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 373-385.
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Harry, EJ & Lewis, PJ 2003, 'Early targeting of Min proteins to the cell poles in germinated spores of Bacillus subtilis: evidence for division apparatus‐independent recruitment of Min proteins to the division site', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 37-48.
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SummaryThe earliest event in bacterial cell division is the assembly of a tubulin‐like protein, FtsZ, at mid‐cell to form a ring. In rod‐shaped bacteria, the Min system plays an important role in division site placement by inhibiting FtsZ ring formation specifically at the polar regions of the cell. The Min system comprises MinD and MinC, which form an inhibitor complex and, in Bacillus subtilis, DivIVA, which ensures that division is inhibited only in the polar regions. All three proteins localize to the division site at mid‐cell and to cell poles. Their recruitment to the division site is dependent on localization of both ‘early’ and ‘late’ division proteins. We have examined the temporal and spatial localization of DivIVA relative to that of FtsZ during the first and second cell division after germination and outgrowth of B. subtilis spores. We show that, although the FtsZ ring assembles at mid‐cell about halfway through the cell cycle, DivIVA assembles at this site immediately before cell division and persists there during Z‐ring constriction and completion of division. We also show that both DivIVA and MinD localize to the cell poles immediately upon spore germination, well before a Z ring forms at mid‐cell. Furthermore, these proteins were found to be present in mature, dormant spores. These results suggest that targeting of Min proteins to division sites does not depend directly on the assembly of the division apparatus, as suggested previously, and that potential polar division sites are blocked at the earliest possible stage in the cell cycle in germinated spores as a mechanism to ensure that equal‐sized daughter cells are produced upon cell division.
Harry, L 2003, 'The precision of bacterial cell division', Today's Life Science, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 34-37.
Hauser, R, Chen, ZY, Pothier, L, Ryan, L & Altshul, L 2003, 'The relationship between human semen parameters and environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and p,p '-DDE', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 111, no. 12, pp. 1505-1511.
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Hauser, R, Rice, TM, Krishna Murthy, GG, Wand, MP, Lewis, D, Bledsoe, T & Paulauskis, J 2003, 'The upper airway response to pollen is enhanced by exposure to combustion particulates: a pilot human experimental challenge study.', Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 111, no. 4, pp. 472-477.
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Although human experimental studies have shown that gaseous pollutants enhance the inflammatory response to allergens, human data on whether combustion particulates enhance the inflammatory response to allergen are limited. Therefore, we conducted a human experimental study to investigate whether combustion particulates enhance the inflammatory response to aeroallergens. "Enhancement" refers to a greater-than-additive response when combustion particulates are delivered with allergen, compared with the responses when particulates and allergen are delivered alone. Eight subjects, five atopic and three nonatopic, participated in three randomized exposure-challenge sessions at least 2 weeks apart (i.e., clean air followed by allergen, particles followed by no allergen, or particles followed by allergen). Each session consisted of nasal exposure to combustion particles (target concentration of 1.0 mg/m3) or clean air for 1 hr, followed 3 hr later by challenge with whole pollen grains or placebo. Nasal lavage was performed immediately before particle or clean air exposure, immediately after exposure, and 4, 18 and 42 hr after pollen challenge. Cell counts, differentials, and measurement of cytokines were performed on each nasal lavage. In atopic but not in nonatopic subjects, when allergen was preceded by particulates, there was a significant enhancement immediately after pollen challenge in nasal lavage leukocytes and neutrophils (29.7 × 103 cells/mL and 25.4 × 103 cells/mL, respectively). This represents a 143% and 130% enhancement, respectively. The enhanced response for interleukin-4 was 3.23 pg/mL (p = 0.06), a 395% enhancement. In atopic subjects there was evidence of an enhanced response when particulates, as compared to clean air, preceded the allergen challenge.
Hauser, R, Rice, TM, Murthy, GGK, Wand, MP, Lewis, D, Bledsoe, T & Paulauskis, J 2003, 'The upper airway response to pollen is enhanced by exposure to combustion particulates: A pilot human experimental challenge study', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 111, no. 4, pp. 472-477.
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Heath, D & Platen, E 2003, 'Pricing of index options under a minimal market model with log-normal scaling', QUANTITATIVE FINANCE, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 442-450.
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Helfrich, M, Bommer, B, Oster, U, Klement, H, Mayer, K, Larkum, AWD & Rüdiger, W 2003, 'Chlorophylls of the c family: absolute configuration and inhibition of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, vol. 1605, no. 1-3, pp. 97-103.
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Using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, the stereochemistry at C-132 of members of the chlorophyll (Chl) c family, namely Chls c1, c2, c3 and [8-vinyl]-protochlorophyllide a (Pchlide a) was determined. By comparison with spectra of known enantiomers, all Chl c members turned out to have the (R) configuration, which is in agreement with considerations drawn from chlorophyll biosynthesis. Except for a double bond in the side chain at C-17, the chemical structure of Chl c1 is identical with Pchlide a, the natural substrate of the light-dependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR). Thus, lack of binding to the active site due to the wrong configuration at C-132, which had been proposed previously, cannot be an explanation for inactivity of Chl c in this enzymic reaction. Our results show rather that Chl c1 is a competitive inhibitor for this enzyme, tested with Pchlide a and Zn-protopheophorbide a (Zn-Ppheide a) as substrates. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Hodgkinson, IJ, Wu, QH, De Silva, L, Arnold, M, McCall, MW & Lakhtakia, A 2003, 'Supermodes of chiral photonic filters with combined twist and layer defects', PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, vol. 91, no. 22, pp. 1-4.
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We consider the circularly polarized localized modes of chiral photonic structures with combined central twist and isotropic layer defects. The general filter is shown to suffer from anomalous remittance and saturation of linewidth as the thickness of the structure is increased. However, by choosing parameters that phase match the elements of the round-trip matrix of the isotropic layer defect, we demonstrate the existence of supermodes that maintain exceptional purity of polarization state and exponential decrease in linewidth as the thickness is increased.
Hohnberg, D, Ralph, PJ & Jones, H 2003, 'Toxicity of the herbicide atrazine at environmental concentrations to Vallisneria Gigantea, assessed using chlorophyll fluorescence', Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology, vol. 9, pp. 93-100.
Hong, MY, Chapkin, RS, Davidson, LA, Turner, ND, Morris, JS, Carroll, RJ & Lupton, JR 2003, 'Fish Oil Enhances Targeted Apoptosis During Colon Tumor Initiation in Part by Downregulating Bcl-2', Nutrition and Cancer, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 44-51.
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Hose, GC, Hyne, RV & Lim, RP 2003, 'Toxicity of endosulfan to Atalophlebia spp. (ephemeroptera) in the laboratory, mesocosm, and field', ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 3062-3068.
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Hose, GC, Lim, RP & Hyne, RV 2003, 'The transport, fate and effects of endosulfan in the Australian freshwater environment', Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology, vol. 9, pp. 101-111.
Hose, GC, Lim, RP, Hyne, RV & Pablo, F 2003, 'Short-term exposure to aqueous endosulfan affects macroinvertebrate assemblages', ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 282-294.
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The toxicity of the organochlorine pesticide endosulfan to macroinvertebrate assemblages was tested using a system of 24 artificial streams. In separate experiments, the effects of 12- and 48-h exposure to aqueous endosulfan were assessed. No-observed-effect concentrations (NOEC) for endosulfan on macroinvertebrate assemblages were 8.69 and 1.00 µg/L for the 12- and 48-h exposure studies, respectively. In both studies, changes were driven by reduced abundances of the mayfly, Jappa kutera. Algal blooms occurred in the 48-h exposure experiment in streams that received the 6.87 or 30.70 µg/L treatments. These effects occurred at concentrations that might occur as a result of episodic events such as accidental overspray or rainstorms. By establishing a causal link between endosulfan and changes to macroinvertebrate assemblages, this study adds further weight to the hypothesis that endosulfan is a major contributor to changes observed in rivers of the cotton-growing region of New South Wales, Australia during the pesticide spray season.
Howell, VM 2003, 'HRPT2 mutations are associated with malignancy in sporadic parathyroid tumours', Journal of Medical Genetics, vol. 40, no. 9, pp. 657-663.
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Huang, BX, Whitchurch, CB & Mattick, JS 2003, 'FimX, a multidomain protein connecting environmental signals to twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 185, no. 24, pp. 7068-7076.
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Twitching motility is a form of surface translocation mediated by the extension, tethering, and retraction of type IV pili. Three independent Tn5-B21 mutations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with reduced twitching motility were identified in a new locus which encodes a predicted protein of unknown function annotated PA4959 in the P. aeruginosa genome sequence. Complementation of these mutants with the wild-type PA4959 gene, which we designated fimX, restored normal twitching motility. fimX mutants were found to express normal levels of pilin and remained sensitive to pilus-specific bacteriophages, but they exhibited very low levels of surface pili, suggesting that normal pilus function was impaired. The fimX gene product has a molecular weight of 76,000 and contains four predicted domains that are commonly found in signal transduction proteins: a putative response regulator (CheY-like) domain, a PAS-PAC domain (commonly involved in environmental sensing), and DUF1 (or GGDEF) and DUF2 (or EAL) domains, which are thought to be involved in cyclic di-GMP metabolism. Red fluorescent protein fusion experiments showed that FimX is located at one pole of the cell via sequences adjacent to its CheY-like domain. Twitching motility infimX mutants was found to respond relatively normally to a range of environmental factors but could not be stimulated by tryptone and mucin. These data suggest that fimX is involved in the regulation of twitching motility in response to environmental cues.
Huete, AR, Miura, T & Gao, X 2003, 'Land cover conversion and degradation analyses through coupled soil-plant biophysical parameters derived from hyperspectral EO-1 Hyperion', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 1268-1276.
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Land degradation in semiarid areas results from various factors, including climate variations and human activity, and can lead to desertification. The process of degradation results in simultaneous and complex variations of many interrelated soil and vegetation biophysical parameters, rendering it difficult to develop simple and robust remote sensing mapping and monitoring approaches. In this study, we tested the use of Earth Observing 1 (EO-1) Hyperion hyperspectral data to analyze land degradation patterns within the protected Ñacuñán Biosphere Reserve and surrounding areas in the Monte Desert region of Argentina. The floristically diverse vegetation communities included mesquite forest (algarrobal), creosotebush (jarillal), sand-dune (medanal), and severely degraded (peladal) sites. Various optical measures of land degradation were employed, including vegetation indexes, spectral derivatives, albedo, and spectral mixture analysis. Spectral mixture analysis provided the best characterization of the unstable and spatially variable landscape encountered at the Ñacuñán Biosphere Reserve. Spectral unmixing provided simultaneous measures of green vegetation, nonphotosynthetic vegetation, and soil, all of which were deemed essential in characterizing land degradation. In conjunction with multitemporal data from the more commonly employed broadband sensors, hyperspectral data can provide a powerful methodology toward understanding environmental degradation.
Hughes, JA, De Bruyn, R, Patel, K, Langford, S & Thompson, D 2003, 'Three‐dimensional sonographic evaluation of the infant spine: Preliminary findings', Journal of Clinical Ultrasound, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 9-20.
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AbstractPurposeThe aims of this study were to evaluate normal spinal anatomy in neonates and infants as seen by 3‐dimensional sonography (3D US), to determine the value of 3D US in the evaluation of occult spinal dysraphia in infants, and to correlate the findings of 3D US with those of 2‐dimensional sonography (2D US) and MRI, when available.MethodsWe used 2D US and 3D US to examine the lumbosacral spine in infants with cutaneous stigmata, syndromes associated with spinal dysraphia, and abnormal radiographs. We also evaluated, as controls, healthy infants who had no markers of spinal abnormality. 2D sonograms, 3D sonograms, radiographs, and MRI scans, when available, were compared to assess differences in the display of the infant spine.ResultsIn total, we examined 29 infants: 18 subjects and 11 control infants. The correlation between 2D US and 3D US was 100% in the detection of congenital defects of the spinal cord, although 3D US allowed superior visualization of the vertebral bodies and posterior spinal elements. When a gross abnormality of the posterior spinal elements occurred with pathologic overlying soft tissue, interpretation was simpler with MRI than with sonography.Conclusions3D US is a useful adjunct to 2D US when screening the infant spine for congenital defects, particularly in showing alignment of posterior spinal elements and integrity of vertebral bodies. This ability is important because posterior spinal defects may be associated with underlying spinal cord abnormalities. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 31:9–20, 2003
Hung, A, Nguyen, HT, Lee, WB, Rickard, MT, Thornton, BS & Blinowska, A 2003, 'Diagnostic Abilities of Three CAD Methods for Assessing Microcalcifications In Mammograms and An Aspect of Equivocal Cases Decisions by Radiologists', Australian Physical And Engineering Sciences in Medicine, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 78-83.
Hung, A, Nguyen, HT, Thornton, BS & Zinder, Y 2003, 'Dynamic Programming Approach to Image Segmentation and its Application to Pre-processing of Mammograms', Australian Journal of Intelligent Information Processing Systems, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 51-56.
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Images egmentationis an importent componento f imagop rocessings irce significantt ime can be savedi f a region of interest is extracted by al efficient segmentationa lgorithm. A dynamic programming image segmentation algorithnr is presented. The algorithm is applicable to images with a large matrix of gray levels of pixel values and generatesa path separatingt he object from the background.T he report of a.na pplication of the proposed algorithm to digitised mammotramsc omplementsit s description.
Hyde, GJ, Davies, DS, Cole, L & Ashford, AE 2003, 'Retention of fluorescent probes during aldehyde‐free anhydrous freeze‐substitution', Journal of Microscopy, vol. 210, no. 2, pp. 125-130.
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SummaryFluorescent probes are widely used for microscopy of live‐cell processes, but few such probes can also be used with classically fixed or otherwise immobilized material, and none has been used without aldehyde fixation, which can introduce artefacts of structure and probe localization. Here we show that the fluorescence patterns in fungal hyphae loaded with chloromethyl aminocoumarin (CMAC), and then anhydrously freeze‐substituted, without any aldehyde fixation, are similar to those seen in living hyphae. Probe loss into the mounting medium (Spurr's resin) with CMAC and five other probes tested indicated that some unwanted solubilization of probe occurred during embedding, but nevertheless vacuoles could be imaged by their retention of probe.
Indsto, JO, Nassif, NT, Kefford, RF & Mann, GJ 2003, 'Frequent loss of heterozygosity targeting the inactive X chromosome in melanoma.', Clin Cancer Res, vol. 9, no. 17, pp. 6476-6482.
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After previous preliminary observations of paradoxical deletion events affecting the inactive X chromosome in melanoma, we have surveyed the X chromosome for deletions using 23 polymorphic microsatellite markers in 28 informative (female XX) metastatic melanomas. Ten tumors (36%) showed at least one loss of heterozygosity (LOH) event, and in two cases an entire chromosome showed LOH at all informative loci. Four distinct X chromosome smallest regions of overlap can be resolved. An 18.6-Mb region on the p arm involving 9 of 28 (32%) samples lies between the markers DXS1061 and DXS1068. An equally frequently deleted smallest region of overlap straddled the centromere, bounded by DX1204 on the p arm and DXS983 14.6 Mb away in Xq11-12. One tumor potentially defines this region more tightly to a 10.6-Mb smallest region of overlap bounded by DXS1190 and DXS981 that contains the androgen receptor (AR) gene. A 6.2-Mb deleted region can be defined between the markers DXS8051 and DXS9902 in 8 of 28 (28%) tumors. An additional, less frequently deleted region of 25.7 Mb was found on distal Xq between the markers DXS1212 and DXS1193 in 5 of 28 (18%) tumors. X inactivation analysis of five tumors with LOH, using the AR exon 1 CAG repeat, showed that in each case, the inactive, hypermethylated allele was the one deleted. Analysis of copy number in this region by quantitative PCR showed restoration to disomy and, in one case, trisomy at AR.
Ismond, KP, Dolferus, R, De Pauw, M, Dennis, ES & Good, AG 2003, 'Enhanced low oxygen survival in Arabidopsis through increased metabolic flux in the fermentative pathway', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 132, no. 3, pp. 1292-1302.
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Jermiin, LS, Ho, SYW, Ababneh, F, Robinson, J & Larkum, AWD 2003, 'Hetero: a program to simulate the evolution of DNA on a four-taxon tree.', Appl Bioinformatics, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 159-163.
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We present a computer program to simulate the evolution of a nucleotide sequence on a phylogenetic tree with four tips. The program, Hetero, allows users to assign lineage-specific differences in the rate matrices used to describe the evolutionary process. It has a simple user interface and output, making it equally useful in the teaching and research of phylogenetics.
Johnson, CD, Balagurunathan, Y, Lu, KP, Tadesse, M, Falahatpisheh, MH, Carroll, RJ, Dougherty, ER, Afshari, CA & Ramos, KS 2003, 'Genomic profiles and predictive biological networks in oxidant-induced atherogenesis', Physiological Genomics, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 263-275.
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Atherogenic stimuli trigger complex responses in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) that culminate in activation/repression of overlapping signal transduction cascades involving oxidative stress. In the case of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon present in tobacco smoke, the atherogenic response involves interference with redox homeostasis by oxidative intermediates of BaP metabolism. The present studies were conducted to define genomic profiles and predictive gene biological networks associated with the atherogenic response of murine (aortic) VSMCs to BaP. A combined oxidant-antioxidant treatment regimen was used to identify redox-sensitive targets during the early course of the atherogenic response. Gene expression profiles were defined using cDNA microarrays coupled to analysis of variance and several clustering methodologies. A predictor algorithm was then applied to gain insight into critical gene-gene interactions during atherogenesis. Supervised and nonsupervised analyses identified clones highly regulated by BaP, unaffected by antioxidant, and neutralized by combined chemical treatments. Lymphocyte antigen-6 complex, histocompatibility class I component factors, secreted phosphoprotein, and several interferon-inducible proteins were identified as novel redox-regulated targets of BaP. Predictor analysis confirmed these relationships and identified immune-related genes as critical molecular targets of BaP. Redox-dependent patterns of gene deregulation indicate that oxidative stress plays a prominent role during the early stages of BaP-induced atherogenesis.
Johnson, M, Broady, K, Angelici, MC & Johnson, A 2003, 'The relationship between nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase (NTPase) isoform and Toxoplasma strain virulence in rat and human toxoplasmosis', Microbes and Infection, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 797-806.
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Jones, N, Lennard, C, Stoilovic, M & Roux, C 2003, 'An evaluation of multimetal deposition II', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 444-488.
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Multimetal deposition (MMD) has not found routine application because of its complexity and inconsistent results. Recent research that sought to overcome these problems resulted in the development of a new formulation known as MMDII. MMDII utilizes smaller colloidal gold particles (14 nm as compared to 30 nm) and an alternative physical developer (silver acetate/hydroquinone rather than silver nitrate/iron(II)/iron(III)). Several MMD formulations were evaluated in this study, and MMDII proved to be the superior formulation, giving better overall print detail. On nonporous surfaces, MMDII may offer further print development than that achieved with cyanoacrylate fuming (CA) and luminescent staining, but vacuum metal deposition (VMD) always gave superior results to MMD. MMDII and VMD were compared to standard techniques on a number of semiporous surfaces, including expanded polystyrene, waxed paper, latex gloves, and nitrile gloves. MMDII proved to be the technique of choice on these surfaces. The ability of MMDII to react with print residue within and on the surface is believed to be important to its success.
Kammann, EE & Wand, MP 2003, 'Geoadditive Models', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C: Applied Statistics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 1-18.
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SummaryA study into geographical variability of reproductive health outcomes (e.g. birth weight) in Upper Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA, benefits from geostatistical mapping or kriging. However, also observed are some continuous covariates (e.g. maternal age) that exhibit pronounced non-linear relationships with the response variable. To account for such effects properly we merge kriging with additive models to obtain what we call geoadditive models. The merging becomes effortless by expressing both as linear mixed models. The resulting mixed model representation for the geoadditive model allows for fitting and diagnosis using standard methodology and software.
Kelly, T, Doble, P & Dawson, M 2003, 'Chiral separation of methadone, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrol (EDDP) and 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-pyrroline (EMDP) by capillary electrophoresis using cyclodextrin derivatives', ELECTROPHORESIS, vol. 24, no. 12-13, pp. 2106-2110.
