Publications

Aerts, M, Geys, H, Molenberghs, G & Ryan, LM 2002, Topics in modelling of clustered data.
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© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC. Many methods for analyzing clustered data exist, all with advantages and limitations in particular applications. Compiled from the contributions of leading specialists in the field, Topics in Modelling of Clustered Data describes the tools and techniques for modelling the clustered data often encountered in medical, biological, environmental, and social science studies. It focuses on providing a comprehensive treatment of marginal, conditional, and random effects models using, among others, likelihood, pseudo-likelihood, and generalized estimating equations methods. The authors motivate and illustrate all aspects of these models in a variety of real applications. They discuss several variations and extensions, including individual-level covariates and combined continuous and discrete outcomes. Flexible modelling with fractional and local polynomials, omnibus lack-of-fit tests, robustification against misspecification, exact, and bootstrap inferential procedures all receive extensive treatment. The applications discussed center primarily, but not exclusively, on developmental toxicity, which leads naturally to discussion of other methodologies, including risk assessment and dose-response modelling. Clearly written, Topics in Modelling of Clustered Data offers a practical, easily accessible survey of important modelling issues. Overview models give structure to a multitude of approaches, figures help readers visualize model characteristics, and a generous use of examples illustrates all aspects of the modelling process.

Movchan, AB, Movchan, NV & Poulton, CG 2002, Asymptotic models of fields in dilute and densely packed composites, 1, Imperial College Press, London, UK.
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This monograph provides a systematic study of asymptotic models of continuum mechanics for composite structures, which are either dilute (for example, two-phase composite structures with small inclusions) or densely packed (in this case inclusions may be close to touching). It is based on the results of recent research and includes a comprehensive analysis of dipole and multipole fields associated with defects in solids. The text covers static problems of elasticity in dilute composites as well as spectral problems. Applications of the mathematical models included in the book are in damage mechanics and in problems of design of composite structures that can be used as filters or polarisers of elastic waves.

Sagliocco, FA, Moore, PA & Brown, AJP 2002, Polysome Analysis, Humana Press, Chichester.
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Stuart, BH 2002, Analytical Techniques in the Sciences, Wiley.
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This book introduces the techniques used for the analysis of polymers. It covers the main aspects of polymer science and technology; identification, polymerization, molecular weight, structure, surface properties, degradation and mechanical properties. Clear explanations of each analytical technique; Describes the application of techniques to the study of polymers; Encourages learning through numerous self-assessment questions and answers; Structured for flexible learning.

Wilson, M, Kanangara, Raguse, B, Simmons, M & Smith, GB 2002, Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies, UNSW CRS Press.

Duggin, IG & Wake, RG 2002, 'Termination of Chromosome Replication' in Sonenshein, AL (ed), Bacillus subtilisand Its Closest Relatives, ASM Press, USA, pp. 87-95.
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Heath, DP & Platen, E 2002, 'Pricing and hedging of index derivatives under an alternative asset price model with endogenous stochastic volatility' in Yong, J (ed), Recent Developments in Mathematical Finance, World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 117-126.

Kühl, M & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'The Microenvironment and Photosynthetic Performance of Prochloron SP. in Symbiosis with Didemnid Ascidians' in Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp. 273-290.
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Morin, B, Fu, S, Wang, H, Davies, MJ & Dean, RT 2002, 'Analysis of Aliphatic Amino Acid Alcohols in Oxidized Proteins' in Donald Armstrong (ed), Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Antioxidant Protocols, Humana Press, United States, pp. 101-110.
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Zinder, Y & Shkurba, V 2002, 'Scheduling Theory' in Michiel Hazewinkel (ed), Encyclopaedia of Mathematics, Springer, Amsterdam, pp. 209-210.

Adcock, GJ, Dennis, ES, Easteal, S, Huttley, GA, Jermiin, LS, Peacock, WJ & Thorne, A 2002, 'Erratum: 'Mitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians: Implications for modern human origins,' (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2001) 98:2 (537-542))', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 99, no. 1, p. 541.

Adcock, GJ, Dennis, ES, Easteal, S, Huttley, GA, Jermiin, LS, Peacock, WJ & Thorne, A 2002, 'Mitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians: Implications for modern human origins (vol 98, pg 537, 2001)', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 541-541.

Aerts, M, Claeskens, G & Wand, MP 2002, 'Some theory for penalized spline generalized additive models', Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, vol. 103, no. 1-2, pp. 455-470.
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Al-Qassab, S, Lee, WJ, Murray, S, Simpson, AGB & Patterson, DJ 2002, 'Flagellates from stromatolites and surrounding sediments in Shark Bay, Western Australia', ACTA PROTOZOOLOGICA, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 91-144.

Ammit, AJ, Lazaar, AL, Irani, C, O'Neill, GM, Gordon, ND, Amrani, Y, Penn, RB & Panettieri, RA 2002, 'Tumor Necrosis Factor- α –Induced Secretion of RANTES and Interleukin-6 from Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells', American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 465-474.
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Andrew, SD, Capes-Davis, A, Delhanty, PJD, Marsh, DJ, Mulligan, LM & Robinson, BG 2002, 'Transcriptional repression of the RET proto-oncogene by a mitogen activated protein kinase-dependent signalling pathway', Gene, vol. 298, no. 1, pp. 9-19.
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Archer, MS & Wallman, JF 2002, 'A new distribution record from Victoria for the blowfly, Chrysomya incisuralis (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)', Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, vol. 114, no. 1-2, pp. 59-60.