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A stereoselective method was developed for the simultaneous determination of methadone and its two major metabolites, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) and 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-pyrroline (EMDP) by capillary electrophoresis. Five -cyclodextrin (CD) background electrolyte (BGE) additives were evaluated for resolution efficiency. The conditions for baseline resolution of each of the three enantiomer pairs was determined to be 1 mM heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)--cyclodextrin (DMCD) in 100 mM phosphate at pH 2.6. This method represents the first successful method for the resolution of the six enantiomers associated with the metabolism of methadone. The utilisation of doubly coated capillaries in conjunction with CD derivatives for a faster separation of the methadone-related enantiomers is also reported. The coated capillaries were prepared using a polycation of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDAC) and a polyanion of dextran sulfate. Baseline resolution of the methadone enantiomers was achieved with a BGE of 8 mM (2-hydroxy)propyl--cyclodextrin (HPCD) in 100 mM phosphate at pH 2.6. The migration times for the stereoselective methadone separation were approximately 4 min, which represented a reduction by a factor of approximately three, compared to that attained using analogous conditions with the uncoated capillary.
Kim, I, Cohen, ND & Carroll, RJ 2003, 'Semiparametric Regression Splines in Matched Case‐Control Studies', Biometrics, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 1158-1169.
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Summary. We develop semiparametric methods for matched case‐control studies using regression splines. Three methods are developed: 1) an approximate cross‐validation scheme to estimate the smoothing parameter inherent in regression splines, as well as 2) Monte Carlo expectation maximization (MCEM) and 3) Bayesian methods to fit the regression spline model. We compare the approximate cross‐validation approach, MCEM, and Bayesian approaches using simulation, showing that they appear approximately equally efficient; the approximate cross‐validation method is computationally the most convenient. An example from equine epidemiology that motivated the work is used to demonstrate our approaches.
Kim, JK, Fillmore, JJ, Gavrilova, O, Chao, L, Higashimori, T, Choi, H, Kim, H-J, Yu, C, Chen, Y, Qu, X, Haluzik, M, Reitman, ML & Shulman, GI 2003, 'Differential Effects of Rosiglitazone on Skeletal Muscle and Liver Insulin Resistance in A-ZIP/F-1 Fatless Mice', Diabetes, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1311-1318.
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To determine the role of adipocytes and the tissue-specific nature in the insulin sensitizing action of rosiglitazone, we examined the effects of 3 weeks of rosiglitazone treatment on insulin signaling and action during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps in awake A-ZIP/F-1 (fatless), fat-transplanted fatless, and wild-type littermate mice. We found that 53 and 66% decreases in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1–associated phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activity in skeletal muscle of fatless mice were normalized after rosiglitazone treatment. These effects of rosiglitazone treatment were associated with 50% decreases in triglyceride and fatty acyl-CoA contents in the skeletal muscle of rosiglitazone-treated fatless mice. In contrast, rosiglitazone treatment exacerbated hepatic insulin resistance in the fatless mice and did not affect already reduced IRS-2–associated PI 3-kinase activity in liver. The worsening of insulin action in liver was associated with 30% increases in triglyceride and fatty acyl-CoA contents in the liver of rosiglitazone-treated fatless mice. In conclusion, these data support the hypothesis that rosiglitazone treatment enhanced insulin action in skeletal muscle mostly by its ability to repartition fat away from skeletal muscle.
Kim, JY, Hauser, R, Wand, MP, Herrick, RF, Amarasiriwardena, CJ & Christiani, DC 2003, 'The association of expired nitric oxide with occupational particulate metal exposure', Environmental Research, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 158-166.
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Kim, JY, Hauser, R, Wand, MP, Herrick, RF, Houk, RS, Aeschliman, DB, Woodin, MA & Christiani, DC 2003, 'Association of expired nitric oxide with urinary metal concentrations in boilermakers exposed to residual oil fly ash', American Journal of Industrial Medicine, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 458-466.
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AbstractBackgroundExposure to metal‐containing particulate matter has been associated with adverse pulmonary responses. Metals in particulate matter are soluble, hence are readily recovered in urine of exposed individuals. This study investigated the association between urinary metal concentrations and the fractional concentration of expired nitric oxide (FENO) in boilermakers (N = 32) exposed to residual oil fly ash (ROFA).MethodsSubjects were monitored at a boiler overhaul site located in the New England area, USA. FENO and urine samples were collected pre‐ and post‐workshift for 5 consecutive workdays. Metals investigated included vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb).ResultsThe median FENO was 7.5 ppb (95% CI: 7.4–8.0), and the median creatinine‐adjusted urinary metal concentrations (μg/g creatinine) were: vanadium, 1.37; chromium, 0.48; manganese, 0.30; nickel, 1.52; copper, 3.70; and lead, 2.32. Linear mixed‐effects models indicated significant inverse exposure–response relationships between log FENO and the log‐transformed urinary concentrations of vanadium, manganese, nickel, copper, and lead at several lag times, after adjusting for smoking status.ConclusionsUrine samples may be utilized as a biomarker of occupational metal exposure. The inverse association between FENO and urinary metal concentrations suggests that exposure to metals in particulate matter may have an adverse effect on respiratory health. Am. J. Ind. Med. 44:458–466, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kim, JY, Wand, MP, Hauser, R, Mukherjee, S, Herrick, RF & Christiani, DC 2003, 'Association of expired nitric oxide with occupational particulate exposure', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 111, no. 5, pp. 676-680.
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Kim, JY, Wand, MP, Hauser, R, Mukherjee, S, Herrick, RF & Christiani, DC 2003, 'Association of expired nitric oxide with occupational particulate exposure.', Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 111, no. 5, pp. 676-680.
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Particulate air pollution has been associated with adverse respiratory health effects. This study assessed the utility of expired nitric oxide to detect acute airway responses to metal-containing fine particulates. Using a repeated-measures study design, we investigated the association between the fractional concentration of expired nitric oxide (FENO) and exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic mass median diameter of ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in boilermakers exposed to residual oil fly ash and metal fumes. Subjects were monitored for 5 days during boiler repair overhauls in 1999 (n = 20 or 2000 (n = 14). The Wilcoxon median baseline FENO was 10.6 ppb [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.1, 12.7] in 1999 and 7.4 ppb (95% CI: 6.7, 8.0) in 2000. The Wilcoxon median PM2.5 8-hr time-weighted average was 0.56 mg/m3 (95% CI: 0.37, 0.93) in 1999 and 0.86 mg/m3 (95% CI: 0.65, 1.07) in 2000. FENO levels during the work week were significantly lower than baseline FENO in 1999 (p < 0.001). A significant inverse exposure-response relationship between log-transformed FENO and the previous workday's PM2.5 concentration was found in 1999, after adjusting for smoking status, age, and sampling year. With each 1 mg/m3 incremental increase in PM2.5 exposure, log FENO decreased by 0.24 (95% CI: -0.38, -0.10) in 1999. The lack of an exposure-response relationship between PM2.5 exposure and FENO in 2000 could be attributable to exposure misclassification resulting from the use of respirators. In conclusion, occupational exposure to metal-containing fine particulates was associated with significant decreases in FENO in a survey of workers with limited respirator usage.
Kipnis, V 2003, 'Structure of Dietary Measurement Error: Results of the OPEN Biomarker Study', American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 158, no. 1, pp. 14-21.
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Konstantinov, K, Wang, GX, Yao, J, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2003, 'Stoichiometry-controlled high-performance LiCoO2 electrode materials prepared by a spray solution technique', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 119-121, pp. 195-200.
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Konstantinov, K, Wang, J, Bewlay, S, Wang, GX, Liu, HK, Dou, SX & Ahn, JH 2003, 'Spray Pyrolysis Technique for Fabrication of Nano-Sized Spherical Agglomerated Oxide Powders for Batteries', Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials, vol. 15-16, pp. 325-330.
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Application of the spray pyrolysis technique to in-situ fabrication of nano-featured spherical oxide materials has been explored in this paper. Two different nano-featured single-phase materials for battery use, namely LiCoO2 and PbO, were successfully prepared in spherical form. The diameters of the spheres are in the range of a few microns, generally 1-10 microns, and there is a narrow Gaussian particle size distribution. The diameter size can be controlled by the size of the spray nozzle and the concentration of the solution. The spherical agglomerates appear to consist of nano-particles, each one with dimensions of 20-50 nm. The specific surface areas of these materials are several times higher than for the corresponding commercially available powders. The stoichiometry of the LiCoO2 powders thus obtained was controlled by the ICP technique in order to achieve the desired Li:Co = 1:1 ratio in the sintered materials. The materials prepared by the spray pyrolysis technique appear to be promising for battery use.
Krishna, G, Schulte, J, Cornell, BA, Pace, RJ & Osman, PD 2003, 'Tethered bilayer membranes containing ionic reservoirs: Selectivity and conductance', LANGMUIR, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 2294-2305.
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Ion channels, such as gramicidin A, selectively facilitate the transport of ions across biological and synthetic membranes. The conductance properties of ion channels are frequently characterized in synthetic bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs). The instability of BLMs has seriously limited the range of applications for these structures, and tethered bilayer lipid membranes (tBLMs) have addressed the problem through tethering many of the membrane components to a solid surface. In the present study, thin gold substrates have been used to tether thiol- and disulfide-terminated membrane components to form a tBLM electrode to provide a reservoir for ions. This study reports on the ion selectivity and apparent permeability of gramicidin channels in such tethered bilayer membranes. The investigations using electrical impedance spectroscopy indicated that the magnitude of ionic conductance varies substantially in reservoirs with different chemical structures.
Langford, SJ & Yann, T 2003, 'Molecular Logic: A Half-Subtractor Based on Tetraphenylporphyrin', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 125, no. 37, pp. 11198-11199.
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Langford, SJ & Yann, T 2003, 'Molecular Logic: A Half-Subtractor Based on Tetraphenylporphyrin [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 11198−11199].', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 125, no. 48, pp. 14951-14951.
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Langford, SJ, Lau, V, Lee, MAP & Lygris, E 2003, 'Porphyrin‐Based Supermolecules and Supramolecular Arrays', ChemInform, vol. 34, no. 32.
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AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Langtry, T, Coupland, M & Moore, B 2003, 'Mathematica™ in context', International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 699-718.
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Aspects of the problem of teaching introductory undergraduate mathematics are considered in the context of both an increased participation rate in higher education as well as increasingly sophisticated computational technology. In particular, some of the changes in student and governmental expectations of course outcomes are canvassed, and an ongoing project initiated as a response both to these changes and to the availability of modern computational algebra systems that have sophisticated user interfaces is described. The project's aim is to develop students' mathematical understanding by undertaking practical laboratory work focused on applications that are perceived by students to be relevant to their social context and employment aspirations. © 2003 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Langtry, TN, Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC & Robinson, PA 2003, 'Effects of disorder in two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 68, no. 2.
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Lapine, M, Gorkunov, M & Ringhofer, KH 2003, 'Nonlinearity of a metamaterial arising from diode insertions into resonant conductive elements', Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, vol. 67, no. 6 2.
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It was demonstrated that with the help of simple electronic components, it was possible to construct a metamaterial which possesses nonlinear response. It was shown how the macroscopic properties of this material can be controlled by the characteristics of the structure elements, their arrangement, and the properties of nonlinear insertions. Thus, various processes known in nonlinear optics may be performed in the microwave range with the help of the proposed metamaterial.
Lapine, M, Gorkunov, M & Ringhofer, KH 2003, 'Nonlinearity of a metamaterial arising from diode insertions into resonant conductive elements', Physical Review E, vol. 67, no. 6.
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Larkum, A, Koch, EW & Kuhl, M 2003, 'Diffusive boundary layers and photosynthesis of the epilithic algal community of coral reefs', Marine Biology, vol. 142, no. 5, pp. 1073-1082.
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The effects of mass transfer resistance due to the presence of a diffusive boundary layer on the photosynthesis of the epilithic algal community (EAC) of a coral reef were studied. Photosynthesis and respiration of the EAC of dead coral surfaces were investigated for samples from two locations: the Gulf of Aqaba, Eilat (Israel), and One Tree Reef on the Great Barrier Reef (Australia). Microsensors were used to measure O2 and pH at the EAC surface and above. Oxygen profiles in the light and dark indicated a diffusive boundary layer (DBL) thickness of 180590 ?m under moderate flow (~0.08 m s-1) and >2,000 ?m under quasi-stagnant conditions. Under light saturation the oxygen concentration at the EAC surface rose within a few minutes to 200550% air saturation levels under moderate flow and to 600700% under quasi-stagnant conditions. High maximal rates of net photosynthesis of 825 mmol O2 m-2 h-1 were calculated from measured O2 concentration gradients, and dark respiration was 1.33.3 mmol O2 m-2 h-1. From lightdark shifts, the maximal rates of gross photosynthesis at the EAC surface were calculated to be 16.5 nmol O2 cm-3 s-1. Irradiance at the onset of saturation of photosynthesis, Ek, was <100 µmol photons m-2 s-1, indicating that the EAC is a shade-adapted community. The pH increased from 8.2 in the bulk seawater to 8.9 at the EAC surface, suggesting that very little carbon in the form of CO2 occurs at the EAC surface. Thus the major source of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) must be in the form of HCO3-. Estimates of DIC fluxes across the DBL indicate that, throughout most of the daytime under in situ conditions, DIC is likely to be a major limiting factor for photosynthesis and therefore also for primary production and growth of the EAC.
Larkum, AWD 2003, 'Contributions of henrik lundegårdh.', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 76, no. 1/3, pp. 105-110.
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Henrik Lundegårdh made major contributions in the field of ecology and plant physiology from 1912 to 1969. His early work at Hallands Väderö in the Kattegat pioneered quantitative approaches to plant ecology and laid the understanding of carbon dioxide exchange in natural communities which is still useful today in global carbon accounting. Very early on in this work he invented the flame photometer. In trying to understand salt respiration of plants, he started to formulate hypotheses for the relationship between respiration and ion movement, including protons, hypotheses that were forerunners to the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis of Peter Mitchell. Necessarily, this involved work on plant cytochromes. He invented several early recording spectrophotometers and made many early discoveries in the field of plant cytochromes, including the photo-oxidation of cytochrome f in photosynthesis.
Larkum, AWD, Koch, EMW & Kuhl, M 2003, 'Diffusive boundary layers and photosynthesis of the epilithic algal community of coral reefs', MARINE BIOLOGY, vol. 142, no. 6, pp. 1073-1082.
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Leigh, A & Nicotra, AB 2003, 'Sexual dimorphism in reproductive allocation and water use efficiency in Maireana pyramidata (Chenopodiaceae), a dioecious, semi-arid shrub', Australian Journal of Botany, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 509-509.
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Sexual dimorphism in dioecious plant species is widely attributed to the differential impacts of reproduction on male v. female plants. We investigated sexual dimorphism in reproductive, morphological and physiological traits of Maireana pyramidata (Benth.) Paul G.Wilson (Chenopodiaceae), a dioecious, semi-arid shrub endemic to Australia. We estimated reproductive allocation for each sex by calculating the relative biomass allocated to flowers and fruits per gram of leaf tissue, based on one branch per sample plant. Morphological measurements included leaf mass, stem mass, specific leaf area, plant height and plant leaf area index. We also measured leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll, gas exchange and Δ13C. Reproductive allocation was nine times greater in females than in males. No significant difference between the sexes in photosynthetic rate or transpiration could be detected but instantaneous water use efficiency (photosynthesis/transpiration) was significantly lower in females than in males during the fruiting period. Δ13C did not differ between the sexes. The results indicate that greater reproductive allocation in females has an immediate impact on their capacity for conservative water use but does not lead to long-term differences in water use efficiency.
Leitch, EC, Fergusson, CL & Henderson, RA 2003, 'Arc to craton provenance switching in a Late Palaeozoic subduction complex, Wandilla and Shoalwater terranes, New England Fold Belt, eastern Australia', Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 919-929.
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The Wandilla and Shoalwater terranes of the northern New England Fold Belt are accretionary subduction complexes formed during the Carboniferous at the convergent plate boundary that extended along the eastern edge of Palaeozoic Gondwana. Sandstones from the Wandilla terrane are quartz‐poor and quartz‐intermediate lithic or feldspathic volcanic sandstones that were derived principally from the associated magmatic arc, whereas those of the Shoalwater terrane are quartz‐rich and were sourced from a cratonic region dominated by low‐grade metamorphic and granitic rocks. The location of the Shoalwater source cannot be determined unambiguously but probably was situated to the north with detritus supplied longitudinally to the convergent plate boundary. At that time arc‐derived sediment was confined to the forearc basin behind an outer arc ridge, the physiographic manifestation of the accreted rocks of the Wandilla terrane. The tectonic situation may have been similar to that of the present‐day Lesser Antilles subduction system where quartzose sediment carried down the Orinoco River is transported northward and incorporated into the Barbados Ridge subduction complex.
Lenzen, M, Murray, SA, Korte, B & Dey, CJ 2003, 'Environmental impact assessment including indirect effects—a case study using input–output analysis', Environmental Impact Assessment Review, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 263-282.
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Leslie, LM & Speer, MS 2003, 'Comment on Modelling a coastal ridging event over south‐eastern Australia. C. J. C. Reason and P. L. Jackson (;Meteorological Applications 2002, 9: 383–397)', Meteorological Applications, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 293-294.
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Leslie, LM & Speer, MS 2003, 'Prediction of extreme rainfall for the coffs harbour catchment', Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 95-100.
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On 23 November, 1996 a flash flood struck Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia, resulting from rainfall totals of up to 400 mm, in just 4.5 hours, recorded in the 50 km2 Coffs Harbour Creek catchment. Twenty-four hour rainfall totals exceeded 500 mm at some higher elevations. One person was killed and there was an estimated damage bill of A$30 million. The event was simulated using the non-hydrostatic version of the University of New South Wales HIRES mesoscale model, which predicted rainfall totals similar in pattern and amount to the few observations available. The synoptic and mesoscale mechanisms responsible for the heavy rain were well-defined for this event. Focussing on these mechanisms, a perturbation methodology was used to vary the initial conditions provided to the HIRES model, within the range of known present climate values. The ensemble of HIRES model rainfall forecasts from these perturbed initial conditions suggests that, even under current climate conditions, the Coffs Harbour flash flood rainfall totals could have been much higher. For example, the largest 24-hour model-predicted rainfall amounts over the hilly, data-sparse parts of the Coffs Harbour catchment were 2.5 to 3.5 times that predicted for the near-coastal station of Coffs Harbour Airport. This was true for both the unperturbed model prediction and for the highest 16 per cent of the perturbed model runs. Such information is valuable as it has significant implications for quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) estimates and associated flood mitigation strategies. Finally, the perturbation methodology was also applied to four other flood events in 1991, 1989, 1977 and 1974, and the results are briefly compared and contrasted with the November 1996 storm.
Levey, FC, Cortie, MB & Cornish, LA 2003, 'Determination of the 76 wt.% Au section of the Al-Au-Cu phase diagram', JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS, vol. 354, no. 1-2, pp. 171-180.
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The substitution of Al for Cu along the 76 wt.% Au section of the Al-Au-Cu system causes the phase of the Au-Cu edge to be successively replaced by a ternary electron compound, a ternary extension of the Cu-Al electron compound, designated here as ', and finally the compound AuAl2. A vertical section of this part of the phase diagram has been determined and is presented here, and the relationships between the phases explored. It is considered likely that the section contains the peritectic reactions L+-> and L+'->. Both the and the phases form ordered phases at lower temperatures.
Li, L, Gu, H & Chen, J 2003, 'Insertion heuristic algorithm in complex PDPTW problem', Jisuanji Gongcheng/Computer Engineering, vol. 29, no. 16, p. 65.
Li, Y, Ryan, L, Bellamy, S & Satten, GA 2003, 'Inference on clustered survival data using imputed frailties', JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL AND GRAPHICAL STATISTICS, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 640-662.
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Li, Y, Ryan, LM, Bellamy, S & Satten, GA 2003, 'Inference on clustered survival data using imputed frailties', Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 1-24.
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This article proposes a new method for fitting frailty models to clustered survival data that is intermediate between the fully parametric and nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation approaches. A parametric form is assumed for the baseline hazard, but only for the purpose of imputing the unobserved frailties. The regression coefficients are then estimated by solving an estimating equation that is the average of the partial likelihood score with respect to the conditional distribution of frailties given the observed data. We prove consistency and asymptotic normality of the resulting estimators and give associated closed-form estimators of their variance. The algorithm is easy to implement and reduces to the ordinary Cox partial likelihood approach when the frailties have a degenerate distribution. Simulations indicate high efficiency and robustness of the resulting estimates. We apply our new approach to a study with clustered survival data on asthma in children in east Boston.