Ashmore, J, Bishop, R, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2002, 'The effect of chlorine substitution on the inclusion properties of a diquinoline host molecule', CrystEngComm, vol. 4, no. 34, pp. 194-194.
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Asvadi, P, Fletcher, A & Raison, RL 2002, 'Expression and functional analysis of recombinant scFv and diabody fragments with specificity for human RhD', Journal of Molecular Recognition, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 321-330.
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AbstractIn an attempt to generate recombinant anti‐D reagents for possible diagnostic and therapeutic use we cloned the genes encoding the variable (V) domains of a human anti‐D antibody secreted by the lymphoblastoid cell line BTSN4. A single‐chain Fv (scFv) fragment was constructed using a 21 amino acid linker to join the genes encoding the variable domains of the BTSN4 heavy (VH) and light chains (VL). A diabody construct was also generated by reducing the length of the scFv linker from 21 to 10 residues. The scFv and diabody constructs were cloned into the pFLAG‐CTS vector, expressed in E. coli host cells and the recombinant proteins were affinity‐isolated from bacterial culture medium. Analysis of the recombinant proteins indicated that they retained the D antigen binding specificity of the parental BTSN4 IgG. Furthermore, both fragments mediated agglutination of papain‐treated D positive erythrocytes in the absence of a cross‐linking second antibody. While the agglutinating property of BTSN4 diabody was readily explained by the non‐covalent association of this protein as a bivalent dimer, oligomeric forms of BTSN4 scFv were not detected when the protein was analysed by size exclusion chromatography. Thus, the agglutinating property of the scFv is not the result of the formation of non‐covalently associated multimeric forms of the antibody fragment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Bai, L, Tuch, BE, Hering, B & Simpson, AM 2002, 'Fetal pig ?? cells are resistant to the toxic effects of human cytokines1', Transplantation, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 714-722.
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Beatson, SA, Whitchurch, CB, Sargent, JL, Levesque, RC & Mattick, JS 2002, 'Differential regulation of twitching motility and elastase production by Vfr in Pseudomonas aeruginosa', Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 184, no. 13, pp. 3605-3613.
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Vfr, a homolog of Escherichia coli cyclic AMP (cAMP) receptor protein, has been shown to regulate quorum sensing, exotoxin A production, and regA transcription in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We identified a twitching motility-defective mutant that carries a transposon insertion in vfr and confirmed that vfr is required for twitching motility by construction of an independent allelic deletion-replacement mutant of vfr that exhibited the same phenotype, as well as by the restoration of normal twitching motility by complementation of these mutants with wild-type vfr. Vfr-null mutants exhibited severely reduced twitching motility with barely detectable levels of type IV pili, as well as loss of elastase production and altered pyocyanin production. We also identified reduced-twitching variants of quorum-sensing mutants (PAK lasI::Tc) with a spontaneous deletion in vfr (S. A. Beatson, C. B. Whitchurch, A. B. T. Semmler, and J. S. Mattick, J. Bacteriol., 184:3598-3604, 2002), the net result of which was the loss of five residues (EQERS) from the putative cAMP-binding pocket of Vfr. This allele (VfrΔEQERS) was capable of restoring elastase and pyocyanin production to wild-type levels in vfr-null mutants but not their defects in twitching motility. Furthermore, structural analysis of Vfr and VfrΔEQERS in relation to E. coli CRP suggests that Vfr is capable of binding both cAMP and cyclic GMP whereas VfrΔEQERS is only capable of responding to cAMP. We suggest that Vfr controls twitching motility and quorum sensing via independent pathways in response to these different signals, bound by the same cyclic nucleotide monophosphate-binding pocket.

Beatson, SA, Whitchurch, CB, Semmler, ABT & Mattick, JS 2002, 'Quorum sensing is not required for twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa', Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 184, no. 13, pp. 3598-3604.
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It has been reported that mutations in the quorum-sensing genes lasI and rhlI in Pseudomonas aeruginosa result in, among many other things, loss of twitching motility (A. Glessner, R. S. Smith, B. H. Iglewski, and J. B. Robinson, J. Bacteriol. 181:1623-1629, 1999). We constructed knockouts of lasI and rhlI and the corresponding regulatory genes lasR and rhlR and found no effect on twitching motility. However, twitching-defective variants accumulated during culturing of lasI and rhlI mutants. Further analysis showed that the stable twitching-defective variants of lasI and rhlI mutants had arisen as a consequence of secondary mutations in vfr and algR, respectively, both of which encode key regulators affecting a variety of phenotypes, including twitching motility. In addition, when grown in shaking broth culture, lasI and rhlI mutants, but not the wild-type parent, also accumulated unstable variants that lacked both twitching motility and swimming motility and appeared to be identical in phenotype to the S1 and S2 variants that were recently reported to occur at high frequencies in P. aeruginosa strains grown as a biofilm or in static broth culture (E. Deziel, Y. Comeau, and R. Villemur, J. Bacteriol. 183:1195-1204, 2001). These results indicate that mutations in one regulatory system may create distortions that select during subsequent culturing for compensatory mutations in other regulatory genes within the cellular network. This problem may have compromised some past studies of regulatory hierarchies controlled by quorum sensing and of bacterial regulatory systems in general.

Belli, SI, Lee, M, Wallach, MG, Thebo, P & Smith, NC 2002, 'Biochemical characterisation of the 56 and 82 kDa immunodominant gametocyte antigens from Eimeria maxima', International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 805-816.
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Two immunodominant gametocyte antigens from Eimeria maxima with Mr 56 kDa and Mr 82 kDa have been identified previously as potential candidates for inclusion in a recombinant subunit vaccine against coccidiosis in poultry. Here, these proteins have been biochemically characterised, immunolocalised within the parasite, and sequences for their amino termini determined. These antigens co-purify by affinity chromatography suggesting an interaction with each other. However, separation of the proteins by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in the absence of β-mercaptoethanol did not reveal the presence of inter-chain disulphide bonds. The true masses of the 56 and 82 kDa antigens are 52 450 and 62 450 Da, respectively, as determined by mass spectrometry. TX-114 separations suggested that they exist, in part, as soluble proteins within the parasite, and immunolocalisation studies indicated that they were found in the wall forming bodies of macrogametocytes. Separation of the proteins by 2D SDS-PAGE revealed that they are acidic in nature and heterogeneous in charge. Cleavage by neuraminidase and O-glycosidase indicated that the presence of O-linked glycans contributed to some of the charge microheterogeneity of both proteins. The absence of these O-glycans however, did not abolish antibody recognition, suggesting that the development of a recombinant subunit vaccine is possible. A more extensive investigation of the carbohydrate moieties of these proteins revealed that they also possess glucose, fucose, mannose and galactose. There was no evidence for the presence of N-linked glycans. The 56 and 82 kDa antigens were separated from a mixture of proteins in a crude gametocyte lysate by 2D SDS-PAGE, the proteins isolated, and the N-terminus amino acid sequence determined. They showed no homology to each other at the N-terminus, or to any other previously characterised protein. Characterisation of these novel proteins has provided...