Liang, H 2003, 'The relationship between virologic and immunologic responses in AIDS clinical research using mixed-effects varying-coefficient models with measurement error', Biostatistics, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 297-312.
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Lindsay, MJ, Wang, GX & Liu, HK 2003, 'Al-based anode materials for Li-ion batteries', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 119-121, pp. 84-87.
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Liu, GJ, Simpson, AM, Swan, MA, Tao, C, Tuch, BE, Crawford, RM, Jovanovic, A & Martin, DK 2003, 'ATP-sensitive potassium channels induced in liver cells after transfection with insulin cDNA and the GLUT2 transporter regulate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion', FASEB JOURNAL, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1682-+.
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As part of our research into the liver-directed gene therapy of Type I diabetes, we have engineered a human hepatoma cell line (HEPG2ins/g cells) to store and secrete insulin to a glucose stimulus. The aim of the present study was to determine whether HEPG2ins/g cells respond to glucose via signaling pathways that depend on ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP). Using patch-clamp electrophysiology with symmetrical KCl solutions, the single-channel conductance of KATP was 61pS. KATP was inhibited by ATP (1 mM) or cAMP (50 microM) applied to the cytosolic side of the membrane. Single KATP channels and macroscopic whole-cell currents were inhibited by glucose (20 mM) and glibenclamide (20 microM) and were activated by diazoxide (150 microM). Immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of Kir6.2 KATP channel subunit protein in HEPG2ins/g and HEPG2ins cells. Using radioimmunoassay techniques, we report that exposure of the cells to tolbutamide (100 microM) resulted in an increase in insulin secretion from 0.3 +/- 0.05 to 1.8 +/- 0.2 pmol insulin/10(6) cells and glibenclamide (20 microM) from 0.4 +/- 0.06 to 2.1 +/- 0.3 (n=4), similar to what is seen on glucose (20 mM) stimulation. Diazoxide (150 microM) completely inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin release. Glucose 20 mM and glibenclamide 100 microM increased intracellular Ca2+ level in the HEPG2ins/g cells. However, glucose 20 mM did not stimulate a rise in intracellular Ca2+ in the un-transfected parent cell-line HEPG2. We used confocal microscopy to confirm that glucose (20 mM) stimulated the release of insulin from the fluorescently labeled secretion granules in the cells. Furthermore, glibenclamide (20 microM) also stimulated the release of insulin from fluorescently labeled secretion granules, and diazoxide (150 microM) blocked that stimulated release of insulin. Our results suggest that HEPG2ins/g cells respond to glucose via signaling pathways that depend on KATP, similar to a norm...
Liu, S, Leslie, L, Speer, M, Bunker, R & Morison, R 2003, 'Approaching realistic soil moisture status with an improved mesoscale numerical weather prediction model', IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 282, pp. 315-320.
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An advanced soil moisture scheme (Richards) is coupled to a high resolution numerical weather prediction model (HIRES) replacing the original Force-Restore scheme and changing other related processes. The new scheme now provides HIRES with an upper and lower bound for soil moisture through a process of checking model precipitation that is used to calculate soil moisture. A comparison of HIRES model results is presented using the new and original soil moisture schemes applied to the Goulburn River catchment in southeastern Australia. It is shown that precipitation is the most important factor to be considered before introducing an advanced scheme to correctly simulate soil moisture. It is also shown that, based on the correct precipitation input, the Richards scheme provides a more realistic soil moisture profile. Improving model soil moisture will ultimately provide better estimates of forest fire danger indices used as guidance by weather forecasters in assessing bushfire risk.
Lohstroh, PN, Chen, JG, Ba, JM, Ryan, LM, Xu, XP, Overstreet, JW & Lasley, BL 2003, 'Bone resorption is affected by follicular phase length in female rotating shift workers', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 111, no. 4, pp. 618-622.
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Stressors as subtle as night work or shift work can lead to irregular menstrual cycles, and changes in reproductive hormone profiles can adversely affect bone health. This study was conducted to determine if stresses associated with the disruption of regular work schedule can induce alterations in ovarian function which, in turn, are associated with transient bone resorption. Urine samples from 12 rotating shift workers from a textile mill in Anqing, China, were collected in 1996-1998 during pairs of sequential menstrual cycles, of which one was longer than the other (28.4 vs. 37.4 days). Longer cycles were characterized by a prolonged follicular phase. Work schedules during the luteal-follicular phase transition (LFPT) preceding each of the two cycles were evaluated. All but one of the shorter cycles were associated with regular, forward phase work shift progression during the preceding LFPT. In contrast, five longer cycles were preceded by a work shift interrupted either by an irregular shift or a number of 'off days.' Urinary follicle-stimulating hormone levels were reduced in the LFPT preceding longer cycles compared with those in the LFPT preceding shorter cycles. There was greater bone resorption in the follicular phase of longer cycles than in that of shorter cycles, as measured by urinary deoxypyridinoline. These data confirm reports that changes in work shift can lead to irregularity in menstrual cycle length. In addition, these data indicate that there may be an association between accelerated bone resorption in menstrual cycles and changes of regularity in work schedule during the preceding LFPT.
Low, JA, Chan, DKY, Hung, WT & Chye, R 2003, 'Treatment of recurrent aspiration pneumonia in end-stage dementia: preferences and choices of a group of elderly nursing home residents', INTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 345-349.
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Lutherborrow, M, Simpson, AM & Tuch, BE 2003, 'Microarray Analysis Of A Beta Cell Surrogate: The Insulin Producing Liver Cell Line Hep G2ins/g', Journal Of Gene Medicine, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1-2.
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Macinnis-Ng, CMO & Ralph, PJ 2003, 'In situ impact of petrochemicals on the photosynthesis of the seagrass Zostera capricorni', MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 1395-1407.
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We used photosynthetic activity (measured as chlorophyll a fluorescence) and photosynthetic pigment concentrations to assess the effect of pulsed exposures of aged crude oil (Champion Crude), dispersant (VDC) and an oil+dispersant mixture on the seagrass Zostera capricorni Aschers in laboratory and field experiments, using custom-made chambers. Samples were exposed for 10 h to 0.25% and 0.1% concentrations of aged crude oil and dispersant as well as mixtures of 0.25% oil+0.05% dispersant and 0.1% oil+0.02% dispersant. During this time and for the subsequent four day recovery period, the maximum and effective quantum yields of photosystem II (Fv/Fm and ΔF/Fm ′ respectively) were measured. In the laboratory experiments, both values declined in response to oil exposure and remained low during the recovery period. Dispersant exposure caused a decline in both values during the recovery period, while the mixture of aged crude oil+dispersant had little impact on both quantum yields. In situ samples were less sensitive than laboratory samples, showing no photosynthetic impact due to dispersant and oil+dispersant mixture. Despite an initial decline in ΔF/Fm ′, in situ oil-exposed samples recovered by the end of the experiment. Chlorophyll pigment analysis showed only limited ongoing impact in both laboratory and field situations. This study suggests that laboratory experiments may overestimate the ongoing impact of petrochemicals on seagrass whilst the dispersant VDC can reduce the impact of oil on seagrass photosynthesis. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Macinnis-Ng, CMO & Ralph, PJ 2003, 'Short-term response and recovery of Zostera capricorni photosynthesis after herbicide exposure', AQUATIC BOTANY, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 1-15.
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We used photosynthetic activity (measured as chlorophyll a fluorescence) and photosynthetic pigment concentrations to assess the effect of pulsed exposure to catastrophic levels of the herbicides Atrazine, Diuron and Irgarol 1051 on the seagrass Zostera capricorni Aschers. in laboratory and field experiments. Custom-made in situ chambers were developed so seagrasses could be dosed within the meadow. Zostera capricorni was exposed to 10 and 100 μg l-1 herbicide solutions for 10 h. During this time and for the subsequent 4-day recovery period, chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters (maximum quantum yield: Fv/Fm and effective quantum yield: ΔF′m) were measured. Laboratory samples exposed to these herbicides were severely impacted during the exposure period and most treatments did not recover fully. ΔF/F′m was a more sensitive indicator of herbicide impact than Fv/Fm. In situ samples were also severely impacted by Irgarol and Diuron exposure whereas samples recovered completely after exposure to Atrazine at the same concentrations as the laboratory experiments. Total chlorophyll concentrations showed only limited impact in both laboratory and field situations. This study suggests that laboratory experiments may overestimate the on-going impact of herbicides on seagrass. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Mallinckrodt, CH, Clark, WS, Carroll, RJ & Molenberghs, G 2003, 'Assessing Response Profiles from Incomplete Longitudinal Clinical Trial Data Under Regulatory Considerations', Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 179-190.
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Treatment effects are often evaluated by comparing change over time in outcome measures. However, valid analyses of longitudinal data can be problematic, particularly when some data are missing for reasons related to the outcome. In choosing the primary analysis for confirmatory clinical trials, regulatory agencies have for decades favored the last observation carried forward (LOCF) approach for imputing missing values. Many advances in statistical methodology, and also in our ability to implement those methods, have been made in recent years. The characteristics of data from acute phase clinical trials can be exploited to develop an appropriate analysis for assessing response profiles in a regulatory setting. These data characteristics and regulatory considerations will be reviewed. Approaches for handling missing data are compared along with options for modeling time effects and correlations between repeated measurements. Theory and empirical evidence are utilized to support the proposal that likelihood-based mixed-effects model repeated measures (MMRM) approaches, based on the missing at random assumption, provide superior control of Type I and Type II errors when compared with the traditional LOCF approach, which is based on the more restrictive missing completely at random assumption. It is further reasoned that in acute phase clinical trials, unstructured modeling of time trends and within-subject error correlations may be preferred.
Mallinckrodt, CH, Sanger, TM, Dubé, S, DeBrota, DJ, Molenberghs, G, Carroll, RJ, Potter, WZ & Tollefson, GD 2003, 'Assessing and interpreting treatment effects in longitudinal clinical trials with missing data', Biological Psychiatry, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 754-760.
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Treatment effects are often evaluated by comparing change over time in outcome measures; however, valid analyses of longitudinal data can be problematic, particularly if some data are missing. For decades, the last observation carried forward (LOCF) approach has been a common method of handling missing data. Considerable advances in statistical methodology and our ability to implement those methods have been made in recent years. Thus, it is appropriate to reconsider analytic approaches for longitudinal data. This review examines the following from a clinical perspective: 1) the characteristics of missing data that influence analytic choices; 2) the attributes of common methods of handling missing data; and 3) the use of the data characteristics and the attributes of the various methods, along with empirical evidence, to develop a robust approach for the analysis and interpretation of data from longitudinal clinical trials. We propose that, in many settings, the primary efficacy analysis should use a repeated measures, likelihood-based, mixed-effects modeling approach, with LOCF used as a secondary, composite measure of efficacy, safety, and tolerability. We illustrate how repeated-measures analyses can be used to enhance decision-making, and we review the caveats that remain regarding the use of LOCF as a composite measure. © 2003 Society of Biological Psychiatry.
Markich, SJ, Brown, PL, Jeffree, RA & Lim, RP 2003, 'The effects of pH and dissolved organic carbon on the toxicity of cadmium and copper to a freshwater bivalve: Further support for the extended free ion activity model', ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 479-491.
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Marsh, DJ, Theodosopoulos, G, Martin-Schulte, K, Richardson, AL, Philips, J, Röher, HD, Delbridge, L & Robinson, BG 2003, 'Genome-wide copy number imbalances identified in familial and sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 1866-1872.
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Marsh, DJ, Theodosopoulos, G, Martin-Schulte, K, Richardson, A-L, Philips, J, Röher, H-D, Delbridge, L & Robinson, BG 2003, 'Genome-Wide Copy Number Imbalances Identified in Familial and Sporadic Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 1866-1872.
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Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a malignant tumor of the calcitonin-secreting parafollicular C cells of the thyroid occurring sporadically and as a component of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2/familial medullary thyroid carcinoma syndrome. The primary genetic cause of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 is germline mutation of the RET protooncogene. Somatic point mutations in RET also occur in sporadic MTC. Although RET mutation is likely sufficient to cause C-cell hyperplasia, the precursor lesion to MTC, tumor progression is thought to be due to clonal expansion caused by the accumulation of somatic events. Using the genome-scanning technique comparative genomic hybridization, we identified chromosomal imbalances that occur in MTC including deletions of chromosomes 1p, 3q26.3-q27, 4, 9q13-q22, 13q, and 22q and amplifications of chromosome 19. These regions house known tumor suppressor genes as well as genes encoding subunits of the multicomponent complex of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptors α-2-4) and their ligands glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, neurturin, persephin, and artemin that facilitate RET dimerization and downstream signaling. Chromosomal imbalances in the MTC cell line TT were largely identical to those identified in primary MTC tumors, consolidating its use as a model for studying MTC.
Matic, JN, Wilton, JL, Towers, RJ, Scarman, AL, Minion, FC, Walker, MJ & Djordjevic, SP 2003, 'The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae contains a novel lipoyl domain arrangement', GENE, vol. 319, pp. 99-106.
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Matic, JN, Wilton, JL, Towers, RJ, Scarman, AL, Minion, FC, Walker, MJ & Djordjevic, SP 2003, 'The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae contains a novel lipoyl domain arrangement', Gene, vol. 319, no. 1-2, pp. 99-106.
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The genes encoding the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (pdhA, pdhB, pdhC and pdhD) from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae have been cloned and sequenced. The genes are arranged into two operons, designated pdhAB and pdhCD, which are not found together in the chromosome. The pdhA, pdhB, pdhC and pdhD genes encode proteins of predicted molecular masses of 44.2 kDa (pyruvate dehydrogenase major subunit; E1α), 36.6 kDa (pyruvate dehydrogenase minor subunit; E1β), 33.1 kDa (dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase; E2) and 66.3 kDa (dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase; E3), respectively. Sequence analysis of the pdhCD operon revealed the presence of a lipoyl-binding domain in pdhD but not in pdhC. The lipoyl domain is believed to act as a 'swinging arm' that spans the gaps between the catalytic domains of each of the subunits. Portions of the N-terminal regions of pdhA and pdhD were expressed as 6×His-tag fusion proteins in Escherichia coli and purified by nickel affinity chromatography. The purified proteins were used to raise antibodies in rabbits, and Western blot analysis was performed with the polyclonal rabbit antiserum. Both the pdhA and pdhD genes were expressed among various strains of M. hyopneumoniae as well as the porcine mycoplasmas, Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma flocculare. Southern hybridisation analysis using probes from pdhA and pdhD detected one copy of each gene in the chromosome of M. hyopneumoniae. Since previous studies have shown pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in M. hyopneumoniae [J. Gen. Microbiol. 134 (1988) 791], it appears likely that a functional lipoyl-binding domain in the N terminus of PdhC is not an absolute prerequisite for pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme activity. We hypothesise that the lipoyl-binding domain of PdhD is performing the enzymatic function normally attributed to the PdhC lipoyl-binding domain in other organisms. Searches of pyruvate dehydrogenase gene sequences derived from other Mycoplasma species showed that a putative lipoy...
McArthur, JD, West, NP, Cole, JN, Jungnitz, H, Guzmán, CA, Chin, J, Lehrbach, PR, Djordjevic, SP & Walker, MJ 2003, 'An aromatic amino acid auxotrophic mutant ofBordetella bronchisepticais attenuated and immunogenic in a mouse model of infection', FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 221, no. 1, pp. 7-16.
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We have constructed an aromatic amino acid auxotrophic mutant of Bordetella bronchiseptica, harbouring mutations in aroA and trpE to investigate the use of such a strain as a live-attenuated vaccine. B. bronchiseptica aroA trpE was unable to grow in minimal medium without aromatic supplementation. Compared to the parental wild-type strain, the mutant displayed significantly reduced abilities to invade and survive within the mouse macrophage-like cell line J774A.1 in vitro and in the murine respiratory tract following experimental intranasal infection. Mice vaccinated with B. bronchiseptica aroA trpE displayed significant dose-dependent increases in B. bronchiseptica-specific antibody responses, and exhibited increases in the number of B. bronchiseptica-reactive spleen cells in lymphoproliferation assays. Immunised animals were protected against lung colonisation after challenge with the wild-type parental strain. With such a broad host range displayed by B. bronchiseptica, the attenuated strain constructed in this study may not only be used for the prevention of B. bronchiseptica-associated disease, but also for the potential delivery of heterologous antigen.
McClean, MA, Matheson, MJ, McKay, K, Johnson, PRA, Rynell, A-C, Ammit, AJ, Black, JL & Berend, N 2003, 'Low lung volume alters contractile properties of airway smooth muscle in sheep', European Respiratory Journal, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 50-56.
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McDonagh, AM, Powell, CE, Morrall, JP, Cifuentes, MP & Humphrey, MG 2003, 'Convergent Synthesis of Alkynylbis(bidentate phosphine)ruthenium Dendrimers', Organometallics, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 1402-1413.
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The convergent synthesis of alkynylbis(bidentate phosphine)ruthenium dendrimers was discussed. The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of alkynylmetal complexes were also examined. It was demonstrated that electron-rich organometallic dendrimers with metals dispersed through the dendritic structures were synthetically accessible.
McDougald, D, Srinivasan, S, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2003, 'Signal-mediated cross-talk regulates stress adaptation in Vibrio species', Microbiology, vol. 149, no. 7, pp. 1923-1933.
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Quorum sensing systems serve as a means of ‘census taking’ of conspecific and non-conspecific bacteria in the near vicinity. The acylated homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum sensing system has been proposed to be primarily an intra-specific communication system, while the AI-2 autoinducer signalling system is proposed to be an interspecific communication system. Here it is shown that AI-2-like signalling in two marineVibriospecies,Vibrio vulnificusand ‘Vibrio angustum’ S14, induces the core response phenotypes of starvation adaptation and stress resistance, and that a signal antagonist can competitively inhibit these phenotypes. Furthermore, the signals produced by a range ofVibriospecies have the ability to induce these phenotypes inV. vulnificusand ‘V. angustum’ S14, indicating that, at least inVibriospecies, AI-2-like signalling systems function as interspecies communication systems capable of ‘cross-talk’ and of regulating environmentally relevant phenotypes.
McDougald, D, Srinivasan, S, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2003, 'Signal-mediated cross-talk regulates stress adaptation in Vibrio species', Microbiology, vol. 149, no. 7, pp. 1923-1933.
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Quorum sensing systems serve as a means of 'census taking' of conspecific and non-conspecific bacteria in the near vicinity. The acylated homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum sensing system has been proposed to be primarily an intra-specific communication system, while the AI-2 autoinducer signalling system is proposed to be an interspecific communication system. Here it is shown that AI-2-like signalling in two marine Vibrio species, Vibrio vulnificus and 'Vibrio angustum' S14, induces the core response phenotypes of starvation adaptation and stress resistance, and that a signal antagonist can competitively inhibit these phenotypes. Furthermore, the signals produced by a range of Vibrio species have the ability to induce these phenotypes in V. vulnificus and 'V. angustum' S14, indicating that, at least in Vibrio species, AI-2-like signalling systems function as interspecies communication systems capable of 'cross-talk' and of regulating environmentally relevant phenotypes.
McGowan, EM, Weinberger, RP, Graham, JD, Hill, HD, Hughes, JA, O'Neill, GM & Clarke, CL 2003, 'Cytoskeletal responsiveness to progestins is dependent on progesterone receptor A levels', Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 241-253.
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Changes in the cell cytoskeleton occur in cell transformation and recent data suggest the involvement of ovarian hormones, which are implicated in cancer development and progression. In human breast and endometrial tumors, there is disrupted expression of progesterone receptor (PR) isoforms and predominance of one isoform, usually PRA. PRA predominance is an early event in carcinogenesis, and in cancers is associated with poor clinical features. Overexpression of PRA in vitro causes altered progestin regulation of cell morphology, suggesting that PRA overexpression may provoke deleterious changes in cell functioning. This study aimed to identify pathways of cytoskeleton regulation responsive to progestins and to determine whether these are perturbed when PRA is overexpressed to the levels seen in cancers. Progestin treatment of PR-positive breast cancer cells caused increased cell surface area whereas after induction of a stably integrated PRA construct, cells became rounded and the cell surface was decreased. The effect of PRA induction on cell rounding was reversed by the anti-progestin RU38486. Altered tropomyosin (Tm) isoforms were implicated in these morphological differences, as there was a PRA-mediated alteration in Tm5 isoform levels, and transfection of Tm5a mimicked progestin-mediated cell rounding in PRA-overexpressing cells. Ezrin was redistributed from the membrane to cytoplasmic locations in the presence of progestin, and discrete focal localization was evident in cells with PRA predominance. Progestin effects on the cytoskeleton in PRA-overexpressing cells provide evidence for novel endocrine regulation of aspects of actin microfilament composition, suggesting that changes in the cytoskeleton known to be associated with cancer development and progression may be regulated in part by altered PRA expression which develops early in carcinogenesis.
McKee, BA, Djordjevic, SP, Goodman, RD & Hornitzky, MA 2003, 'The detection of Melissococcus pluton in honey bees (Apis mellifera) and their products using a hemi-nested PCR', Apidologie, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 19-27.
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A hemi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was further developed for the detection of Melissococcus pluton in adult bees and honey bee products. A chloroform:isoamyl alcohol DNA extraction method was used to provide template from 154 samples of adult bee tissues, honey, pollen, whole larvae and comb cells. All 36 honey bee samples tested from a diseased colony were shown to contain M. pluton and sub-clinical infections were detected in adult bee tissues, larvae and honey (49/98; 50.0%) collected from all 9 healthy colonies from areas where EFB was endemic. All 20 adult bee tissue samples from a healthy colony from Western Australia where EFB has never been reported were negative. Of 80 bulk honey samples from six Australian states, 55 of 80 (68.8%) samples were shown to contain M. pluton whereas culture techniques detected M. pluton in 22 of 80 (27.5%) of these samples. M. pluton was detected in honey from all Australian states except Western Australia.
McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA, McKenzie, DR, Rouse, GW, Botten, LC, Welch, V, Parker, AR, Wohlgennant, M & Vardeny, V 2003, 'Structural colours through photonic crystals', PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 338, no. 1-4, pp. 182-185.
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We discuss two examples of living creatures using photonic crystals to achieve iridescent colouration. The first is the sea mouse (Aphroditidae, Polychaeta), which has a hexagonal close packed structure of holes in its spines and lower-body felt, while the second is the jelly fish Bolinopsis infundibulum, which has an oblique array of high index inclusions in its antennae. We show by measurements and optical calculations that both creatures can achieve strong colours despite having access only to weak refractive index contrast.
Mezzetti, M, Ibrahim, JG, Bois, FY, Ryan, LM, Ngo, L & Smith, TJ 2003, 'A Bayesian compartmental model for the evaluation of 1,3-butadiene metabolism', JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES C-APPLIED STATISTICS, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 291-305.
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We propose a Bayesian model for physiologically based pharmacokinetics of 1,3-but-adiene (BD). BD is classified as a suspected human carcinogen and exposure to it is common, especially through cigarette smoke as well as in urban settings. The main aim of the methodology and analysis that are presented here is to quantify variability in the rates of BD metabolism by human subjects. A three-compartmental model is described, together with informative prior distributions for the population parameters, all of which represent real physiological variables. The model is described in detail along with the meanings and interpretations of the associated parameters. A four-compartment model is also given for comparison. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are described for fitting the model proposed. The model is fitted to toxicokinetic data obtained from 133 healthy subjects (males and females) from the four major racial groups in the USA, with ages ranging from 19 to 62 years. Subjects were exposed to 2 parts per million of BD for 20 min through a face mask by using a computer-controlled exposure and respiratory monitoring system. Stratification by ethnic group results in major changes in the physiological parameters. Sex and age were also tested but not found to have a significant effect.
Mi, D, Chen, M, Lin, S, Lince, M, Larkum, AWD & Blankenship, RE 2003, 'Excitation Dynamics in the Core Antenna in the Photosystem I Reaction Center of the Chlorophyll d-Containing Photosynthetic Prokaryote Acaryochloris marina', The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 1452-1457.
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Transient absorption difference spectroscopy on the picosecond time scale was used to study the ultrafast excitation dynamics in the photosystem I core antenna in Acaryochloris marina, a newly discovered marine oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryote that contains chlorophyll d as its major photopigment. Photosystem I particles were isolated using a detergent treatment of the thylakoid membranes and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Steady-state fluorescence measurements at both room temperature and 77 K as well as ultrafast transient absorbance and fluorescence measurements were carried out on photosystem I. For ultrafast transient absorbance measurements, the sample was excited at 720, 740, and 75 nm with either high or low excitation energy. In each case, after a rapid (subpicosecond) energy transfer, the excitation energy resided on pigments absorbing at 710 nm. A kinetic component of about 40 ps and a nondecaying component on the order of nanoseconds were resolved. The 40-ps component was assigned to the trapping of excitation energy into the reaction center. The trapping time was confirmed by time-resolved fluorescence measurements. The 40-ps trapping time, because of the formation of a charge-separated state in the reaction center, is nearly excitation wavelength-independent. Narrow spectral-band excitations (5-nm fwhm) at 690, 720, 730, and 740 nm were used to excite different pools of the photosystem I core antenna selectivity. The initial special changes show a strong excitation wavelength dependence. An exceptionally broad, prompt bleaching, spanning from 700 to 740 nm, was induced when excitation was directly into the primary electron donor, P740, suggesting the existence of an excitonic coupling between a group of pigments, most likely the reaction center cofactors. A 2-3-ps energy equilibration process was also observed, similar to that observed in other cyanobacterial photosystem I. No evidence was found for a pool of long-wavelength antenna pigment...
Migocki, M & Harry, L 2003, 'Splitting up: a time and place for it in bacteria', Australian Biochemist, vol. April.
Mikajlo, EA & Ford, MJ 2003, 'Energy and momentum resolved band structure of K2O: electron momentum spectroscopy and linear combination of atomic orbitals calculation', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 15, no. 41, pp. 6955-6968.
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This paper details an experimental and theoretical investigation into the electronic structure of the highly ionic, alkali oxide, potassium oxide (K 2O). The experiments were carried out using the relatively new technique of electron momentum spectroscopy. This is an electron impact technique that is capable of measuring the electron intensity distribution as a function of energy and momentum. Calculations were performed within the linear combination of atomic orbitals approximation using both Hartree-Fock and density functional theory formalisms. We have been able to map the band dispersions and intensities in the oxygen valence bands and potassium 3p and 3s bands for the first time. Overlap of the O 2s and K 3p binding energy peaks makes it difficult to extract the band gaps involving either of these bands. The O 2p and K 3s peaks are resolved, however, and we observe a gap of 30.4 ± 0.2 eV. This value is reproduced by the PBEO calculation. Intensities within the s bands are reproduced well by all our calculations, whereas the observed p bands show anomalous intensity at the T-point, which is not present in any of the calculations.
Mikajlo, EA, Nixon, KL & Ford, MJ 2003, 'Electron momentum spectroscopy and linear combination of atomic orbitals calculation of bulk Na2O', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 15, no. 13, pp. 2155-2168.
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This paper presents an experimental measurement of the electronic structure of Na2O in the solid phase using electron momentum spectroscopy and compares the results with ab initio calculations performed within the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) approximation. While Hartree-Fock (HF) can reproduce elastic properties we find it overestimates splitting of the oxygen valence bands by around 30% and the width of the O 2p band by a factor of 2. Our experimental values are 15.85 ± 0.2 and 0.6 ± 0.2 eV for these two quantities, respectively. Density functional methods are significantly better, with the hybrid functional PBE0 predicting the oxygen bandgap to within the experimental error. PBE0 also gives the best estimate of the Na core level energies. In contrast, HF performs best for the splitting between the oxygen and sodium bands. Our experimental values of 32.85±0.2 and 27.45±0.2 eV for the Na 2p-Na 2s and O 2p-Na 2p splittings agree well with previous measurements. Distribution of electron density both within the bands and between the bands is not reproduced by any of the computational methods employed.
Mitakakis, T, O'meara, T & Tovey, E 2003, 'The effect of sunlight on allergen release from spores of the fungus Alternaria', Grana, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 43-46.
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Mitrovic, SM, Howden, CG, Bowling, LC & Buckney, RT 2003, 'Unusual allometry between in situ growth of freshwater phytoplankton under static and fluctuating light environments: possible implications for dominance', JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 517-526.
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The effects of fluctuating light fields on the growth of phytoplankton are not well understood and conclusions in the literature have been equivocal. Most studies have examined responses such as productivity and chlorophyll a content (laboratory culture and field tests) or growth rates (laboratory' culture tests). In this study we examined the in situ growth rates of different types of phytoplankton within two natural populations. Comparisons were made between populations grown in a static environment (suspended in a fixed position in the water column) and an equivalent population moving through the water column simulating the mixing of entrained phytoplankton. Growth under fluctuating light fields in this experiment only significantly (P < 0.05) increased the growth of the diatom Skeletonema and decreased the growth of Anabaena circinalis, Microcystis aeruginosa and Scenedesmus sp. All other phytoplankton, including the genera Nitzschia, Fragilaria and Dactylococcopsis, did not have growth rates that were significantly different between static and fluctuating light treatments. A general pattern where diatoms grew best, followed by chlorophytes with the toxicogenic cyanophytes M. aeruginosa and A. circinalis growing least well, was distinguished under fluctuating irradiance. This seems consistent with the common occurrence of these groups of phytoplankton in the natural environment. The cyanophytes Dactylococcopsis and Aphanothece did not follow this pattern, with the former growing better under fluctuating light and the latter exhibiting an unusual growth pattern where growth was higher under lower light intensities.
Mitrovic, SM, Oliver, RL, Rees, C, Bowling, LC & Buckney, RT 2003, 'Critical flow velocities for the growth and dominance of Anabaena circinalis in some turbid freshwater rivers', FRESHWATER BIOLOGY, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 164-174.
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From measurements at several weir pool sites along the turbid and freshwater Barwon-Darling River, Australia, the development of persistent stratification (for periods of >5 days) was related to river discharge. For the sites examined, the required discharge to allow the development of persistent stratification was between 100 and 450 ML day-1 during the hotter months. High discharge during the hotter months did not allow the formation of persistent stratification, although diel stratification did occur. Low discharge through the cooler months resulted in diel stratification, although persistent stratification lasting for a few days could occur at times. 2. The growth and dominance of Anabaena circinalis at these sites was closely related to the establishment and maintenance of persistent and strong thermal stratification. Growth only occurred during extended periods (>5 days) of persistent stratification. These conditions not only restrict the displacement of A. circinalis downstream, they also allowed the alga to accumulate in surface waters. 3. The discharge levels required to suppress the formation of persistent stratification at the study sites were variable because of large differences in channel cross-sectional area. To compensate for this variation, the discharges were converted to flow velocities. A critical velocity of 0.05 ms-1 was sufficient for the suppression of persistent thermal stratification and concurrent A. circinalis growth for all sites. The turbulent velocity (u*) under weak wind mixing at the study locations varied between 2.66 × 10-3 and 2.91 × 10-3 ms-1 at the critical flow velocities. These values may have potential to be applied to other rivers in similar climatic zones to suppress nuisance cyanobacterial growth.
Mohammed, OB, Davies, AJ, Hussein, HS, Daszak, P & Ellis, JT 2003, 'Hammondia heydorni from the Arabian mountain gazelle and red fox in Saudi Arabia', JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY, vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 535-539.
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Unsporulated oocysts were detected in the feces of an Arabian red fox (Vulpes vulpes arabica) between 6 and 8 days after it had been fed meat from Arabian mountain gazelles (Gazella gazella) known to contain sarcocysts. No oocysts were discovered in the feces of other experimental cubs, although sporocysts of Sarcocystis spp. were passed subsequently by all cubs that were fed gazelle meat, including those fed with reem (G. subgutturosa marica). The oocysts sporulated in 3 days at room temperature (25 ± 2 C); they were 10.9 ± 1.4 × 10.1 ± 1.3 μm, with 2 sporocysts measuring 6.0 ± 0.6 × 4.7 ± 0.8 μm, each with 4 sporozoites. Sporulated oocysts were identified as those of Hammondia heydorni using molecular and standard morphometric techniques. Sequence differences between 2 fox and 3 dog isolates of H. heydorni were detected and allowed differentiation between the 2 populations of the organism. The involvement of Neospora caninum was excluded using molecular methods. The Arabian red fox and the Arabian mountain gazelle in Saudi Arabia are new, definitive and intermediate hosts for H. heydorni.
Moore, CM, Suggett, D, Holligan, PM, Sharples, J, Abraham, ER, Lucas, MI, Rippeth, TP, Fisher, NR, Simpson, JH & Hydes, DJ 2003, 'Physical controls on phytoplankton physiology and production at a shelf sea front: a fast repetition-rate fluorometer based field study', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 259, pp. 29-45.
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Observations of phytoplankton physiology collected using a fast repetition-rate fluorometer (FRRF) in the vicinity of a shelf-sea tidal-mixing front are presented. These data are combined with more traditional 14C-based measurements and observations of environmental parameters, including estimates of turbulent dissipation rates, in order to investigate the influence of physical forcing on the productivity of the system. Low nutrient concentrations on the stratified side of the front result in a reduction of photosynthetic efficiency. Conversely, the high degree of vertical mixing on the mixed side of the front constrains the ability of phytoplankton to adjust their photosynthetic apparatus to the ambient irradiance field. Redistribution of phytoplankton biomass and variations in physiological parameters also result from the spring-neap tidal cycle. FRRF- and 14C-derived physiological measurements are compared in the context of environmental gradients in the region. A strong correlation was found between independently measured functional absorption cross-sections (sPSII) and maximal photosynthetic rates (P*max). Such a relationship was unlikely to have been causative and may have resulted from shifts in the balance between light-harvesting and carbon fixation across the front. The association of changes in P*max with variations in sPSII provided the basis for the development of an empirical model, specific to the system and time of study, which utilised FRRF data to extrapolate between primary productivity rates measured at fixed sites. When applied to high resolution cross-frontal data, the model suggested small-scale variations in productivity related to both spatial and temporal physical forcing including the spring-neap cycle.
Morris, JS, Vannucci, M, Brown, PJ & Carroll, RJ 2003, 'Rejoinder', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 98, no. 463, pp. 591-597.
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Morris, JS, Vannucci, M, Brown, PJ & Carroll, RJ 2003, 'Wavelet-Based Nonparametric Modeling of Hierarchical Functions in Colon Carcinogenesis', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 98, no. 463, pp. 573-583.
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Morrison, DA & Ellis, JT 2003, 'The design and analysis of microarray experiments: applications in parasitology', DNA AND CELL BIOLOGY, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 357-394.
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Microarray experiments can generate enormous amounts of data, but large datasets are usually inherently complex, and the relevant information they contain can be difficult to extract. For the practicing biologist, we provide an overview of what we believe to be the most important issues that need to be addressed when dealing with microarray data. In a microarray experiment we are simply trying to identify which genes are the most 'interesting' in terms of our experimental question, and these will usually be those that are either overexpressed or underexpressed (upregulated or downregulated) under the experimental conditions. Analysis of the data to find these genes involves first preprocessing of the raw data for quality control, including filtering of the data (e.g., detection of outlying values) followed by standardization of the data (i.e., making the data uniformly comparable throughout the dataset). This is followed by the formal quantitative analysis of the data, which will involve either statistical hypothesis testing or multivariate pattern recognition. Statistical hypothesis testing is the usual approach to 'class comparison,' where several experimental groups are being directly compared. The best approach to this problem is to use analysis of variance, although issues related to multiple hypothesis testing and probability estimation still need to be evaluated. Pattern recognition can involve 'class prediction,' for which a range of supervised multivariate techniques are available, or 'class discovery,' for which an even broader range of unsupervised multivariate techniques have been developed. Each technique has its own limitations, which need to be kept in mind when making a choice from among them. To put these ideas in context, we provide a detailed examination of two specific examples of the analysis of microarray data, both from parasitology, covering many of the most important points raised.
Mungkornasawakul, P, Pyne, SG, Jatisatienr, A, Supyen, D, Lie, W, Ung, AT, Skelton, BW & White, AH 2003, 'Stemocurtisine, the first pyrido[1,2-a]azapine Stemona alkaloid', JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS, vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 980-982.
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A new pentacyclic stemona alkaloid, stemocurtisine (2), with a novel pyrido[1,2-a]azapine A,B-ring system, has been isolated from a root extract of Stemona curtisii. The structure and relative stereochemistry was determined by spectral data interpretation and X-ray crystallography
Mungkornasawakul, P, Pyne, SG, Jatisatienr, A, Supyen, D, Lie, W, Ung, AT, Skelton, BW & White, AH 2003, 'Stemocurtisine, the first pyrido[1,2-a]azapine Stemona alkaloid. (vol 66, pg 980, 2003)', JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS, vol. 66, no. 10, pp. 1404-1404.
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Murray, B 2003, 'Reproductive characteristics of Road-verge and Reserve-interior populations of Exocarpos cupressiformis Labill (Santalaceae)', The Victorian Naturalist, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 10-14.
Murray, BBR, Zeppel, MJB, Hose, GC & Eamus, D 2003, 'Groundwater‐dependent ecosystems in Australia: It's more than just water for rivers', Ecological Management & Restoration, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 110-113.
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Murray, BR & Leishman, MR 2003, 'On the relationship between seed mass and species abundance in plant communities', OIKOS, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 643-645.
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Murray, BR, Brown, AHD & Grace, JP 2003, 'Geographic gradients in seed size among and within perennial Australian Glycine species', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 47-56.
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In the Northern Hemisphere, a latitudinal gradient of increasing seed size towards the equator has been well documented. Because of a paucity of studies from the Southern Hemisphere, however, the global generality of this latitudinal gradient in seed size is unknown. This study investigated variation in seed size in relation to latitude among and within perennial Glycine species across Australia. Seed size was estimated from over 1500 provenances covering the latitudinal, longitudinal and altitudinal extents of 37 taxa within the subgenus. In order to ensure that any observed latitudinal gradient in seed size existed independently of two other major geographic variables, longitude and altitude, we controlled for their influence via the use of general linear models. Among species, a significant negative relationship emerged between seed size and latitude when latitude was considered on its own and after accounting for the influence of longitude and altitude in models. For Australian populations of the subgenus Glycine, mean species seed size increased by 4.23% with each shift of one degree of latitude towards the equator and increased significantly along an east-west cline across the continent, by 2.25% with each degree of longitude. This latter relationship was obtained both when longitude was considered on its own and after controlling for the influence of latitude and altitude in models. Patterns of seed size variation with latitude and longitude within species mirrored patterns among species, although there were some notable exceptions. Altitude was significantly related to seed size among species only after removing the linear effects of latitude and longitude, when the trend was for lowland species to have smaller seeds. In contrast to the interspecific pattern, some intraspecific negative trends were found within G. canescens and G. cyrtoloba, which accords with Baker's hypothesis for an inverse relation between seed size and altitude. We discuss ...
Nieuwenburg, P, Clarke, RJ, Cai, ZL, Chen, M, Larkum, AWD, Cabral, NM, Ghiggino, KP & Reimers, JR 2003, 'Examination of the photophysical processes of chlorophyll d leading to a clarification of proposed uphill energy transfer processes in cells of Acaryochloris marina', PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY, vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 628-637.
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Nouwens, AS, Beatson, SA, Whitchurch, CB, Walsh, BJ, Schweizer, HP, Mattick, JS & Cordwell, SJ 2003, 'Proteome analysis of extracellular proteins regulated by the las and rhl quorum sensing systems in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1', MICROBIOLOGY-SGM, vol. 149, pp. 1311-1322.
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The las and rhl quorum sensing (QS) systems regulate the expression of several genes in response to cell density changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Many of these genes encode surface-associated or secreted virulence factors. Proteins from stationary phas
Novikov, A 2003, 'Martingales and first-exit times for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process with jumps', Theory of Probability and its Applications, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 340-358.
Novikov, A, Frishling, V & Kordzakhia, N 2003, 'Time-Dependent Barrier Options and Boundary Crossing Probabilities', gmj, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 325-334.
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Abstract The problem of pricing of time-dependent barrier options is considered in the case when interest rate and volatility are given functions in Black–Scholes framework. The calculation of the fair price reduces to the calculation of non-linear boundary crossing probabilities for a standard Brownian motion. The proposed method is based on a piecewise-linear approximation for the boundary and repeated integration. The numerical example provided draws attention to the performance of suggested method in comparison to some alternatives.
Nurtjahja-Tjendraputra, E, Ammit, AJ, Roufogalis, BD, Tran, VH & Duke, CC 2003, 'Effective anti-platelet and COX-1 enzyme inhibitors from pungent constituents of ginger', Thrombosis Research, vol. 111, no. 4-5, pp. 259-265.