Belli, SI, Witcombe, D, Wallach, MG & Smith, NC 2002, 'Functional genomics of gam56: Characterisation of the role of a 56 kilodalton sexual stage antigen in oocyst wall formation in Eimeria maxima', International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 32, no. 14, pp. 1727-1737.
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Gam56 (Mr 56,000) is an antigen found in the sexual (macrogametocyte) stage of the intestinal parasite Eimeria maxima that is implicated in protective immunity. The gene (gam56) encoding this protein was cloned and sequenced. It is a single-copy, intronless gene, that localises to a 1,754 bp transcript, and is first detected at 120 h p.i. The gene predicts two distinct protein domains; a tyrosine-serine rich region, composed of amino acids implicated in oocyst wall formation in Eimeria spp., and a proline-methionine rich region often detected in extensins, protein components of plant cell walls. The tyrosine-serine rich region predicts a secondary structure commonly seen in the structural protein fibroin, a component of the cocoon of the caterpillar Bombyx mori. The inference that gam56 is a structural component of the oocyst wall was confirmed when a specific antibody to gam56 recognised the wall forming bodies in macrogametocytes, and the walls of oocysts and sporocysts. Together, these data identify a developmentally regulated, sexual stage gene in E. maxima that shares primary and secondary structure features in common with intrinsic structural proteins in other parasites such as Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica, and other organisms across different phyla, including the caterpillar Bombyx mori. In addition, these findings provide evidence for the molecular mechanisms underlying oocyst wall formation in Eimeria and the role of gametocyte antigens in this process. © 2002 Australian Soceity for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Benn, DE, Marsh, DJ & Robinson, BG 2002, 'Genetics of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma', Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 79-86.
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During the past 10 years susceptibility genes have been identified for inherited cancer syndromes involving pheochromocytomas including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, caused by germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene and von Hippel-Lindau disease, caused by germline mutations of the tumor suppressor gene VHL. More recently, the role of the mitochondrial complex II peptides in the tumorigenesis of paragangliomas has unfolded. The challenge for the future is to further clarify the normal functions of the genes involved in the tumorigenesis of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas and the mechanisms by which their activation or inactivation leads to the tumorigenic phenotype. This review focuses on recent developments in the genetics of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas and the significance of these genetic changes to understanding the disease phenotype, not only in familial but also in sporadic disease. © 2002 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.

Ben-Nissan, B & Pezzotti, G 2002, 'Bioceramics: Processing routes and mechanical evaluation', Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, vol. 110, no. 1283, pp. 601-608.
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An improved understanding of currently used bioceramics in human implants and in bone replacement materials could Contribute significantly to the design of new generation prostheses and post-operative patient management strategies. Overall, the benefits of advanced ceramic materials in biomedical applications have been universally appreciated, specifically, in terms of their strength, biocompatibility and wear resistance. However, the amount of supporting data is not large and the continuous development of new characterization tools is pertinent for better understanding of the microstructure-properties relationship and in general for obtaining new directives for their further improvement. This paper gives an overview and re-examines key-issues which concern both processing and applications of ceramics as biomaterials. With doing this, we attempt to bring to the attention of the ceramic community the issues in current bioceramics.

BEN-NISSAN, B & PEZZOTTI, G 2002, 'Bioceramics: Processing Routes and Mechanical Evaluation.', Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, vol. 110, no. 1283, pp. 601-608.
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Betensky, RA, Lindsey, JC, Ryan, LM & Wand, MP 2002, 'A local likelihood proportional hazards model for interval censored data', STATISTICS IN MEDICINE, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 263-275.
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We discuss the use of local likelihood methods to fit proportional hazards regression models to right and interval censored data. The assumed model allows for an arbitrary, smoothed baseline hazard on which a vector of covariates operates in a proportional manner, and thus produces an interpretable baseline hazard function along with estimates of global covariate effects. For estimation, we extend the modified EM algorithm suggested by Betensky, Lindsey, Ryan and Wand. We illustrate the method with data on times to deterioration of breast cosmeses and HIV-1 infection rates among haemophiliacs