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Och, DJ, Leitch, EC, Caprarelli, G & Watanabe, T 2003, 'Blueschist and eclogite in tectonic melange, Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia', MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 609-624.
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The Rocky Beach Metamorphic Melange contains metre-scale phacoids of high-P low-T metamorphic rocks embedded in chlorite-actinolite schist. The phacoids include eclogite, glaucophane schist and omphacitite and provide evidence for four episodes of metamorphism with mineral assemblages: M1 = actinolite-glaucophane-titanite-apatite, M2 = almandine-omphacite-lawsonite ± quartz, M3 = phengite- glaucophane-K-feldspar-quartz, and M4 = chlorite-actinolite-calcite-quartz-titanite-white mica ± albite ± talc. M1-M3 occurred at a Neoproterozoic-Early Palaeozoic convergent plate boundary close to the eastern margin of Gondwana. Peak metamorphic conditions were attained during the static phase M2, with temperatures of ∼560°C and pressures in excess of 1.8 GPa, equivalent to a depth of burial of at least 54 km.
Ogura, Y, Ogasawara, N, Harry, EJ & Moriya, S 2003, 'Increasing the Ratio of Soj to Spo0J Promotes Replication Initiation inBacillus subtilis', Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 185, no. 21, pp. 6316-6324.
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ABSTRACTThe ParA and ParB protein families are well conserved in bacteria. However, their functions are still unclear. InBacillus subtilis, Soj and Spo0J are members of these two protein families, respectively. A previous report revealed that replication initiated early and asynchronously inspo0Jnull mutant cells, as determined by flow cytometry. In this study, we examined the cause of this promotion of replication initiation. Deletion of both thesojandspo0Jgenes restored the frequency of replication initiation to almost the wild-type level, suggesting that production of Soj in the absence of Spo0J leads to early and asynchronous initiation of replication. Consistent with this suggestion, overproduction of Soj in wild-type cells had the same effect on replication initiation as in thespo0Jnull mutant, and overproduction of both Soj and Spo0J did not. These results indicate that when the ratio of Soj to Spo0J increases, Soj interferes with tight control of replication initiation and causes early and asynchronous initiation. Whereas replication initiation also occurred significantly earlier in the twospo0Jmutants,spo0J14andspo0J17, it occurred only slightly early in thesojK16Qmutant and was delayed in thesojG12Vmutant. Although Soj localized to nucleoids in thespo0Jmutants, the two Soj mutant proteins were distributed throughout the cell or localized to cell poles. Thus, interestingly, the promotion of replication initiation seems to correlate with localization of Soj to nucleoids. This may suggest that Soj inhibits transcription of some cell cycle genes and leads to early and asynchronous initiation of replication. In wild-type cel...
Okuno, S, Ryan, LM, Edmonson, JH, Priebat, DA & Blum, RH 2003, 'Phase II trial of gemcitabine in patients with advanced sarcomas (E1797)', Cancer, vol. 97, no. 8, pp. 1969-1973.
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AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current study was conducted to evaluate the antitumor activity and toxicity of gemcitabine in patients with advanced sarcoma.METHODSTwenty‐five patients with advanced sarcomas, who previously were untreated for metastatic disease, were treated on an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase II study. Patients ranged in age from 27 to 79 years, with a median age of 59 years. The most common histology was leiomyosarcoma (54%). The grades of the tumors were high in 40%, moderate in 24% and low in 12%. Gemcitabine was given at a dose of 1250 mg/m2 as a 30‐minute infusion weekly for 3 weeks followed by 1 week of rest.RESULTSOne of the 25 patients (4%) (90% confidence interval [90% CI], 0–18%) achieved a partial response lasting 8 months. The estimated overall median survival was 15 months. The 1‐year estimated survival rate was 63% (90% CI, 47–84%). The estimated median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 13 months with a 1‐year PFS rate of 56% (90% CI, 41–76%). Grade 3–4 toxicities (by CTC criteria) were observed in all 25 patients. No lethal toxicity (Grade 5) related to treatment was found.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study demonstrated that gemcitabine given at this schedule and dose in this population of patients with advanced sarcoma had limited activity. Cancer 2003;97:1969–73. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11290
Paulsen, IT, Banerjei, L, Myers, GSA, Nelson, KE, Seshadri, R, Read, TD, Fouts, DE, Eisen, JA, Gill, SR, Heidelberg, JF, Tettelin, H, Dodson, RJ, Umayam, L, Brinkac, L, Beanan, M, Daugherty, S, DeBoy, RT, Durkin, S, Kolonay, J, Madupu, R, Nelson, W, Vamathevan, J, Tran, B, Upton, J, Hansen, T, Shetty, J, Khouri, H, Utterback, T, Radune, D, Ketchum, KA, Dougherty, BA & Fraser, CM 2003, 'Role of Mobile DNA in the Evolution of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis', Science, vol. 299, no. 5615, pp. 2071-2074.
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The complete genome sequence of Enterococcus faecalis V583, a vancomycin-resistant clinical isolate, revealed that more than a quarter of the genome consists of probable mobile or foreign DNA. One of the predicted mobile elements is a previously unknown vanB vancomycin-resistance conjugative transposon. Three plasmids were identified, including two pheromone-sensing conjugative plasmids, one encoding a previously undescribed pheromone inhibitor. The apparent propensity for the incorporation of mobile elements probably contributed to the rapid acquisition and dissemination of drug resistance in the enterococci.
Phillips, MR, Telg, H, Kucheyev, SO, Gelhausen, O & Toth, M 2003, 'Cathodoluminescence efficiency dependence on excitation density in n-type gallium nitride', MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 144-151.
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Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra from silicon doped and undoped wurtzite n-type GaN have been measured in a SEM under a wide range of electron beam excitation conditions, which include accelerating voltage, beam current, magnification, beam diameter, and specimen temperature. The CL intensity dependence on excitation density was analyzed using a power-law model (ICL ∝ Jm) for each of the observed CL bands in this material. The yellow luminescence band present in both silicon and undoped GaN exhibits a close to cube root (m = 0.33) dependence on electron beam excitation at both 77 K and 300 K. However, the blue (at 300 K) and donor-acceptor pair (at 77 K) emission peaks observed in undoped GaN follow power laws with exponents of m = 1 and m = 0.5, respectively. As expected from its excitonic character, the near band edge emission intensity depends linearly (m = 1) in silicon doped GaN and superlinearly (m = 1.2) in undoped GaN on the electron beam current. Results show that the intensities of the CL bands are highly dependent not only on the defect concentration but also on the electron-hole pair density and injection rate. Furthermore, the size of the focussed electron beam was found to have a considerable effect on the relative intensities of the CL emission peaks. Hence SEM parameters such as the objective lens aperture size, astigmatism, and the condenser lens setting must also be considered when assessing CL data based on intensity measurements from this material.
Platen, E 2003, 'An Alternative Interest Rate Term Structure Model', International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 717-735.
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This paper proposes analternative approach to the modeling of the interest rate term structure. It suggests that the total market price for risk is an important factor that has to be modeled carefully. The growth optimal portfolio, which is characterized by this factor, is used as refernce unit or benchmark for obtaining a consistent price system. Benchmarked derivative prices are taken as conditional expectations of future benchmarked prices under the real world probability measure. The inverse of the squared total market price for risk is modeled as a square root process and shown to influence the medium and long term forward rates. With constant parameters and constant short rate the model already generates a hump shaped mean of the forward rate curve and other empirical features typically observed.
Platen, E & Stahl, G 2003, 'A structure for general and specific market risk', COMPUTATIONAL STATISTICS, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 355-373.
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The paper presents a consistent approach to the modeling of general and specific market risk as defined in regulatory documents. It compares the statistically based beta-factor model with a class of benchmark models that use a broadly based index as major building block for modeling. The investigation of log-returns of stock prices that are expressed in units of the market index reveals that these are likely to be Student t distributed. A corresponding discrete time benchmark model is used to calculate Value-at-Risk for equity portfolios.
Powell, CE, Cifuentes, MP, McDonagh, AM, Hurst, SK, Lucas, NT, Delfs, CD, Stranger, R, Humphrey, MG, Houbrechts, S, Asselberghs, I, Persoons, A & Hockless, DCR 2003, 'Organometallic complexes for nonlinear optics.', Inorganica Chimica Acta, vol. 352, no. 6, pp. 9-18.
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The syntheses of the alkynyl complexes M(4-C≡CC6H4NO2)(dppe)(η-C 5H5) [M=Fe (1), Ru (2), Os (3)], Os(4-C≡CC6H4NO2)(PPh3) 2(η-C5H5) (4) and Ru(4-C≡CC6H4NO2)(CO)2 (η-C5H5) (5) are reported. Structural studies reveal a decrease in Ru-C(1) distance on proceeding from 5 to 2, consistent with greater back-donation of electron density to the alkynyl ligand from the more electron-rich metal center in 2. Electrochemical data show that the MII/III couple for the dicarbonyl complex 5 is at a significantly more positive potential than that of the related diphosphine complex 2, consistent with ligand variation modifying the electron richness and hence donor strength of the metal center. Time-dependent density functional calculations on model complexes M(4-C≡CC6H4NO2)(PH3) 2(η-C5H5) (M=Fe, Ru, Os) have been employed to assign the intense low-energy optical transition in these complexes as MLCT in character, the higher energy band being phenyl-phenyl* in nature. Molecular quadratic optical nonlinearities have been measured using the hyper-Rayleigh scattering procedure at 1064 nm. β values vary as Fe≤Ru≤Os for metal variation and CO
Pringle, RM, Webb, JK & Shine, R 2003, 'Canopy structure, microclimate, and habitat selection by a nocturnal snake, Hoplocephalus bungaroides', ECOLOGY, vol. 84, no. 10, pp. 2668-2679.
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Forest structure strongly influences ambient environmental conditions such as light and temperature, but most studies on habitat selection by mobile organisms have either ignored canopy structure or treated it as a dichotomous variable (e.g., "shady" or "sunny"). Furthermore, the predominance of active diurnal species as model organisms in such studies has left many unanswered questions about the importance of vegetation-related variables for nocturnal and sedentary species (e.g., what does "shade" mean to an organism that moves at night and sits in a cave all day?). We used hemispherical photography to quantify canopy structure and examine its role in determining the thermal microenvironments available to a rock-dwelling nocturnal snake (Hoplocephalus bungaroides) across two different spatial scales. The narrow plateaus inhabited by the snakes in southeastern Australia are highly heterogeneous with respect to vegetation: east-facing aspects are densely covered whereas west-facing aspects are patchy mosaics. We found that temperatures of potential retreat sites increased with increasing canopy openness, but the definitive determinant of retreat-site temperature was incident radiation intensity, which depended upon the location of canopy gaps relative to the sun path. This factor restricted the snakes to west-facing cliff tops, and there only to an optimal subset of rocks that received adequate irradiance. Moreover, thermal regimes of retreat sites displayed higher maxima and were evening shifted relative to randomly sampled rocks in the same area. Our results suggest that thermally suitable retreat sites are a limiting resource, and that local increases in vegetation density might contribute to the decline of this endangered species.
Pritchard, TR, Lee, RS, Ajani, PA, Rendell, PS, Black, K & Koop, K 2003, 'Phytoplankton responses to nutrient sources in coastal waters off southeastern Australia', Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 105-117.
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Reports of visible algal blooms have increased in New South Wales (NSW) coastal waters since 1990. Our three-year, multi-disciplinary study assessed the relative importance of natural and anthropogenic nutrients on the development of phytoplankton blooms in the waters between Port Stephens and Jervis Bay. The hinterland of this region accommodates 85% of the population of the 6.5 million inhabitants of New South Wales, Australia. Three deepwater outfalls represented the principal, continuous, anthropogenic nutrient source with nitrogen mainly in the bioavailable form of ammonia. Sewage effluent typically remained submerged especially during the spring-summer period when algal blooms occur most frequently. On average, coastal catchments contributed relatively small loads of nutrients except during major flood events because extensive estuaries tend to buffer nutrient fluxes to the ocean. Episodic slope water intrusions were the principal source of nitrogen (nitrate) to coastal waters especially during spring and summer. Phytoplankton blooms appeared to occur in response to slope water intrusions irrespective of proximity to other major nutrient sources. A new understanding of mechanisms of slope water intrusion emerged from model simulations and direct observations. A major upwelling event in January 1998, towards the end of the 1997/98 El Niño period, demonstrated the importance of large scale slope water intrusions on the development of algal blooms. Although natural upwelling/uplifting was found to be the principal driver for major algal blooms, it is possible that more subtle impacts of anthropogenic nutrients may be masked by ‘natural’ variability including that due to the El Niño Southern Oscillation.
Purkerson, DG, Doblin, MA, Bollens, SM, Luoma, SN & Cutter, GA 2003, 'Selenium in San Francisco Bay zooplankton: Potential effects of hydrodynamics and food web interactions', ESTUARIES, vol. 26, no. 4A, pp. 956-969.
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The potential toxicity of elevated selenium (Se) concentrations in aquatic ecosystems has stimulated efforts to measure Se concentrations in benthos, nekton, and waterfowl in San Francisco Bay (SF Bay). In September 1998, we initiated a 14 mo field study to determine the concentration of Se in SF Bay zooplankton, which play a major role in the Bay food web, but which have not previously been studied with respect to Se. Monthly vertical plankton tows were collected at several stations throughout SF Bay, and zooplankton were separated into two operationally defined size classes for Se analyses: 73-2,000 μm, and ≥2,000 μm. Selenium values ranged 1.02-6.07 μg Se g-1 dry weight. No spatial differences in zooplankton Se concentrations were found. However, there were inter- and intra-annual differences. Zooplankton Se concentrations were enriched in the North Bay in Fall 1999 when compared to other seasons and locations within and outside SF Bay. The abundance and biovolume of the zooplankton community varied spatially between stations, but not seasonally within each station. Smaller herbivorous-omnivorous zooplankton had higher Se concentrations than larger omnivorous-carnivorous zooplankton. Selenium concentrations in zooplankton were negatively correlated with the proportion of total copepod biovolume comprising the large carnivorous copepod Tortanus dextrilobatus, but positively correlated with the proportion of copepod biovolume comprising smaller copepods of the family Oithonidae, suggesting an important role of trophic level and size in regulating zooplankton Se concentrations.
Qu, X, Dang, L & Paul Seale, J 2003, 'Inhibitory Effect of Hypocrellin A on Protein Kinase C in Liver and Skeletal Muscle of Obese Zucker Rats', The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, vol. 31, no. 06, pp. 871-878.
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In this ex vivo study, the inhibitory activity of hypocrellin A (HA), a perylene quinonoid pigment isolated from the Chinese medicinal fungus Hypocrella bambuase, on protein kinase C (PKC) enzyme activity in insulin target tissues of obese Zucker rats was assessed. Pre-incubation with HA for 30 minutes significantly inhibited the activity of partially purified PKC enzyme from liver and soleus skeletal muscle in a dose-dependent manner ( IC 50=0.07 and 0.26 μg/ml, respectively). HA produced a greater inhibitory effect in enzyme prepared from the liver than enzyme prepared from soleus muscle. Since total PKC activity in these two insulin target tissues is the net result of several different isoforms of PKC, and PKC-θ is a major isoform expressed in the soleus skeletal muscle, the present data suggest that the naturally occurring compound, HA, may selectively inhibit certain PKC isoforms other than PKC-θ. Further investigations are required to determine which PKC isoforms are most susceptible to HA and whether changes in PKC signaling during treatment with HA can reverse abnormalities of glucose and lipid metabolism in insulin resistant and diabetic states.
Ramachandran, V, Brett, K, Hornitzky, MA, Dowton, M, Bettelheim, KA, Walker, MJ & Djordjevic, SP 2003, 'Distribution of Intimin Subtypes amongEscherichia coliIsolates from Ruminant and Human Sources', Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 5022-5032.
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ABSTRACTThe intimin geneeae, located within the locus of enterocyte effacement pathogenicity island, distinguishes enteropathogenicEscherichia coli(EPEC) and some Shiga toxin-producingE. coli(STEC) strains from all other pathotypes of diarrheagenicE. coli. EPEC is a leading cause of infantile diarrhea in developing countries, and intimin-positive STEC isolates are typically associated with life-threatening diseases such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome and hemorrhagic colitis. Here we describe the development of a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay that reliably differentiates all 11 known intimin types (α1, α2, β, γ, κ, ε, η, ι, λ, θ, and ζ) and three new intimin genes that show less than 95% nucleotide sequence identity with existing intimin types. We designated these new intimin genes Int-μ, Int-ν, and Int-ξ. The PCR-RFLP assay was used to screen 213eae-positiveE. coliisolates derived from ovine, bovine, and human sources comprising 60 serotypes. Of these, 82 were STEC isolates, 89 werestx-negative (stx−) andehxA-positive (ehxA+) isolates, and 42 werestx−andehxA-negative isolates. Int-β, the most commonly identifiedeaesubtype (82 of 213 [38.5%] isolates), was associated with 21 serotypes, followed by Int-ζ (39 of 213 [18.3%] isolates; 11 serotypes), Int-θ (25 of 213 [11.7%] isolates; 15 serotypes), Int-γ (19 of 213 [8.9%] isolates; 9 serotypes), and Int-ε (21 of 213 [9.9%] isolates; 5 serotypes). Intimin subtypes α1, α2, κ, λ, ξ, μ, ν, and ι were infrequently identified; and Int-η was not dete...
Read, TD 2003, 'Genome sequence of Chlamydophila caviae (Chlamydia psittaci GPIC): examining the role of niche-specific genes in the evolution of the Chlamydiaceae', Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 2134-2147.
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The genome of Chlamydophila caviae (formerly Chlamydia psittaci, GPIC isolate) (1 173 390 nt with a plasmid of 7966 nt) was determined, representing the fourth species with a complete genome sequence from the Chlamydiaceae family of obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens. Of 1009 annotated genes, 798 were conserved in all three other completed Chlamydiaceae genomes. The C.caviae genome contains 68 genes that lack orthologs in any other completed chlamydial genomes, including tryptophan and thiamine biosynthesis determinants and a ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase, the product of the prsA gene. Notable amongst these was a novel member of the virulence-associated invasin/intimin family (IIF) of Gram-negative bacteria. Intriguingly, two authentic frameshift mutations in the ORF indicate that this gene is not functional. Many of the unique genes are found in the replication termination region (RTR or plasticity zone), an area of frequent symmetrical inversion events around the replication terminus shown to be a hotspot for genome variation in previous genome sequencing studies. In C.caviae, the RTR includes several loci of particular interest including a large toxin gene and evidence of ancestral insertion(s) of a bacteriophage. This toxin gene, not present in Chlamydia pneumoniae, is a member of the YopT effector family of type III-secreted cysteine proteases. One gene cluster (guaBA-add) in the RTR is much more similar to orthologs in Chlamydia muridarum than those in the phylogenetically closest species C.pneumoniae, suggesting the possibility of horizontal transfer of genes between the rodent-associated Chlamydiae. With most genes observed in the other chlamydial genomes represented, C.caviae provides a good model for the Chlamydiaceae and a point of comparison against the human atherosclerosis-associated C.pneumoniae. This crucial addition to the set of completed Chlamydiaceae genome sequences is enabling dissection of the roles played by niche-sp...
Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2003, 'Modeling the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center. VII. Full simulation of the intervalence hole-transfer absorption spectrum of the special-pair radical cation', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 119, no. 6, pp. 3262-3277.
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Reimers, JR, Cai, ZL, Bilic, A & Hush, NS 2003, 'The appropriateness of density-functional theory for the calculation of molecular electronics properties', MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS III, vol. 1006, pp. 235-251.
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Reimers, JR, Shapley, WA & Hush, NS 2003, 'Modelling the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center. V. Assignment of the electronic transition observed at 2200 cm(-1) in the special-pair radical-cation as a second-highest occupied molecular orbital to highest occupied molecular orbital transition', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 119, no. 6, pp. 3240-3248.
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Reimers, JR, Shapley, WA, Rendell, AP & Hush, NS 2003, 'Modelling the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center. VI. Use of density-functional theory to determine the nature of the vibronic coupling between the four lowest-energy electronic states of the special-pair radical cation', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 119, no. 6, pp. 3249-3261.
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Reynolds, PA, McGillivray, DJ, Gilbert, EP, Holt, SA, Henderson, MJ & White, JW 2003, 'Neutron and X-ray Reflectivity from Polyisobutylene-Based Amphiphiles at the Air−Water Interface', Langmuir, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 752-761.
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Ritchie, AJ, Yam, AOW, Tanabe, KM, Rice, SA & Cooley, MA 2003, 'Modification of in vivo and in vitro T- and B-cell-mediated immune responses by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone', INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, vol. 71, no. 8, pp. 4421-4431.
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Ritchie, AJ, Yam, AOW, Tanabe, KM, Rice, SA & Cooley, MA 2003, 'Modification of In Vivo and In Vitro T- and B-Cell-Mediated Immune Responses by thePseudomonas aeruginosaQuorum-Sensing MoleculeN-(3-Oxododecanoyl)-l-Homoserine Lactone', Infection and Immunity, vol. 71, no. 8, pp. 4421-4431.
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ABSTRACTN-3-(oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (OdDHL), a quorum-sensing molecule ofPseudomonas aeruginosa, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the organism through its control of virulence factor expression. Several reports have suggested that OdDHL can also directly modulate host immune responses. However, the nature of the modulation is controversial, with different reports suggesting promotion of either humoral (Th2-mediated) or inflammatory (Th1-mediated) responses. This report describes a series of studies which demonstrate for the first time that in vivo administration of OdDHL can modulate the course of an antibody response, with an increase in ovalbumin (OVA)-specific immunogloblulin G1 (IgG1) but not IgG2a in OdDHL-treated OVA-immunized BALB/c mice compared to levels for controls. In vitro stimulation of lymphocytes from both Th1-biased C57Bl/6 and T-cell receptor transgenic mice and Th2-biased BALB/c mice in the presence of OdDHL demonstrated that OdDHL inhibits in vitro cytokine production in response to both mitogen and antigen, with gamma interferon (IFN-γ) tending to be more inhibited than interleukin-4 (IL-4). In vitro mitogen or antigen restimulation of cells from mice treated with OdDHL in vivo shows effects on cytokine production which depend on the underlying immune bias of the mouse strain used, with a relative increase of IFN-γ in Th1-biased C57Bl/6 mice and a relative increase of IL-4 in Th2-biased BALB/c mice. Thus, the mode of action of OdDHL on T-cell cytokine production is likely to be a relatively nonspecific one which accentuates an underlying immune response bias rather than one which specifically targets either Th1 or Th2 responses.
ROCHE, N, STIRLING, RG, LIM, S, OLIVER, BG & CHUNG, KF 2003, 'Regulation of protease-activated receptor-1 in mononuclear cells by neutrophil proteases', Respiratory Medicine, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 228-233.
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Roche, N, Stirling, RG, Lim, S, Oliver, BG, Oates, T, Jazrawi, E, Caramori, G & Chung, KF 2003, 'Effect of acute and chronic inflammatory stimuli on expression of protease-activated receptors 1 and 2 in alveolar macrophages', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 111, no. 2, pp. 367-373.
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Rodgers, KJ & Dean, RT 2003, 'Assessment of proteasome activity in cell lysates and tissue homogenates using peptide substrates', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY & CELL BIOLOGY, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 716-727.
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The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is a major route of degradation of cell proteins. It also plays an essential role in maintaining cell homeostasis by degrading many rate-limiting enzymes and critical regulatory proteins. Alterations in proteasome activit
Ronnenberg, AG, Wang, XB, Xing, HX, Chen, CZ, Chen, DF, Guang, WW, Guang, AQ, Wang, LH, Ryan, L & Xu, XP 2003, 'Low preconception body mass index is associated with birth outcome in a prospective cohort of Chinese women', JOURNAL OF NUTRITION, vol. 133, no. 11, pp. 3449-3455.
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Low maternal prepregnancy BMI is associated with adverse birth outcomes, but the BMI at which risk increases is not well defined. We assessed whether the relationship between prepregnancy BMI and birth outcomes is influenced by the extent to which mothers were underweight in a prospective study in Anhui, China. The women (n = 575) were 20-34 y old, married, nulliparous and nonsmokers. All measures of infant growth increased with increasing maternal BMI until a plateau was reached at a BMI of 22-23 kg/m2. Infants born to the 27% of women who were severely underweight before pregnancy (BMI ≤ 5 18.5 kg/m2) were at increased risk for fetal growth deficits associated with infant morbidity. Compared with a normal BMI, being severely underweight was associated with mean (± SEM) reductions of 219 ± 40 g in infant birthweight and 6.7 ± 1.3% in the birthweight ratio and an 80% increase in risk of intrauterine growth restriction [odds ratio (OR) 1. 8; 95% CI: 1.0, 3.3; P = 0.05]. Being severely underweight was also associated with smaller infant head circumference and lower ponderal index. Being moderately underweight (18.5 < BMI < 19.8 kg/m2) was not significantly associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Gestational age and risk of preterm birth were not associated with maternal BMI. More than half of the women in this study were underweight before pregnancy. Although being moderately underweight was not associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, being severely underweight was an important risk factor for reduced fetal growth.
Rose, RM, Warne, MS & Lim, RP 2003, 'Exposure to chemicals exuded by fish reduces the filtration and ingestion rates of Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia', HYDROBIOLOGIA, vol. 501, no. 1-3, pp. 215-217.
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Roy, J, Lin, XH & Ryan, LM 2003, 'Scaled marginal models for multiple continuous outcomes', BIOSTATISTICS, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 371-383.
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In studies that involve multivariate outcomes it is often of interest to test for a common exposure effect. For example, our research is motivated by a study of neurocognitive performance in a cohort of HIV-infected women. The goal is to determine whether highly active antiretroviral therapy affects different aspects of neurocognitive functioning to the same degree and if so, to test for the treatment effect using a more powerful one-degree-of-freedom global test. Since multivariate continuous outcomes are likely to be measured on different scales, such a common exposure effect has not been well defined. We propose the use of a scaled marginal model for testing and estimating this global effect when the outcomes are all continuous. A key feature of the model is that the effect of exposure is represented by a common effect size and hence has a well-understood, practical interpretation. Estimating equations are proposed to estimate the regression coefficients and the outcome-specific scale parameters, where the correct specification of the within-subject correlation is not required. These estimating equations can be solved by repeatedly calling standard generalized estimating equations software such as SAS PROC GENMOD. To test whether the assumption of a common exposure effect is reasonable, we propose the use of an estimating-equation-based score-type test. We study the asymptotic efficiency loss of the proposed estimators, and show that they generally have high efficiency compared to the maximum likelihood estimators. The proposed method is applied to the HIV data.
Ruggles, JL, Gilbert, EP, Holt, SA, Reynolds, PA & White, JW 2003, 'Expanded Mesoporous Silicate Films Grown at the Air−Water Interface by Addition of Hydrocarbons', Langmuir, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 793-800.
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Runcie, JW, Ritchie, RJ & Larkum, AWD 2003, 'Uptake kinetics and assimilation of inorganic nitrogen by Catenella nipae and Ulva lactuca', Aquatic Botany, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 155-174.
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The kinetics of NH4+, the assimilation of NH4+ and nitrate uptake by Catenella nipae (Rhodophyta) were compared with Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta). Both algal species demonstrated saturable NH4+ and nitrate uptake kinetics. Uptake of NH3 by simple diffusion across the plasmalemma could not account for the observed saturation uptake kinetics of ammonia-N (NH3 + NH4+), so NH4+ was the chemical form being taken up by the transport systems of the cells. Although the Vmax of NH4+ uptake by C. nipae and U. lactuca was high (≈550 and 450 μmol g-1 DW h-1, respectively), the Km for U. lactuca (≈85 μM) was much lower than that for C. nipae (≈692 μM). The Km and Vmax values for nitrate uptake were much lower than for NH4+ for both C. nipae (Km ≈ 5 μM; Vmax ≈ 8.3 μmol g-1 DW h-1) and U. lactuca (Km ≈ 34 μM; Vmax ≈ 116 -mol g-1 DW h-1). Over the incubation times used (up to 28 min) there was no apparent induction of nitrate transport in either species. There was no evidence for induction of NH4+ transport in C. nipae but incubation time did affect the kinetics of NH4+ uptake in U. lactuca. At high concentrations of NH4+, U. lactuca rapidly assimilated it into organic N with limited build-up of intracellular NH4+ whereas C. nipae accumulated large amounts of NH4+ because uptake of NH4+ overtook the rate of assimilation. The effects of species-specific differences and experimental design on uptake-kinetic estimates are discussed in the light of the results of this other comparable studies. C. nipae is promising as a bioindicator species of the N-status of estuaries but U. lactuca changes its N-status too quickly for it to be a useful bioindicator of environmental conditions. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Ryan, L 2003, 'Epidemiologically based environmental risk assessment', STATISTICAL SCIENCE, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 466-480.
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Environmental health research aims to discover and understand the links between environmental exposure and disease and to inform the regulatory community so that society can be protected against cancer, birth defects and other adverse health effects associated with chemical, industrial and other exposures. Statistical science has a critical role to play in terms of providing the appropriate tools to design and analyze the studies needed to address the questions of interest, as well as quantifying risks and characterizing uncertainty. Recent years have seen some dramatic changes in the way that environmental risk assessment is accomplished. One such change is a move away from a traditional reliance on toxicological studies in animals to incorporate more epidemiological data. This shift has been facilitated by scientific advances that now allow researchers to accurately characterize human exposures in a variety of settings, as well as to measure genetic and other biomarkers that reflect subtle health effects and variations in susceptibility. This article will use a high profile case study to highlight some of the challenging statistical issues arising from this shifting emphasis from animal based toxicology to environmental epidemiology in the risk assessment world. Among the topics to be discussed are the uses of biologically based models and biomarkers, as well as the role of Bayesian methods to characterize uncertainty due to population heterogeneity, unmeasured confounders, exposure measurement error and model uncertainty.
Santos, DM, Rijo, J, Jacobs, M, Dennis, ES & Dolferus, R 2003, 'Approaches for the isolation of Arabidopsis adh1 regulatory mutants using allyl alcohol selection', RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 762-773.
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Sashin, VA, Bolorizadeh, MA, Kheifets, AS & Ford, MJ 2003, 'Electronic band structure of beryllium oxide', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 15, no. 21, pp. 3567-3581.
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Atomic and Molecular Physics Laboratories, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia. The energy-momentum resolved valence band structure of beryllium oxide has been measured by electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS). Band dispersions, bandwidths and intervalence bandgap, electron momentum density (EMD) and density of occupied states have been extracted from the EMS data. The experimental results are compared with band structure calculations performed within the full potential linear muffin-tin orbital approximation. Our experimental bandwidths of 2.1 ± 0.2 and 4.8 ± 0.3 eV for the oxygen s and p bands, respectively, are in accord with theoretical predictions, as is the s-band EMD after background subtraction. Contrary to the calculations, however, the measured p-band EMD shows large intensity at the Γ point. The measured full valence bandwidth of 19.4 ± 0.3 eV is at least 1.4 eV larger than the theory. The experiment also finds a significantly higher value for the p-to-s-band EMD ratio in a broad momentum range compared to the theory.
Saunders, BM, Fernando, SL, Sluyter, R, Britton, WJ & Wiley, JS 2003, 'A Loss-of-Function Polymorphism in the Human P2X7 Receptor Abolishes ATP-Mediated Killing of Mycobacteria', The Journal of Immunology, vol. 171, no. 10, pp. 5442-5446.
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Abstract Protective immunity to mycobacterial infections requires activation of the antibacterial mechanisms of infected macrophages. It has previously been reported that ATP treatment of mycobacteria-infected macrophages induces apoptosis mediated via the P2X7 pathway and that this leads to the death of both the host cell and the internalized bacilli. We have recently identified a single nucleotide polymorphism in the P2X7 gene (1513A→C), with 1–2% prevalence in the homozygous state, which codes for a nonfunctional receptor. IFN-γ-primed, mycobacteria-infected macrophages from wild-type individuals were incubated with ATP and this induced apoptosis and reduced mycobacterial viability by 90%. Similar treatment of macrophages from individuals homozygous for the 1513C polymorphism failed to induce apoptosis and did not lead to mycobacterial killing via the P2X7-mediated pathway. These data demonstrate that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the P2X7 gene can allow survival of mycobacteria within infected host cells.
Schatzkin, A, Kipnis, V, Carroll, RJ, Midthune, D, Subar, AF, Bingham, S, Schoeller, DA, Troiano, RP & Freedman, LS 2003, 'A comparison of a food frequency questionnaire with a 24-hour recall for use in an epidemiological cohort study: results from the biomarker-based Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition (OPEN) study', International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1054-1062.
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Schelm, S & Smith, GB 2003, 'Dilute LaB6 nanoparticles in polymer as optimized clear solar control glazing', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 82, no. 24, pp. 4346-4348.
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The performance of window samples with a LaB6 nanoparticle-doped polymer laminate in the reduction of solar heat gain was studied. The reason behind the near-infrared absorption was the excitation of surface plasmons. Windows, considered suitable for solar control glazing, transmitted visible radiation but blocked the near infrared (NIR) between 750 and 2500 nm.
Sessler, JL & Gale, PA 2003, 'Calixpyrroles: Novel Anion and Neutral Substrate Receptors', ChemInform, vol. 34, no. 31.
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AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Sessler, JL, Berthon-Gelloz, G, Gale, PA, Camiolo, S, Anslyn, EV, Anzenbacher, P, Furuta, H, Kirkovits, GJ, Lynch, VM, Maeda, H, Morosini, P, Scherer, M, Shriver, J & Zimmerman, RS 2003, 'Oligopyrrole-based solid state self-assemblies', Polyhedron, vol. 22, no. 22, pp. 2963-2983.
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Sessler, JL, Camiolo, S & Gale, PA 2003, 'Pyrrolic and polypyrrolic anion binding agents', Coordination Chemistry Reviews, vol. 240, no. 1-2, pp. 17-55.
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Settacharnwit, S, Buckney, RT & Lim, RP 2003, 'The nutrient status of Nong Han, a shallow tropical lake in north‐eastern Thailand: Spatial and temporal variations', Lakes & Reservoirs: Science, Policy and Management for Sustainable Use, vol. 8, no. 3-4, pp. 189-200.
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AbstractSpatial and temporal patterns of nutrient (nitrate‐N, ammonia‐N and phosphate) concentrations in the Nong Han water column were examined during the dry (January – May) and wet (August – October) seasons in 2001. Low nitrate‐N concentrations in the water were common. High ammonia‐N concentrations were found on all occasions, but particularly in the early wet season. Phosphate concentrations in the water column were very high. The very low nitrate‐N and low ammonia‐N concentrations (in early dry, late dry and late wet seasons), and low phosphate concentrations (in the early dry season) were attributed to assimilation by dense stands of macrophytes, in particular submerged types during the low water season. Additionally, higher nitrate‐N concentrations found in the late wet season might be related to increases in the water level and nitrification activity at the sediment–water interface. The very high ammonia‐N and phosphate concentrations in the water during the early wet season possibly reflect run‐off from agricultural areas in the Nong Han catchment and the regeneration of ammonia‐N and phosphate from recently degraded organic matter (particularly decaying macrophytes) in the surface sediment layer. Also, higher phosphate concentrations in the bottom water of most samples in the late dry and late wet seasons were attributed to temporary anaerobic conditions caused by submerged macrophyte decomposition and aerobic conditions, respectively. These hypotheses are consistent with dissolved oxygen and pH conditions found in both seasons.
Shao, Y, Yang, Y, Wang, J, Song, Z, Leslie, LM, Dong, C, Zhang, Z, Lin, Z, Kanai, Y, Yabuki, S & Chun, Y 2003, 'Northeast Asian dust storms: Real-time numerical prediction and validation', Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 108, no. 22.
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This study is concerned with the quantitative prediction of dust storms in real time. An integrated wind erosion modeling system is used for 24-, 48-, and 72-hour forecasts of northeast Asian dust events for March and April 2002. The predictions are validated with synoptic records from the meteorological network and dust concentration measurements at 12 stations in China, Japan, and Korea. The predicted spatial patterns and temporal evolutions of dust events and the predicted near-surface dust concentrations are found to agree well with the observations. The validation confirms the capacity of the modeling system in quantitative forecasting of dust events in real time. On the basis of the predictions, dust activities in northeast Asia are examined using quantities such as dust emission, deposition, and load. During an individual dust episode, dust sources and intensities vary in space and time, but on average the Gobi Desert, the Hexi (Yellow River West) Corridor, the Chaidam Basin, the Tulufan Basin, and the fringes of the Talimu and Zhunge'er Basins are identified to be the main source regions. The Gobi Desert is the strongest dust source, where the maximum dust emission reaches 5000 μg m-2 s-1 and the net dust emission reaches 16 t km-2 d-1 in March and April 2002. Net dust deposition covers a large area, with the Loess Plateau receiving about 1.6 to 4.3 t km-2 d-1. A zone of high dust load exists along the northern boundary of the Tibet Plateau, with a maximum of around 2 t km-2 situated over the Gobi Desert. The total dust emission, total dust deposition, and total dust load for the domain of the simulation are estimated. The average (maximum) total dust emission is 11.5 × 106 (65.7 × 106) t d-1, the average (maximum) total dust deposition is 10.8 × 106 (51.4 × 106 ) t d-1, and the average (maximum) total dust load is 5.5 × 106 (15.9 × 106) t. Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union.
Shao, Y, Yang, Y, Wang, J, Song, Z, Leslie, LM, Dong, C, Zhang, Z, Lin, Z, Kanai, Y, Yabuki, S & Chun, Y 2003, 'Northeast Asian dust storms: Real‐time numerical prediction and validation', Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 108, no. D22.
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This study is concerned with the quantitative prediction of dust storms in real time. An integrated wind erosion modeling system is used for 24‐, 48‐, and 72‐hour forecasts of northeast Asian dust events for March and April 2002. The predictions are validated with synoptic records from the meteorological network and dust concentration measurements at 12 stations in China, Japan, and Korea. The predicted spatial patterns and temporal evolutions of dust events and the predicted near‐surface dust concentrations are found to agree well with the observations. The validation confirms the capacity of the modeling system in quantitative forecasting of dust events in real time. On the basis of the predictions, dust activities in northeast Asia are examined using quantities such as dust emission, deposition, and load. During an individual dust episode, dust sources and intensities vary in space and time, but on average the Gobi Desert, the Hexi (Yellow River West) Corridor, the Chaidam Basin, the Tulufan Basin, and the fringes of the Talimu and Zhunge'er Basins are identified to be the main source regions. The Gobi Desert is the strongest dust source, where the maximum dust emission reaches 5000 μg m−2 s−1 and the net dust emission reaches 16 t km−2 d−1 in March and April 2002. Net dust deposition covers a large area, with the Loess Plateau receiving about 1.6 to 4.3 t km−2 d−1. A zone of high dust load exists along the northern boundary of the Tibet Plateau, with a maximum of around 2 t km−2 situated over the Gobi Desert. The total dust emission, total dust deposition, and total dust load for the domain of the simulation are estimated. The average (maximum) total dust emission is 11.5 × 106 (65.7 × 106) t d−1, the average (maximum) total dust depos...
Shapter, J, Hale, PS, Maddox, LM, Ford, M & Waclawik, ER 2003, 'Teaching undergraduate nanotechnology', World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 299-302.
Shields, AJ, Stevenson, RM, Thompson, RM, Ward, MB, Yuan, Z, Kardynal, BE, See, P, Farrer, I, Lobo, C, Cooper, K & Ritchie, DA 2003, 'Self‐assembled quantum dots as a source of single photons and photon pairs', physica status solidi (b), vol. 238, no. 2, pp. 353-359.
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AbstractWe investigate the emission from a single self‐organised InAs/GaAs quantum dots as a potential single or pair photon source. Single photon emission is stimulated by exciting the dot with ps laser pulses and collecting either the exciton or biexciton emission line. A more convenient and practical arrangement is to excite the quantum dot electrically by growing it inside a p–i–n structure. Photon pairs are generated through collecting both the exciton and biexciton emissions. We show a strong correlation in the emission times of the exciton and biexciton photon from the dot, as well as in their linear polarisations.
Shinozaki, K & Dennis, ES 2003, 'Cell signalling and gene regulation - Global analyses of signal transduction and gene expression profiles - Editorial overview', CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 405-409.
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Simpson, AM, Elgundi, Z, Tao, CZ, Swan, MA & Winch, D 2003, 'Insulin Trafficking In A Glucose-responsive Human Liver Cell Line-huh7-egfpins', Journal Of Gene Medicine, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1-1.