Bettelheim, KA, Whipp, M, Djordjevic, SP & Ramachandran, V 2002, 'CORRESPONDENCE', Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 713-714.
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Bilic, A, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2002, 'Adsorption of pyridine on the gold(111) surface: Implications for 'alligator clips' for molecular wires', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, vol. 106, no. 26, pp. 6740-6747.
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Bilic, A, Reimers, JR, Hush, NS & Hafner, J 2002, 'Adsorption of ammonia on the gold(111) surface', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 116, no. 20, pp. 8981-8987.
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Birch, S, Hammerschlag, R, Trinh, K & Zaslawski, C 2002, 'The non-specific effects of acupuncture treatment: When and how to control for them', Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 20-25.
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Bishop, R, Rahman, ANMM, Ashmore, J, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2002, 'Preparation of solvent-free clathrand structures by the exclusion of an unwelcome guest', CrystEngComm, vol. 4, no. 101, pp. 605-605.
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Bolger, AP, Sharma, R, von Haehling, S, Doehner, W, Oliver, B, Rauchhaus, M, Coats, AJS, Adcock, IM & Anker, SD 2002, 'Effect of interleukin-10 on the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with chronic heart failure', The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 384-389.
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Bondy, CR, Gale, PA & Loeb, SJ 2002, 'Amido complexes of platinum(II) as receptors for the nitrate ion', Journal of Supramolecular Chemistry, vol. 2, no. 1-3, pp. 93-96.
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Booth, D 2002, 'Food supplementation increases larval growth, condition and survival of Acanthochromis polyacanthus', Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 1126-1133.
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Booth, DJ 2002, 'Distribution changes after settlement in six species of damselfish (Pomacentridae) in One Tree Island lagoon, Great Barrier Reef', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 226, no. N/A, pp. 157-164.
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While larval supply patterns play a major role in determining the distribution and abundance of reef fishes at a range of spatial and temporal scales, events occurring in the weeks after settlement may also significantly alter the demography of a juvenile population. I monitored over 2 summers the arrival of new recruits of 6 species of benthic damselfish onto continuous and patch reef habitat in One Tree Island lagoon. Each species had specific habitat preferences, and most showed some form of patchiness in spatial and temporal distribution at settlement; however, this was most likely a result of group settlement rather than habitat patchiness. Tagged recruits of Pomacentrus amboinensis remained within 1 m of their settlement site for at least the first 36 d on continuous reef, while known individuals of other species also moved little during this period, suggesting that disappearances were likely to be due to mortality. Mortality of recruits varied among species, years and habitats (patch vs continuous reef), and consequently spatial distributions of fish changed after settlement at the scale of 10s of metres (within-site) and several kilometres (among 8 sites). The spatial patchiness in distributions was not consistent among species, sites or years, suggesting that spatial variation in substrate did not have a major effect on settlement variation at this scale. These results show that the settlement signal may be obscured in the first few weeks post-settlement, and that less-frequent censuses, commonly used as proxies for high-frequency monitoring of settlement, may not accurately hindcast spatial or temporal patterns of settlement.

Booth, DJ & Alquezar, R 2002, 'Food supplemantation increases larval growth, condition and survival of Acanthochromis polyacanthus', Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 60, no. N/A, pp. 1126-1133.
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Booth, DJ & Beretta, GA 2002, 'Changes in a fish assemblage after a coral bleaching event', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 245, no. N/A, pp. 205-212.
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Large-scale bleaching events are major disturbances to coral health and community structure, but may also affect other coral reef taxa, such as fishes. In 1997-1998, wide-spread coral bleaching and mortality occurred across the Great Barrier Reef, caused by increases in sea surface temperatures resulting from El Niño Southern Oscillation. As part of this event, in February-March 1998, there was extensive bleaching within One Tree Island lagoon (southern Great Barrier Reef), such that almost 12 mo later there was a significant reduction of live coral cover at some sites. We monitored the distribution of adults and recruitment of damselfishes (Pomacentridae) to sites within One Tree Island in 1993-1995 and in 1999. Fish species that normally associate with live corals showed relatively lower recruitment at bleached sites compared to the same sites pre-bleaching or to recovered sites and, as a result, species diversity and assemblage structure of recruits changed. Compared to 1993/1995 densities, adult Pomacentrus wardi, P. moluccensis and Chrysiptera rollandi densities dropped at bleached sites, but not at unbleached sites. While P. moluccensis directly associate with live corals, the other 2 species do not. This study has demonstrated that indirect effects of bleaching can include changes in-assemblage structure of reef fish adults and recruits.

Borovkov, K & Novikov, A 2002, 'On a new approach to calculating expectations for option pricing', Journal of Applied Probability, vol. 39, no. 04, pp. 889-895.
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We discuss a simple new approach to calculating expectations of a specific form used for the pricing of derivative assets in financial mathematics. We show that in the ‘vanilla case’, the expectations can be found by simply integrating the respective moment generating function with a certain weight. In situations corresponding to barrier-type options, we just need to carry out one more integration. The suggested approach appears to be the first (and, apart from Monte Carlo simulation, the only) one to allow the pricing of discretely monitored exotic options when the underlying asset is modelled by a general Lévy process. We illustrate the method numerically by calculating the price of a discretely monitored lookback call option in the cases when the underlying follows the geometric Brownian and variance-gamma processes.

Borovkov, K & Novikov, A 2002, 'On a new approach to calculating expectations for option pricing', Journal of Applied Probability, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 889-895.
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We discuss a simple new approach to calculating expectations of a specific form used for the pricing of derivative assets in financial mathematics. We show that in the ‘vanilla case’, the expectations can be found by simply integrating the respective moment generating function with a certain weight. In situations corresponding to barrier-type options, we just need to carry out one more integration. The suggested approach appears to be the first (and, apart from Monte Carlo simulation, the only) one to allow the pricing of discretely monitored exotic options when the underlying asset is modelled by a general Lévy process. We illustrate the method numerically by calculating the price of a discretely monitored lookback call option in the cases when the underlying follows the geometric Brownian and variance-gamma processes.

Bradby, JE, Kucheyev, SO, Williams, JS, Jagadish, C, Swain, MV, Munroe, P & Phillips, MR 2002, 'Contact-induced defect propagation in ZnO', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 80, no. 24, pp. 4537-4539.
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Contact-induced damage has been studied in single-crystal (wurtzite) ZnO by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) and scanning cathodoluminescence (CL) monochromatic imaging. XTEM reveals that the prime deformation mechanism in ZnO is the nucleation of slip on both the basal and pyramidal planes. Some indication of dislocation pinning was observed on the basal slip planes. No evidence of either a phase transformation or cracking was observed by XTEM in samples loaded up to 50 mN with an ∼4.2 μm radius spherical indenter. CL imaging reveals a quenching of near-gap emission by deformation-produced defects.Both XTEM and CL show that this comparatively soft material exhibits extensive deformation damage and that defects can propagate well beyond the deformed volume under contact. Results of this study have significant implications for the extent of contact-induced damage during fabrication of ZnO-based (opto)electronic devices. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Bradby, JE, Kucheyev, SO, Williams, JS, Wong-Leung, J, Swain, MV, Munroe, P, Li, G & Phillips, MR 2002, 'Indentation-induced damage in GaN epilayers', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 383-385.
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The mechanical deformation of wurtzite GaN epilayers grown on sapphire substrates is studied by spherical indentation, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM), and scanning cathodoluminescence (CL) monochromatic imaging. CL imaging of indents which exhibit plastic deformation (based on indentation data) shows an observable 'footprint' of deformation-produced defects that result in a strong reduction in the intensity of CL emission. Multiple discontinuities are observed during loading when the maximum load is above the elastic-plastic threshold, and such a behavior can be correlated with multiple slip bands revealed by XTEM. No evidence of pressure-induced phase transformations is found from within the mechanically damaged regions using selected-area diffraction patterns. The main deformation mechanism appears to be the nucleation of slip on the basal planes, with dislocations being nucleated on additional planes on further loading. XTEM reveals no cracking or delamination in any of the samples studied for loads of up to 250 mN. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Bradley, DM, Mapitse, R, Thomson, NM & Hayes, CJ 2002, 'Enantioselective Synthesis of the Excitatory Amino Acid (1S,3R)-1-Aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic Acid', The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 67, no. 22, pp. 7613-7617.
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Burnett, TA, Hornitzky, MA, Kuhnert, P & Djordjevic, SP 2002, 'SpeciatingCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter coliisolates from poultry and humans using six PCR-based assays', FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 216, no. 2, pp. 201-209.
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Butt, AJ, Fraley, KA, Firth, SM & Baxter, RC 2002, 'IGF-Binding Protein-3-Induced Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis Do Not Require Cell Surface Binding and Nuclear Translocation in Human Breast Cancer Cells', Endocrinology, vol. 143, no. 7, pp. 2693-2699.
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Cai, T, Hyndman, RJ & Wand, MP 2002, 'Mixed Model-Based Hazard Estimation', Journal of Computational & Graphical Statistics, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 784-798.
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Cai, T, Hyndman, RJ & Wand, MP 2002, 'Mixed model-based hazard estimation', JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL AND GRAPHICAL STATISTICS, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 784-798.
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Cai, T, Hyndman, RJ & Wand, MP 2002, 'Mixed Model-Based Hazard Estimation', Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 784-798.
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This article proposes a new method for estimation of the hazard function from a set of censored failure time data, with a view to extending the general approach to more complicated models. The approach is based on a mixed model representation of penalized spline hazard estimators. One payoff is the automation of the smoothing parameter choice through restricted maximum likelihood. Another is the option to use standard mixed model software for automatic hazard estimation. © 2002 American Statistical Association, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and Interface Foundation of North America.

Cai, ZL & Reimers, JR 2002, 'The first singlet (n,pi*) and (pi,pi*) excited states of the hydrogen-bonded complex between water and pyridine', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A, vol. 106, no. 37, pp. 8769-8778.
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Cai, ZL, Sendt, K & Reimers, JR 2002, 'Failure of density-functional theory and time-dependent density-functional theory for large extended pi systems', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 117, no. 12, pp. 5543-5549.
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Cai, Z-L, Zeng, H, Chen, M & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'Raman spectroscopy of chlorophyll d from Acaryochloris marina', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, vol. 1556, no. 2-3, pp. 89-91.
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Cain, K 2002, 'Antibody–antigen kinetics following immunization of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with a T-cell dependent antigen', Developmental & Comparative Immunology, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 181-190.
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Enhancement of the immune response through affinity maturation of the antibody response is a feature of the mammalian immune system and has important implications with respect to development of vaccination strategies. However, an absence of germinal centres and apparent lack of somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin V genes suggests that this phenomenon does not occur in fish. We investigated the question of affinity maturation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by measuring antibody-antigen binding kinetics using a BIAcore biosensor. Following immunization with a T-cell dependent antigen (FITC-KLH), relative binding affinities of serum and mucosal antibodies were assessed based on their dissociation rate constants (kdiss.). A detectable serum anti-FITC response developed by 4weeks post-immunization, and a consistent shift to higher affinity antibody production (i.e. a decrease in kdiss.) was observed over the ensuing course of the immune response. An average kdiss. of 3.5×10-4±0.27×10-4sec-1 was observed during early stages of the response (4weeks), while by 6weeks this decreased significantly (p<0.05). Further reduction in kdiss. was observed, with a low of 1.2×10-4±0.06×10-4sec-1 being observed by week 12. Analysis of the anti-FITC response in skin-derived mucus revealed a similar pattern of decreasing kdiss. as the immune response progressed. While these data clearly demonstrate a 2-3 fold increase in antibody-antigen binding during the course of the immune response in trout, the magnitude of this increase is much less than that seen in the mammalian immune response. This may reflect differences in the mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon in divergent species. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Camiolo, S, Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB & Light, ME 2002, 'Confirmation of a ‘cleft-mode’ of binding in a 2,5-diamidopyrrole anion receptor in the solid state', Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 43, no. 39, pp. 6995-6996.
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Camiolo, S, Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB, Light, ME & Shi, AJ 2002, 'ChemInform Abstract: Solution and Solid‐State Studies of 3,4‐Dichloro‐2,5‐diamidopyrroles: Formation of an Unusual Anionic Narcissistic Dimer.', ChemInform, vol. 33, no. 33, pp. no-no.
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AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Camiolo, S, Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB, Light, ME & Shi, AJ 2002, 'Solution and solid-state studies of 3,4-dichloro-2,5-diamidopyrroles: formation of an unusual anionic narcissistic dimerElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: synthesis and characterisation of compounds 3 and 4. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b2/b200980c/', Chemical Communications, no. 7, pp. 758-759.
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Caprarelli, G & Leitch, EC 2002, 'MORB-like rocks in a Palaeozoic convergent margin setting, northeast New South Wales', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 367-374.
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The Devonian mafic rocks from the Folly Basalt, northeast New South Wales, were emplaced in the forearc section of the DevonianCarboniferous magmatic arc preserved in the western part of the New England Fold Belt. Trace-element abundances in fractionated metadolerites (maximum concentration of Ni = 85 ppm) from the Folly Basalt outcropping near Nundle demonstrate that these rocks have MORB affinity. Chondrite-normalised rare-earth element patterns are smooth and quasi-horizontal; Ce/Yb ratios are 3.347.98; (La/Yb)N ratios range from 0.69 to 2.23; (La/Sm)N ratios of the rocks range from 0.63 to 1.55. The data are compatible with an origin of the melts from large degrees (>15%) of partial melting of mantle peridotite. A plausible mechanism for the production and emplacement of depleted magmas in the forearc zone of the Middle Palaeozoic eastern Australian magmatic arc involves the subduction of a hot oceanic spreading centre, which could cause the presence of a region of asthenospheric temperatures below the upper plate. It is also suggested that sustained high-temperature conditions may have prevailed in the eastern Australian mantle for at least the last 400 million years.