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NA
Siverajah, S, Ryce, C, Morrison, DA & Ellis, JT 2003, 'Characterization of an alpha tubulin gene sequence from Neospora caninum and Hammondia heydorni, and their comparison to homologous genes from Apicomplexa', PARASITOLOGY, vol. 126, no. 6, pp. 561-569.
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The gene coding for α tubulin has been isolated by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced from 2 isolates of Neospora caninum (Nc-Liverpool and Nc-SweB1). The data show that the gene, as in Toxoplasma gondii, is single copy and contains 3 exons and 2 introns and is identical in sequence in the 2 isolates studied. Comparison of the predicted protein sequence shows it to be identical to the α tubulin protein encoded by the T. gondii gene. The majority of the nucleotide substitutions that have occurred during the evolution of the T. gondii and N. caninum genes from their common ancestor have occurred in the third codon position. A partial coding sequence for α tubulin was also obtained from Hammondia heydorni and compared to other α tubulin sequences from Apicomplexa. The results show the sequences of the T. gondii, N. caninum and H. heydorni α tubulin genes to be similar but not identical in sequence, thereby providing new evidence that N. caninum and H. heydorni are genetically distinct species.
Smith, GB, Gentle, A, Swift, P, Earp, A & Mronga, N 2003, 'Coloured paints based on coated flakes of metal as the pigment, for enhanced solar reflectance and cooler interiors: description and theory', SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 163-177.
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Flakes of metal coated with thin dielectric films, when used as various coloured paint pigments, can reflect much more of the near infra red component of solar radiation than standard paints of equivalent colour, which makes them attractive for reducing cooling loads in cars and under metal roofs, while maintaining a wide range of decorative options. Spectral responses, solar absorptance and CIE colour co-ordinates are explored theoretically for a single layer, and two layers of different refractive index, on smooth aluminium flakes. Results in air, and in a clear matrix of refractive index close to that of the paint binder, are presented to highlight the colour shifts that are observed in a matrix when colour is due to interference. Thin film models show that the single layers have weak angle of incidence dependence while double layers have attractive variations in reflected colour while retaining their high NIR reflectance. This adds to decorative appeal. The origins and impact of diffuseness are briefly discussed. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Smith, GB, Gentle, A, Swift, PD, Earp, A & Mronga, N 2003, 'Coloured paints based on iron oxide and silicon oxide coated flakes of aluminium as the pigment, for energy efficient paint: optical and thermal experiments', SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 179-197.
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Energy efficient coloured paint coatings utilising flaky aluminium pigment with either single layer (Fe2O3) or double layer (Fe 2O3 on SiO2) interference coatings are optically and thermally characterised. Similar pigments with coatings on flaky dielectric particles and standard paints of similar colour are compared. Data presented includes hemispherical and specular reflectance spectra across visible and infra red wavelengths, thermal emittance from an emissometer and light spreading data from a photogoniometer. Solar absorptance, and colour show that, as theoretically predicted, and provided flaky metal pigments are used, a wide range of colours combined with a much lower solar absorptance than traditional paints of similar colour is achieved. Superior thermal performance to ordinary paints with similar colour is thus possible and is demonstrated for two such coloured layers via controlled heating-cooling studies under both an indoor lamp and outdoor clear sky solar illumination. It is seen that heat gains from the sun and associated cooling loads can be reduced by up to 50% for most colours, which is of some benefit for cars and metal roofs in hot climates. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Smith, GB, Jonsson, JC & Franklin, J 2003, 'Spectral and global diffuse properties of high-performance translucent polymer sheets for energy efficient lighting and skylights', APPLIED OPTICS, vol. 42, no. 19, pp. 3981-3991.
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A visible and near-IR spectral study is presented for a translucent smooth polymer sheet in which dopant particles are clear polymer with a refractive index close to that of the clear polymer host. Diffuse, specular, and total reflectance and transmittance and absorptance as a function of sheet thickness and dopant levels approach ideal behavior for lighting applications. A fourth optical parameter, side loss ST, is introduced to fully account for the measured data. This covers radiation that is trapped by total internal reflection (TIR) and travels sideways sufficiently far, including to the sheet’s edges, to miss detection on exit. SThas a strong spectral character, whereas total T and R spectra closely follow the spectrally flat wavelength dependence of the undoped clear sheet. Three distinct regimes are identified for the behavior with wavelength of the specular and diffuse components and are linked to rear surface TIR and side loss. © 2003 Optical Society of America.
Smith, GH, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC & Nicorovici, NA 2003, 'Cylinder gratings in conical incidence with applications to woodpile structures', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 1-10.
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We use our previous formulation for cylinder gratings in conical incidence to discuss the photonic band gap properties of woodpile structures. We study scattering matrices and Bloch modes of the woodpile, and use these toinvestigate the dependence of the optical properties on the number of layers. We give data on reflectance, transmittance and absorptance of metallic woodpiles as a function of wavelength and number of layers, using both the measured optical constants of tungsten and using a perfect conductivity idealization to characterize the metal. For semi-infinite metallic woodpiles, we show that polarization of the incident field is important, highlighting the role played by surface effects as opposed to lattice effects.
Smith, GH, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC & Nicorovici, NA 2003, 'Cylinder gratings in conical incidence with applications to woodpile structures', Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, vol. 67, no. 5 2.
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A theoretical account of the woodpile photonic crystal, including the derivation of explicit analytic expression for the reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance of a structure with either a finite or an infinite number of layers was given. In the case of a finite structure, it was shown how the transmittance, reflectance, and absorptance for a given number of layers depends on the eigenvalues and Bloch coefficients of the layer transfer matrix T. The treatment enables to analyze both dielectric and metallic woodpiles, including the case of perfect conductivity, where in the metallic case the measured values of optical constants were used.
Solina, DM, Cheary, RW, Swift, PD & McCredie, G 2003, 'The fabrication of stable platinum–silicon oxide multilayers for X-ray mirrors', Thin Solid Films, vol. 423, no. 1, pp. 1-12.
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An investigation has been carried out to determine the conditions required for the fabrication of stable SiO2Pt multilayers using DC-magnetron sputtering for the Pt and RF-magnetron sputtering for the SiO2. As a preliminary investigation, single layers of Pt on SiO2 were analysed by X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to develop a model of the PtSiO2 interface layer. The results indicated that a distinct interface layer develops as a Pt silicate approximately 6 Å thick. SiO2Pt multilayers fabricated with a period d>65 Å using pure argon as the sputtering gas, display X-ray reflectivity patterns which can be accurately characterised by a repeating bilayer model. When d<65 Å the multilayer becomes unstable upon exposure to air. Additional peaks develop in the XRR pattern which increase in magnitude with time. These peaks arise from the expansion of the SiO2 layers in the multilayer starting from the top bilayer and gradually working through the multilayer. In the as-prepared specimens the SiO2 layers are incompletely oxidised and have a composition SiOx (x<2) and, on exposure to air, oxygen diffuses through the multilayer surface converting the SiOx to SiO2. By introducing a small partial pressure of oxygen into the sputtering gas during deposition, multilayers with d<65 Å remained stable on exposure to air. Under these conditions the density of the platinum layers determined from XRR measurements was reduced by approximately 25%. XPS showed that the platinum layer contained bonded oxygen in the form of platinum oxide PtOx (x<1). SiO2/PtOx multilayers have been fabricated with periods down to 13 Å, but the intensity of the first order peak drops off dramatically once the thickness of the PtOx layer is less that 1012 Å.
Speer, MS, Leslie, LM & Qi, L 2003, 'Numerical prediction of severe convection: comparison with operational forecasts', Meteorological Applications, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 11-19.
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AbstractThe prediction of severe convection is a major forecasting problem in Australia during the summer months. In particular, severe convection in the Sydney basin frequently produces heavy rain or hail, flash flooding, and destructive winds. Convective activity is a forecasting challenge for the Sydney basin, mainly from October to April. Currently, there is a need for improved numerical model guidance to supplement the official probabilistic convective outlooks, issued by the operational forecasters. In this study we assess the performance of a very high resolution (2 km) numerical weather prediction (NWP) model in terms of how well it performed in providing guidance on heavy rainfall and hail, as well as other mesoscale features such as low level convergence lines. Two cases are described in which the operational forecasts were incorrect on both occasions. Non‐severe thunderstorms were predicted on 1 December 2000 but severe convection occurred. Severe convection was predicted on 8 December 2000, but no convection was reported. In contrast, the numerical model performed well, accurately predicting severe convection on 1 December and no convection on 8 December. These results have encouraged a program aimed at providing an enhanced numerical modelling capability to the operational forecasters for the Sydney basin. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Stark, PC, Burge, HA, Ryan, LM, Milton, DK & Gold, DR 2003, 'Fungal levels in the home and lower respiratory tract illnesses in the first year of life', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE, vol. 168, no. 2, pp. 232-237.
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The association between home dampness and lower respiratory symptoms in children has been well documented. Whether fungal exposures contribute to this association is uncertain. In a prospective birth cohort of 499 children of parents with asthma/allergies, we examined in-home fungal concentrations as predictors of lower respiratory illnesses (LRI) (croup, pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis) in the first year. In multivariate analyses, we found a significant increased relative risk (RR) between LRI and high levels (more than the 90th percentile) of airborne Penicillium (RR = 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23, 2.43), dust-borne Cladosporium (RR = 1.52; CI, 1.02, 2.25), Zygomycetes (RR = 1.96; CI, 1.35, 2.83), and Alternaria (RR = 1.51; CI, 1.00, 2.28), after controlling for sex, presence of water damage or visible mold/mildew, born in winter, breastfeeding, and being exposed to other children through siblings. In a multivariate analysis, the RR of LRI was elevated in households with any fungal level at more than the 90th percentile (RR = 1.86; CI, 1.21, 2.88). Exposure to high fungal levels increased the risk of LRI in infancy, even for infants with nonwheezing LRI. Actual mechanisms remain unknown, but fungi and their components (glucans, mycotoxins, and proteins) may increase the risk of LRI by acting as irritants or through increasing susceptibility to infection.
Suggett, DJ, Oxborough, K, Baker, NR, MacIntyre, HL, Kana, TM & Geider, RJ 2003, 'Fast repetition rate and pulse amplitude modulation chlorophyllafluorescence measurements for assessment of photosynthetic electron transport in marine phytoplankton', European Journal of Phycology, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 371-384.
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Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and fast repetition rate (FRR) fluorescence are currently used to estimate photosynthetic quantum yields and photosynthetic rates in aquatic systems. Here we compare simultaneous measurements of the photochemical efficien
Swift, PD & Smith, GB 2003, 'Color considerations in fluorescent solar concentrator stacks', APPLIED OPTICS, vol. 42, no. 25, pp. 5112-5117.
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We present modeled results of the luminous and color outputs of a three-layer stack of fluorescent planar concentrators (FPCs). FPCs have the potential to provide sufficient luminous output to illuminate moderate-sized rooms for reasonably-sized collecting areas. It is of course necessary not only that the lumens be sufficient, but also that the light be sufficiently white as to be comfortable. Modeling shows that by use of a stack of three FPCs, one each of violet, green, and red, it is possible to achieve good color rendering and sufficient lighting levels for room illumination. © 2003 Optical Society of America.
Swift, PD, Solina, DM, Cheary, RW & McCredie, GM 2003, 'Investigation of the interfacial structure of ultra-thin platinum film deposited by cathodic–arc', Thin Solid Films, vol. 440, no. 1-2, pp. 117-122.
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Ultra-thin films are of interest in the production of X-ray mirrors that use a multilayer structure. The most commonly used deposition techniques are dc magnetron sputtering and electron beam evaporation; this paper presents results of cathodicarc deposition. Ultra thin films of platinum with nominal thicknesses in the range 1565 Å were deposited on silicon substrates and the film structure investigated using X-ray reflectivity and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It has been found that the structure of the deposited films consists of three layersthe platinum film, a silicon oxide layer and a platinum silicide layer. In contrast to dc magnetron and electron beam deposited films, the silicide layer of cathodicarc deposited films have a higher density and greater thickness, which is attributed to the higher energy process of this deposition technique. These attributes of the cathodicarc deposited films suggest that the deposition technique is not suitable for production of mirrors of materials that react with each other, but for materials that do not the deposition technique is potentially more favourable than that of e-beam and magnetron sputtering.
Tadege, M, Sheldon, CC, Helliwell, CA, Upadhyaya, NM, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 2003, 'Reciprocal control of flowering time by OsSOC1 in transgenic Arabidopsis and by FLC in transgenic rice', PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 361-369.
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Thomas, J, Buzzini, P, Roux, C & Reedy, B 2003, 'A further look at Raman spectroscopy for the forensic examination of fibres', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 136, pp. 125-125.
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NA
Thomas, J, Roux, C, Reedy, B & Robertson, J 2003, 'Raman spectroscopy of environmentally degraded fibre samples', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 136, pp. 118-119.
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NA
Thompson, LS, Webb, JS, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2003, 'The alternative sigma factor RpoN regulates the quorum sensing generhlIinPseudomonas aeruginosa', FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 220, no. 2, pp. 187-195.
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Ton-That, C, Shard, AG, Egger, S, Dhanak, VR & Welland, ME 2003, 'Modulations of valence-band photoemission spectrum from C60 monolayers on Ag(111)', Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, vol. 67, no. 15, pp. 1554151-1554156.
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The photon-energy dependences of valence-band photoemission spectra have been investigated for monolayer, submonolayer, and multilayer C60 films on Ag(111). The intensity ratios of the highest and next-highest occupied molecular orbitals (the HOMO and NHOMO) of the films are found to oscillate with the same period as the incident photon energy is varied, but the amplitude of the oscillation is smaller with lower film coverage. Since the characteristics of the molecular orbitals of C60 in the monolayers are considerably different from those of the thick film due to the charge-transfer interaction between the metallic surface and the molecule the observation opposes the proposal in which the oscillation is entirely dependent on the nature of the empty and occupied states involved in the photoemission process. The results instead support the photoelectron interference model by Hasegawa et al. [Phys. Rev. B 58, 4927 (1998)]. Variation of the oscillation amplitude with C60 coverage is explained in terms of hybridization of the HOMO and NHOMO with the surface, Depositing C60 onto Ag(111) held at a high temperature produces a single-phase (2√3 × 2√3) R30° C60 monolayer. Angle-resolved photoemission experiments reveal changes in the relative intensities of the two bands with the azimuth-emission angle, measured with respect to the symmetry axes of the ordered monolayer. The intensity modulation is due to anisotropic scattering of photoelectrons along various molecular axes.
Ton-That, C, Shard, AG, Egger, S, Dhanak, VR & Welland, ME 2003, 'Modulations of valence-band photoemission spectrum from C-60 monolayers on Ag(111)', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 67, no. 15, pp. 1-6.
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The photon-energy dependences of valence-band photoemission spectra have been investigated for monolayer, submonolayer, and multilayer (formula presented) films on Ag(111). The intensity ratios of the highest and next-highest occupied molecular orbitals (the HOMO and NHOMO) of the films are found to oscillate with the same period as the incident photon energy is varied, but the amplitude of the oscillation is smaller with lower film coverage. Since the characteristics of the molecular orbitals of (formula presented) in the monolayers are considerably different from those of the thick film due to the charge-transfer interaction between the metallic surface and the molecule the observation opposes the proposal in which the oscillation is entirely dependent on the nature of the empty and occupied states involved in the photoemission process. The results instead support the photoelectron interference model by Hasegawa et al. [Phys. Rev. B 58, 4927 (1998)]. Variation of the oscillation amplitude with (formula presented) coverage is explained in terms of hybridization of the HOMO and NHOMO with the surface. Depositing (formula presented) onto Ag(111) held at a high temperature produces a single-phase (formula presented) (formula presented) (formula presented) monolayer. Angle-resolved photoemission experiments reveal changes in the relative intensities of the two bands with the azimuth-emission angle, measured with respect to the symmetry axes of the ordered monolayer. The intensity modulation is due to anisotropic scattering of photoelectrons along various molecular axes. © 2003 The American Physical Society.
Ton-That, C, Shard, AG, Egger, S, Dhanak, VR, Taninaka, A, Shinohara, H & Welland, ME 2003, 'Orientation and constraints of endohedral lanthanum in La@C-82 molecules adsorbed on Cu(111)', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1-6.
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The orientation of the endohedral La atom in La@C82 adsorbed on Cu(111) has been determined using the normal-incidence x-ray standing wave (NIXSW) technique. The NIXSW measurements were carried out using both the normal ?111? and 70.5° off-normal ?1¯11? Bragg reflections. The La ?1¯11? profiles of the La@C82 monolayer and submonolayers are found to be similar to the ?111? profile of the multilayer, while the ?111? profiles of the monolayer and submonolayers are distinctly different with much lower peak height. This indicates significant ordering of the La atoms in the monolayers with respect to height above the Cu surface but little lateral ordering. The results of curve fits to the monolayer profiles show that the La atoms are regionally located at 1.62 (±0.77) Å above an extended scattering plane from the crystal. Cooling the monolayers to a temperature of 170 K increases ordering of the La atoms with respect to height above the surface. The NIXSW results demonstrate that the endohedral molecules adopt a restricted orientation upon adsorbing on the surface and the La atom resides on either the upper or lower half of the cage. Theoretical calculations show that the most stable La positions are located in the top half of the fullerene cage, which supports the La upper configuration. The results are explained in terms of electrostatic interactions between the endohedral atom, the fullerene cage, and the substrate.
Ton-That, C, Shard, AG, Egger, S, Taninaka, A, Shinohara, H & Welland, ME 2003, 'Structural and electronic properties of ordered La@C-82 films on Si(111)', SURFACE SCIENCE, vol. 522, no. 1-3, pp. L15-L20.
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Toth, M, Thiel, BL & Donald, AM 2003, 'Interpretation of secondary electron images obtained using a low vacuum SEM', Ultramicroscopy, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 71-87.
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Trevaskis, B, Bagnall, DJ, Ellis, MH, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2003, 'MADS box genes control vernalization-induced flowering in cereals', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 100, no. 22, pp. 13099-13104.
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Tuch, BE, Szymanska, B, Yao, M, Tabiin, MT, Gross, DJ, Holman, S, Swan, MA, Humphrey, RKB, Marshall, GM & Simpson, AM 2003, 'Function of a genetically modified human liver cell line that stores, processes and secretes insulin', GENE THERAPY, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 490-503.
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Turner, BJ, Cheah, IK, Macfarlane, KJ, Lopes, EC, Petratos, S, Langford, SJ & Cheema, SS 2003, 'Antisense peptide nucleic acid‐mediated knockdown of the p75 neurotrophin receptor delays motor neuron disease in mutant SOD1 transgenic mice', Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 752-763.
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AbstractRe‐expression of the death‐signalling p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is associated with injury and neurodegeneration in the adult nervous system. The induction of p75NTR expression in mature degenerating spinal motor neurons of humans and transgenic mice with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) suggests a role of p75NTR in the progression of motor neuron disease (MND). In this study, we designed, synthesized and evaluated novel antisense peptide nucleic acid (PNA) constructs targeting p75NTR as a potential gene knockdown therapeutic strategy for ALS. An 11‐mer antisense PNA directed at the initiation codon, but not downstream gene sequences, dose‐dependently inhibited p75NTR expression and death‐signalling by nerve growth factor (NGF) in Schwann cell cultures. Antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide (PS‐ODN) sequences used for comparison failed to confer such inhibitory activity. Systemic intraperitoneal administration of this antisense PNA to mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1G93A) transgenic mice significantly delayed locomotor impairment and mortality compared with mice injected with nonsense or scrambled PNA sequences. Reductions in p75NTR expression and subsequent caspase‐3 activation in spinal cords were consistent with increased survival in antisense PNA‐treated mice. The uptake of fluorescent‐labelled antisense PNA in the nervous system of transgenic mice was also confirmed. This study suggests that p75NTR may be a promising antisense target in the treatment of ALS.
van Reyk, DM, Gillies, MC & Davies, MJ 2003, 'The retina: oxidative stress and diabetes', REDOX REPORT, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 187-192.
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A prominent and early feature of the retinopathy of diabetes mellitus is a diffuse increase in vascular permeability. As the disease develops, the development of frank macular oedema may result in vision loss. That reactive oxygen species production is likely to be elevated in the retina, and that certain regions of the retina are enriched in substrates for lipid peroxidation, may create an environment susceptible to oxidative damage. This may be more so in the diabetic retina, where hyperglycaemia may lead to elevated oxidant production by a number of mechanisms, including the production of oxidants by vascular endothelium and leukocytes. There is substantial evidence from animal and clinical studies for both impaired antioxidant defences and increased oxidative damage in the retinae of diabetic subjects that have been, in the case of animal studies, reversible with antioxidant supplementation. Whether oxidative damage has a causative role in the pathology of diabetic retinopathy, and thus whether antioxidants can prevent or correct any retinal damage, has not been established, nor has the specific nature of any damaging species been characterised.
Vivian, JP, Hastings, AF, Duggin, IG, Wake, RG, Wilce, MCJ & Wilce, JA 2003, 'The impact of single cysteine residue mutations on the replication terminator protein', BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 310, no. 4, pp. 1096-1103.
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We report the structural and biophysical consequences of cysteine substitutions in the DNA-binding replication terminator protein (RTP) of Bacillus subtilis, that resulted in an optimised RTP mutant suitable for structural studies. The cysteine residue 110 was replaced with alanine, valine or serine. Protein secondary structure and stability (using circular dichroism spectropolarimetry), self-association (using analytical ultracentrifugation), and DNA-binding measurements revealed RTP.C110S to be the most similar mutant to wild-type RTP. The C110A and C110V.RTP mutants were less soluble, less stable and showed lower DNA-binding affinity. The structure of RTP.C110S, solved to 2.5AA resolution using crystallographic methods, showed no major structural perturbation due to the mutation. Heteronuclear NMR spectroscopic studies revealed subtle differences in the electronic environment about the site of mutation. The study demonstrates the suitability of serine as a substitute for cysteine in RTP and the high sensitivity of protein behaviour to single amino acid substitutions.
Walsh, CT, Pease, BC & Booth, DJ 2003, 'Sexual dimorphism and gonadal development of the Australian longfinned river eel', JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 137-152.
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The sex and stage of gonadal development of longfinned river eels Anguilla reinhardtii, captured from nine river catchments in New South Wales, Australia, between 1999 and 2001, were determined macroscopically. Sex was verified by histology. Histology was also necessary, however, to accurately define stages of gonadal development, particularly in individuals <600 mm in total body length. Anguilla reinhardtii displayed asynchronous gamete development. The most advanced cells present in migrating male and female A. reinhardtii were spermatocytes and previtellogenic oocytes, respectively. Gonadal development stages were positively correlated with body size in both sexes. Females, however, were significantly larger than males and their gonads matured over a broader size range. Size at sexual differentiation (42-60cm for males and 50-76cm for females) was much larger than for most other anguillids that have been studied, with the exception of the New Zealand longfinned eel Anguilla dieffenbachii. Corresponding with its large range in size at sexual differentiation was a relatively large range in size at migration for both males (44-62cm) and females (74-142cm). © 2003 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.
Wand, MP 2003, 'Smoothing and mixed models', Computational Statistics, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 223-249.
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Wang, GX, Ahn, J-H, Yao, J, Lindsay, M, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2003, 'Preparation and characterization of carbon nanotubes for energy storage', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 119-121, pp. 16-23.
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Wang, GX, Bewlay, S, Yao, J, Chen, Y, Guo, ZP, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2003, 'Multiple-ion-doped lithium nickel oxides as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 119-121, pp. 189-194.
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Wang, GX, Bradhurst, DH, Dou, SX & Liu, HK 2003, 'LiTi2(PO4)3 with NASICON-type structure as lithium-storage materials', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 124, no. 1, pp. 231-236.
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Wang, ZX, Liu, C & Huete, A 2003, 'From AVHRR-NDVI to MODIS-EVI: Advances in vegetation index research', Acta Ecologica Sinica, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 979-987.
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Warriner, CN, Gale, PA, Light, ME & Hursthouse, MB 2003, 'Pentapyrrolic calix[4]pyrroleElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: NMR titration plots; experimental section. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b3/b303959e/', Chemical Communications, no. 15, pp. 1810-1810.
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Waters, RL, Mitchell, JG & Seymour, J 2003, 'Geostatistical characterisation of centimetre-scale spatial structure of in vivo fluorescence', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 251, pp. 49-58.
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Webb, JK, Brook, BW & Shine, R 2003, 'Does foraging mode influence life history traits? A comparative study of growth, maturation and survival of two species of sympatric snakes from south-eastern Australia', AUSTRAL ECOLOGY, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 601-610.
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Theory predicts that compared with active searchers, ambush foragers should have lower rates of energy intake, slower growth, and higher survival rates. We tested these predictions with data on two species of sympatric, saurophagous, small-bodied, viviparous elapid snakes: the broad-headed snake, Hoplocephalus bungaroides, and the small-eyed snake, Rhinoplocephalus nigrescens. Demographic parameters and growth curves for both species were estimated from a long-term (9 years) mark-recapture study in Morton National Park, south-eastern Australia. The ambush predator (H. bungaroides) displayed slower juvenile growth and later maturation (5 years for males, 6 years for females) than did the active forager (R. nigrescens, 3 years). Litter sizes were similar in both species, but reproductive frequency was higher in R. nigrescens (90-100%) than in H. bungaroides (50%). Juvenile survival was lower in the active searcher (31%) than in the ambush forager (55%), but adult survivorship was similar (74% vs 82%). Our results support the hypothesis that ambush foragers display 'slow' life history traits, but additional phylogenetically independent comparisons are needed to evaluate the generality of this pattern.
Weiss, JN, Qu, Z & Garfinkel, A 2003, 'Understanding biological complexity: lessons from the past', The FASEB Journal, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1-6.
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White, AG, Gilchrist, A, Pryde, GJ, O'Brien, JL, Bremner, MJ & Langford, NK 2003, 'Measuring Controlled-NOT and two-qubit gate operation', J.Opt.Soc.Am.B, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 172-183.
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Accurate characterisation of two-qubit gates will be critical for anyrealisation of quantum computation. We discuss a range of measurements aimed atcharacterising a two-qubit gate, specifically the CNOT gate. These measurementsare architecture-independent, and range from simple truth table measurements,to single figure measures such as the fringe visibility, parity, fidelity, andentanglement witnesses, through to whole-state and whole-gate measures achievedrespectively via quantum state and process tomography. In doing so, we examinecritical differences between classical and quantum gate operation.
White, TP, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC & de Sterke, CM 2003, 'Ultracompact resonant filters in photonic crystals', OPTICS LETTERS, vol. 28, no. 24, pp. 2452-2454.
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A novel design for an ultracompact, high-Q notch-rejection filter is presented, and an analytic expression for the transmission properties is derived. This folded directional coupler shares the properties of a Fabry-Perot resonator and a directional coupler. We compare and constrast the device to high-Q Fabry-Perot cavities in photonic crystal waveguides.
White, TP, Kuhlmey, BT, McPhedran, RC, Maystre, D, Renversez, G, de Sterke, CM & Botten, LC 2003, 'Multipole method for microstructured optical fibers I Formulation: errata', Journal of the Optical Society of America B, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 1581-1581.
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White, TP, Kuhlmey, BT, McPhedran, RC, Maystre, D, Renversez, G, Martijn de Sterke, C & Botten, LC 2003, 'Erratum: Multipole method for microstructured optical fibers. I. Formulation (Journal of the Optical Society of America B - Optical Physics (2002) 19 (2322-2330))', Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics, vol. 20, no. 7, p. 1581.
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Williams, DBG, Caddy, J & Blann, K 2003, 'FRAGMENTATION AND CLEAVAGE REACTIONS MEDIATED BY SAMARIUM IODIDE. PART 2: α- AND β-ELIMINATION REACTIONS OF C-X SUBSTRATES', Organic Preparations and Procedures International, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 307-360.
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Wood, BR, Langford, SJ, Cooke, BM, Glenister, FK, Lim, J & McNaughton, D 2003, 'Raman imaging of hemozoin within the food vacuole of Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites', FEBS Letters, vol. 554, no. 3, pp. 247-252.
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Micro‐Raman spectra of hemozoin encapsulated within the food vacuole of a Plasmodium falciparum‐infected erythrocyte are presented. The spectrum of hemozoin is identical to the spectrum of β‐hematin at all applied excitation wavelengths. The unexpected observation of dramatic band enhancement of A1g modes including ν4 (1374 cm−1) observed when applying 780 nm excitation enabled Raman imaging of hemozoin in the food vacuole. This unusual enhancement, resulting from excitonic coupling between linked porphyrin moieties in the extended porphyrin array, enables the investigation of hemozoin within its natural environment for the first time.
Xiao, H, Liu, R, Craig, DC & Baker, AT 2003, 'Complexes of a New N3S2 Macrocycle: Synthesis, Structure and Electrospray Mass Spectrometry', Journal of Coordination Chemistry, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 923-932.
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The silver(I) complex of a 15-membered macrocyclic ligand with an N3S2 donor set (L1) has been prepared by the reaction of 2,6-diacetylpyridine with 1,8-diamino-3,6-dithiaoctane in the presence of silver(I) ions. A reduced form (L2) of the ligand, in which the imine groups are converted to amines, was prepared by the reduction of the silver(I) complex by sodium borohydride. The ligand L2 has been characterised by various spectroscopic techniques and the copper(II) complex has been prepared. The metal complexes of L1 and L2 have been characterised by electrospray mass spectrometry and UV-visible spectroscopy. The copper(II) complex of L1 has been synthesised from [AgL1]+ via metal exchange. [CuL1](ClO4)2 crystallises in the orthorhombic space group Pna21 with a = 14.374(5) Aring, b = 12.947(3) Aring, c = 11.824(3) Aring with Z = 4. The geometry about the metal centre approximates trigonal bipyramidal with the pyridinyl nitrogen and the sulfur donors in the equatorial positions and the imine nitrogen donors in the axial positions. Metal ion exchange and the relative stabilities of metal complexes of the macrocyclic ligands were studied by electrospray mass spectrometry.
Xiao, Z, Linton, OB, Carroll, RJ & Mammen, E 2003, 'More Efficient Local Polynomial Estimation in Nonparametric Regression With Autocorrelated Errors', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 98, no. 464, pp. 980-992.
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Yao, J, Wang, GX, Ahn, J-H, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2003, 'Electrochemical studies of graphitized mesocarbon microbeads as an anode in lithium-ion cells', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 292-297.
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Yatsunenko, S, Khachapuridze, A, Ivanov, VY, Godlewski, M, Khoi, LV, Gołacki, Z, Karczewski, G, Goldys, EM, Phillips, M, Klar, PJ & Heimbrodt, W 2003, 'Spin Dependent Interactions of Free Carriers and Manganese Ions in Nanostructures of Wide Band Gap II-Mn-VI Semiconductors - Mechanism of Lifetime Reduction', Acta Physica Polonica A, vol. 103, no. 6, pp. 643-648.
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The spin dependent interactions of free carriers and manganese ions in nanostructures of wide band gap were discussed. The observed lifetime shortening of intrashell manganese ion emission was related to spin dependent magnetic interactions. The mechanism was found to be active in both bulk and low dimensional structures.
Yeap, BY, Catalano, PJ, Ryan, LM & Davidian, M 2003, 'Robust two-stage approach to repeated measurements analysis of chronic ozone exposure in rats', JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 438-454.
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A robust two-stage approach is used to reanalyze the repeated measurements from an experiment of airway responsiveness in rats randomized to long-term exposure at four ozone doses. The concentration-response data generated for each rat may be represented as a hierarchical nonlinear model encompasing the sources of variation within and between individual profile for each rat, the conditional modeling approach can assess the adequacy of an assumed mean model, a fundamental advantage not intrinsic to marginal techniques. The two-stage population inference is based on the estimated individual parameters, thus maintaining an intuitive appeal to the toxicologists who traditionally have fitted a separate curve for each animal and then applied ANOVA to the summary statistics. However, we formally adjust the standard errors for the extra variability due to the initial estimation of the individual parameters and also allow for their within-rat correlation. The robust two-stage method appropriately down weights the a berrant responses arising sporadically within individualsand, more importantly, the rats which may be outlying relative to the usual population variation. The true effect of chronic ozone exposure, including a significant gender interaction, may be masked by a few rats which exert undue influence on the population estimates in a nonrobust analysis.
Yoshioka, H, Miura, T & Huete, AR 2003, 'An isoline-based translation technique of spectral vegetation index using EO-1 Hyperion data', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 1363-1372.
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The availability of similar satellite data products from multiple sensors has focused much attention on the issue of continuity across satellite data products from past, current, and future sensors. Hyperspectral datasets acquired over a variety of land cover types are extremely useful in attempting to resolve spectral differences in the global datasets from different sensors. The datasets from the Earth Observing 1 (EO-1) Hyperion sensor are very suitable for this purpose, as is airborne hyperspectral data. In this paper, we examine the possibility of translating vegetation index (VI) data between two sensors by using imagery from the Hyperion sensor and utilizing the vegetation isoline concept. The objectives of this paper are to introduce and test a VI translation technique, focused on the spectral differences associated with sensor spectral bandpass filters. The translation of global VI datasets from one sensor to another requires a methodology applicable over various land cover types and throughout the wide ranges in VI values. To meet these requirements, a technique is proposed that utilizes adjustable translation coefficients, based on an estimation of the leaf area index value relative to a numerical canopy model. The theoretical basis of the proposed translation algorithm is explained in terms of the vegetation isoline concept. Its performance was tested through a numerical experiment with a Hyperion image, focusing on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as a representative vegetation index. The results indicate the potential of the isoline-based translation technique for stable translation throughout wide ranges of NDVI values.
Zaslawski, C 2003, 'Clinical reasoning in traditional Chinese medicine: implications for clinical research', Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, vol. 4, no. 2-3, pp. 94-101.
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The diagnostic processes of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) are fundamental to the practice of acupuncture. A review was conducted of some central issues underlying pattern differentiation and the integration of the TCM diagnostic system into acupuncture research. Problems with diagnostic reliability and the implications for clinical trials are discussed. Future research should include diagnostic reliability studies and the development of strategies for improving diagnostic reliability within acupuncture clinical trials.
Zaslawski, C 2003, 'The impact of ethics on the design and conduct of acupuncture clinical trials', Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 121-126.
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Zaslawski, CJ, Cobbin, D, Lidums, E & Petocz, P 2003, 'The impact of site specificity and needle manipulation on changes to pain pressure threshold following manual acupuncture: a controlled study', COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES IN MEDICINE, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 11-21.
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Objectives: To investigate the contribution of two principal features that underlie traditional Chinese acupuncture: site specificity and application of needle manipulation. Design: Thirteen volunteers completed a randomised, dual blind (subject and assessor) repeated measures study involving five interventions. Pressure pain threshold (PPT) was measured with an algometer, before and after intervention at 10 sites (acupoints and nonacupoints) across the body. Interventions: Deep needling, with or without manual needle rotation, applied to the acupoint Large Intestine 4 (LI4) or to a nonacupoint located on the medial side of the second metacarpal. Inactive laser to LI4 was used as a control. All interventions were administered for 21 min. Main outcome measures: Percentage change in PPT from preintervention baseline at the 10 sites during the 18 min immediately following intervention. Results: Statistically significant increases from preintervention PPT means were obtained at all 10 sites following needling of LI4 with manipulation compared with one site after needling LI4 without manipulation. Needling the nonacupoint led to statistically significant increases at six sites when manipulation was present compared with none in the absence of manipulation. No significant changes in mean PPT followed inactive laser. Needling LI4 with manipulation produced mean increases that were statistically significantly greater than those for the other interventions with one exception: needling the nonacupoint with manipulation was as effective as needling LI4 with manipulation at one measurement site only. Conclusions: Both manipulation and site of needling contributed significantly to the elevation of PPT following acupuncture. Distribution of effects on PPT did not support either neural segmental or Traditional Chinese Medicine channel theories. Psychological and physiological nonspecific effects appeared to play a minimal role in changes to PPT. © 2003 Elsevier Scienc...
Zeppel, MJB, Murray, BR & Eamus, D 2003, 'The potential impact of dryland salinity on the threatened flora and fauna of New South Wales', Ecological Management & Restoration, vol. 4, no. s1, pp. S53-S59.
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Summary We used digital map overlays in a geographical information system (GIS) to quantify the potential impact of dryland salinity on the threatened flora and fauna of New South Wales (NSW). Geographical areas of conservation priority were identified based on richness of threatened species with distribution records overlapping dryland salinity. Two alternative schemes – Interim Biogeographical Regionalization for Australia (regions) and catchment boundaries (catchments) – were used to subdivide NSW. Sydney Basin, North Coast and South‐western Slopes regions – and Hunter, Sydney, Macquarie, Murrumbidgee and Lachlan catchments – were identified as priority areas with more than 10 salinity‐overlap species present. Five threatened plant species were identified as priority species due to more than half of their known distributions overlapping areas of dryland salinity. Threatened animal species of most concern had 10–50% of their records overlapping areas of dryland salinity. Our findings demonstrate that landscape exposure to dryland salinity should be used in conjunction with total richness of threatened species for prioritizing conservation of geographical areas with respect to the potential impact of dryland salinity on threatened species.
Zhang, XY, Friedl, MA, Schaaf, CB, Strahler, AH, Hodges, JCF, Gao, F, Reed, BC & Huete, A 2003, 'Monitoring vegetation phenology using MODIS', REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 471-475.
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Accurate measurements of regional to global scale vegetation dynamics (phenology) are required to improve models and understanding of inter-annual variability in terrestrial ecosystem carbon exchange and climate-biosphere interactions. Since the mid-1980s, satellite data have been used to study these processes. In this paper, a new methodology to monitor global vegetation phenology from time series of satellite data is presented. The method uses series of piecewise logistic functions, which are fit to remotely sensed vegetation index (VI) data, to represent intra-annual vegetation dynamics. Using this approach, transition dates for vegetation activity within annual time series of VI data can be determined from satellite data. The method allows vegetation dynamics to be monitored at large scales in a fashion that it is ecologically meaningful and does not require pre-smoothing of data or the use of user-defined thresholds. Preliminary results based on an annual time series of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data for the northeastern United States demonstrate that the method is able to monitor vegetation phenology with good success. © 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Zhou, X-P, Marsh, DJ, Morrison, CD, Chaudhury, AR, Maxwell, M, Reifenberger, G & Eng, C 2003, 'Germline Inactivation of PTEN and Dysregulation of the Phosphoinositol-3-Kinase/Akt Pathway Cause Human Lhermitte-Duclos Disease in Adults', The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 1191-1198.
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Zhu, Q-H, Hoque, M, Dennis, ES & Upadhyaya, NM 2003, 'Ds tagging of BRANCHED FLORETLESS 1 (BFL1) that mediates the transition from spikelet to floret meristem in rice (Oryza sativa L)', BMC Plant Biology, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 6-6.
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Background: The genetics of spikelet formation, a feature unique to grasses such as rice and maize, is yet to be fully understood, although a number of meristem and organ identity mutants have been isolated and investigated in Arabidopsis and maize. Using a two-element Ac/Ds transposon tagging system we have isolated a rice mutant, designated branched floretless 1 (bfl1) which is defective in the transition from spikelet meristem to floret meristem. Results: The bfl1 mutant shows normal differentiation of the primary rachis-branches leading to initial spikelet meristem (bract-like structure equivalent to rudimentary glumes) formation but fails to develop empty glumes and florets. Instead, axillary meristems in the bract-like structure produce sequential alternate branching, thus resulting in a coral shaped morphology of the branches in the developing panicle. The bfl1 mutant harbours a single Ds insertion in the upstream region of the BFL1 gene on chromosome 7 corresponding to PAC clone P0625E02 (GenBank Acc No. AP004570). RT-PCR analyses revealed a drastic reduction of BFL1 transcript levels in the bfl1 mutant compared to that in the wild-type. In each of the normal panicle-bearing progeny plants, from occasional revertant seeds of the vegetatively-propagated mutant plant, Ds was shown to be excised from the bfl1 locus. BFL1 contains an EREBP/AP2 domain and is most likely an ortholog of the maize transcription factor gene BRANCHED SILKLESS1 (BD1). Conclusions: bfl1 is a Ds-tagged rice mutant defective in the transition from spikelet meristem (SM) to floret meristem (FM). BFL1 is most probably a rice ortholog of the maize ERF (EREBP/AP2) transcription factor gene BD1. Based on the similarities in mutant phenotypes bfl1 is likely to be an allele of the previously reported frizzy panicle locus. © 2003 Zhu et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
Zinder, Y 2003, 'An iterative algorithm for scheduling UET tasks with due dates and release times', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, vol. 149, no. 2, pp. 404-416.
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