Celedon, JC, Litonjua, AA, Ryan, L, Weiss, ST & Gold, DR 2002, 'Day care attendance, respiratory tract illnesses, wheezing, asthma, and total serum IgE level in early childhood', ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE, vol. 156, no. 3, pp. 241-245.
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Background: It has been hypothesized that day care-related infections may explain the inverse relation between day care attendance in early life and asthma in childhood. Objective: To examine the relation between day care attendance or respiratory tract illnesses in the first year of life and wheezing and asthma in the first 4 years of life among children with a parental history of atopy who were followed up from birth. Results: Day care attendance in the first year of life was inversely associated with geometric mean total serum IgE level (12.9 [+/- 1 SD = 3.3, 51.4] IU/mL for day care vs 18.5 [+/- 1 SD = 5.3, 64.7] IU/mL for no day cared P=.03) at 2 years of age but not significantly associated with wheezing at or after 2 years of age. Having at least 1 physician-diagnosed lower respiratory tract illness in the first year of life was significantly associated with recurrent wheezing (odds ratio [OR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-4.1) and asthma (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.5) at 4 years of age, but not with any wheezing (infrequent and frequent) at 3 years or older. Illnesses of the upper respiratory tract (greater than or equal to1 physician-diagnosed upper respiratory tract illness or greater than or equal to3 episodes of nasal catarrh) in the first year of life were associated with any wheezing (frequent and infrequent) between the ages of 1 and 4 years, but not with recurrent wheezing or asthma at 4 years of age. Conclusions: Our results suggest that among children with a parental history of atopy the protective effect of day care attendance in early life against the development of atopy has begun by 2 years of age, and that a protective effect of day care attendance in early life against wheezing may not be observed until after 4 years of age.

Chapkin, RS, Arrington, JL, Apanasovich, TV, Carroll, RJ & McMurray, DN 2002, 'Erratum: Dietary n-3 PUFA affect TcR-mediated activation of purified murine T cells and accessory cell function in co-cultures (Clinical and Experimental Immunology (2002) 130 (12-18))', Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 130, no. 3, pp. 557-558.
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Chen, M, Quinnell, RG & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'Chlorophylldas the major photopigment inAcaryochloris marina', Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, vol. 06, no. 12, pp. 763-773.
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Chlorophyll (Chl) d is the major pigment in the photosystems (PS) and light-harvesting complex(es) of Acaryochloris marina. Chl a is present in small and variable amounts in PSII and in the light-harvesting complex(es). Isolated PSII complex showed a major fluorescence emission peak at 725 nm and a smaller emission peak due to Chl d at 701 nm, while the PSI complex showed two pools of Chl d, one with emission at 730 nm and the other at 709 nm at 77 K. In PSI and PSII of classical cyanobacteria and of higher plants, where Chl a is the predominant pigment rather than Chl d, these differences are not as pronounced. Light energy absorbed by phycobiliproteins was also active in these Chl d emissions. The major light-harvesting pigment protein is similar to the prochlorophyte Chl-binding protein (pcb) and had a major emission peak at 711 nm. In Cyanobacteria an iron-stress induced Chl-binding protein (isiA) forms a polymeric ring around PSI, and so the effect(s) of iron stress on A. marina where investigated. No clear evidence could be deduced for the formation of an isiA protein under iron stress and no clear changes in the proportion of Chl d :Chl a could be discerned although phycobilins showed a decreased under iron-stress conditions. That Chl d replaces Chl a in all its functions in A. marina is clear; the advantage of this evolutionary development appears to be to enable A. marina to absorb far-red light which occurs in environments where red light is filtered out by other photosynthetic organisms.

Chen, M, Quinnell, RG & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'The major light‐harvesting pigment protein of Acaryochloris marina', FEBS Letters, vol. 514, no. 2-3, pp. 149-152.
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The major light‐harvesting protein complex containing chlorophyll (Chl) d was isolated from Acaryochloris marina thylakoid membranes. Isolation was achieved by detergent solubilisation followed by separation on 6–40% sucrose gradients using ultracentrifugation. The best Chl d yield (70%) used 0.3% dodecyl maltoside, 0.15% octyl glucoside, 0.05% zwittergent 3‐14 with the detergent:total Chl d ratio around 10:1 (w/w). Characterisation of the light‐harvesting pigment protein complex (lhc) involved non‐denaturing electrophoresis, SDS–PAGE, absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy. The main polypeptide in the lhc was shown to be ca. 34 kDa and to contain Chl d and Chl a, indicating that the Acaryochloris lhc is similar to that of prochlorophytes. The Chl a level varied with the culture conditions, which is consistent with previous findings.

Choo, ABH, Dunn, RD, Broady, KW & Raison, RL 2002, 'Soluble expression of a functional recombinant cytolytic immunotoxin in insect cells', PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND PURIFICATION, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 338-347.
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We have previously described the production of a recombinant melittin-based cytolytic immunotoxin (IT), scFv-mel-FLAG, in bacterial cells. While the IT exhibited specific cytotoxicity for a human lymphoblastoid cell line, HMy2, yields from expression were low. Here, we describe a baculovirus expression system for the overexpression and secretion of scFv-mel-FLAG. A novel snake phospholipase A2 inhibitor signal peptide was used to aid in the secretion of the immunotoxin. Sf21 insect cells infected with the recombinant virus secreted soluble scFv-mel-FLAG into the culture medium from which it was purified directly on an affinity column. The final yield of scFv-mel-FLAG was estimated at 3â5 mg/L, which was an improvement of 30-fold compared to expression in the prokaryotic system. The cell binding characteristics of the recombinant IT were assessed by flow cytometry using the antigen expressing cell line HMy2. ScFv-mel-FLAG bound specifically to HMy2 cells in direct binding assays and this binding was completely inhibited in the presence of an excess of soluble antigen. Significant cytotoxicity for HMy2 cells, measured by leakage of cytosolic LDH, was also observed for the IT at a concentration of 60 pmol/104 cells. Cytotoxicity was concentration dependent and was specific for antigen-positive cells. Thus the baculovirus expression system, under the control of a novel secretion signal, can be used for the production of soluble and functional recombinant cytolytic immunotoxins. To our knowledge, this is the first report of expression of a recombinant immunotoxin in the baculovirus expression vector system.

Clark, DE & Ryan, LM 2002, 'Concurrent prediction of hospital mortality and length of stay from risk factors on admission', Health Services Research, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 631-645.
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Objective. To develop a method for predicting concurrently both hospital survival and length of stay (LOS) for seriously ill or injured patients, with particular attention to the competing risks of death or discharge alive as determinants of LOS. Data Sources. Previously collected 1995-1996 registry data on 2,646 cases of injured patients from three trauma centers in Maine. Study Design. Time intervals were determined for which the rates of discharge or death were relatively constant. Poisson regression was used to develop a model for each type of terminal event, with risk factors on admission contributing proportionately to the subsequent rates for each outcome in each interval. Mean LOS and cumulative survival were calculated from a combination of the resulting piecewise exponential models. Principal Findings. Age, Glasgow Coma Scale, Abbreviated Injury Scores, and specific mechanisms of injury were significant predictors of the rates of death and discharge, with effects that were variable in different time intervals. Predicted probability of survival and mean LOS from the model were similar to actual values for categorized patient groups. Conclusions. Piecewise exponential models may be useful in predicting LOS, especially if determinants of mortality are separated from determinants of discharge alive.

Coles, SJ, Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB & Warriner, CN 2002, 'Tetramethyl biphenyl-3,5,3′,5′-tetracarboxylate benzene sesquisolvate', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 58, no. 8, pp. o887-o888.
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Cortie, MB & Levey, FC 2002, 'Formation, modulation and adaptive twinning of martensite in the Au7Cu5Al4 shape memory system', INTERMETALLICS, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 23-31.
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The Au7Cu5Al4 ? electron phase transforms displacively from an L21 parent to a nominally body-centred tetragonal martensite with c/a<1. The compound is of interest because it has the potential to serve as an 18 carat shape memory alloy in jewellery. Analysis of its X-ray diffraction spectra indicates that the martensite is modulated by a Image transverse shear wave, showing that it belongs, strictly speaking, to the generic B19 structure type. The martensite is also twinned, and the probable twinning structure is explored. A Image stacking sequence is deduced, which for reasons of the L21 ordering inherited from the parent phase, must be doubled to produce a notional Image martensite that properly repeats. However, although the measured X-ray diffraction spectra can be substantially explained by the structures derived, the martensite probably also has additional, higher-order lattice modulations.

Cortie, MB & Van Der Lingen, E 2002, 'Catalytic gold nano-particles', Materials Forum, vol. 26, pp. 1-14.
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Although gold is the most inert of all metallic elements, it has interesting properties as a heterogeneous catalyst. There are a number of curious aspects to catalysis by gold that are currently attracting academic investigation, while the observation that gold-based catalysts are active at room temperature and below is driving considerable industrial interest. However, much is still not understood about these catalysts and, for example, apparently similar preparation techniques result in activities of hugely varying magnitude. In the present paper we assess the known phenomenology of heterogeneous catalysis by gold, with particular reference to the material properties of the individual nano-particles of catalyst and the many disagreements in the literature. Even the structure of the nano-particles is uncertain, with claims being made for truncated octahedra, cub-octahedra, icosahedra, various kinds of decahedra, and amorphous structures. As far as uncertainty concerning the mechanism of catalysis is concerned, we show that the situation has not yet been resolved, with evidence that catalysis can proceed even in the absence of either a discrete particulate morphology or an oxide support. One possibility is that more than one mechanism applies. Alternatively, the explanation may be that the activity of gold as a catalyst is determined only by the availability of surface gold atoms with low coordination numbers and an associated electron density suitable for whatever reaction is being catalysed. In this case, the role of the oxide support and of gold particle size and structure is indirect, and they would serve mainly to modulate the specific surface area of the gold, and the electronic configuration of its surface atoms.

Davila, YC & Wardle, GM 2002, 'Reproductive ecology of the Australian herb Trachymene incisa subsp incisa (Apiaceae)', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 619-626.
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Death, AK, Nakhla, S, McGrath, KCY, Martell, S, Yue, DK, Jessup, W & Celermajer, DS 2002, 'Nitroglycerin upregulates matrix metalloproteinase expression by human macrophages', Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 1943-1950.
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OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine whether nitroglycerin (NTG) treatment affects matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene expression and activities in human macrophages. BACKGROUND Nitroglycerin is one of the most frequently used therapeutic agents for

Dela-Cruz, J, Ajani, P, Lee, R, Pritchard, T & Suthers, I 2002, 'Temporal abundance patterns of the red tide dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans along the southeast coast of Australia', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 236, pp. 75-88.
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Denuault, G, Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB, Light, ME & Warriner, CN 2002, 'Anion complexation and electrochemical behaviour of ferrocene-appended amido-pyrrole cleftsElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 1 and 2, 1H NMR titrations of 1 and 2 with various putative anionic guests and with chloride following ferrocene CH resonances. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/nj/b2/b202989h/', New Journal of Chemistry, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 811-813.
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Dobbin, CA, Smith, NC & Johnson, AM 2002, 'Heat shock protein 70 is a potential virulence factor in murine Toxoplasma infection via immunomodulation of host NF-kappa B and nitric oxide', JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 169, no. 2, pp. 958-965.
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Dobbin, CA, Smith, NC & Johnson, AM 2002, 'Heat shock protein 70 is a virulence factor in murine Toxoplasma infection via immunomodulation of host nuclear factor kappa B and nitic oxide', Journal of Immunology, vol. 169, no. N/A, pp. 958-965.

Dooley, AH & Golodets, VY 2002, 'The spectrum of completely positive entropy actions of countable amenable groups', JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS, vol. 196, no. 1, pp. 1-18.
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Dooley, AH & Gupta, SK 2002, 'Transferring Fourier multipliers from S2p-1 to Hp-1', ILLINOIS JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 657-677.
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Doyle, C & Lim, RP 2002, 'The effect of 17 beta-estradiol on the gonopodial development and sexual activity of Gambusia holbrooki', Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 21, no. N/A, pp. 2719-2724.

Doyle, CJ & Lim, RP 2002, 'The effect of 17β‐Estradiol on the gonopodial development and sexual activity of Gambusia holbrooki', Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 2719-2724.
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AbstractMany chemicals have recently been demonstrated to possess estrogenic activity and may potentially interfere with normal sexual development. In the present study, we quantified the effects of waterborne exposure to 17β‐estradiol on the gonopodial development and sexual activity of male eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). Juvenile males were exposed during the period of sexual maturation to nominal concentrations of 20, 100, and 500 ng/L of 17β‐estradiol and a solvent control (0.00003% w/v ethanol) for 84 d under continuous‐flow conditions. Following exposure, significant differences were found among the test treatments with respect to gonopodial length and degree of gonopodial elongation of the fish. Sexual activity, measured as the number of approaches and copulatory attempts made by the exposed males to nonexposed females, also significantly decreased with increasing concentrations of 17β‐estradiol. Because the degree of gonopodial maturation and frequency of sexual activity are important characteristics for the reproductive success of male mosquitofish, it is suggested that these traits provide sensitive and ecologically relevant endpoints for assessing estrogenic activity under both laboratoryand field‐exposure conditions.

Dubey, JP, Barr, BC, Barta, JR, Bjerkas, I, Bjorkman, C, Blagburn, BL, Bowman, DD, Buxton, D, Ellis, JT, Gottstein, B, Hemphill, A, Hill, DE, Howe, DK, Jenkins, MC, Kobayashi, Y, Koudela, B, Marsh, AE, Mattsson, JG, McAllister, MM, Modry, D, Omata, Y, Sibley, LD, Speer, CA, Trees, AJ, Uggla, A, Upton, SJ, Williams, DJL & Lindsay, DS 2002, 'Redescription of Neospora caninum and its differentiation from related coccidia', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 929-946.
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Dubey, JP, Barr, BC, Barta, JR, Bjerkås, I, Björkman, C, Blagburn, BL, Bowman, DD, Buxton, D, Ellis, JT, Gottstein, B, Hemphill, A, Hill, DE, Howe, DK, Jenkins, MC, Kobayashi, Y, Koudela, B, Marsh, AE, Mattsson, JG, McAllister, MM, Modrý, D, Omata, Y, Sibley, LD, Speer, CA, Trees, AJ, Uggla, A, Upton, SJ, Williams, DJL & Lindsay, DS 2002, 'Redescription of Neospora caninum and its differentiation from related coccidia.', Int J Parasitol, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 929-946.
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Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite of animals, which before 1984 was misidentified as Toxoplasma gondii. Infection by this parasite is a major cause of abortion in cattle and causes paralysis in dogs. Since the original description of N. caninum in 1988, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of its life cycle, biology, genetics and diagnosis. In this article, the authors redescribe the parasite, distinguish it from related coccidia, and provide accession numbers to its type specimens deposited in museums.

Dunlop, RA, Rodgers, KJ & Dean, RT 2002, 'Recent developments in the intracellular degradation of oxidized proteins', FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 894-906.
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The accumulation of oxidized proteins in cells and tissues is a feature of a number of age-related diseases and may also occur as a result of the aging process itself. In this article we review recent advances in our understanding of the cellular degrada

Dusastre, V, Tomlin, S, Bellantone, M & Lobo, C 2002, 'Our changing nature', Nature Materials, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-1.
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Duty, SM, Singh, NP, Ryan, L, Chen, Z, Lewis, C, Huang, T & Hauser, R 2002, 'Reliability of the comet assay in cryopreserved human sperm', HUMAN REPRODUCTION, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 1274-1280.
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Reliability of the comet assay in cryopreserved human sperm

Dwight, T, Kytola, S, Teh, BT, Theodosopoulos, G, Richardson, AL, Philips, J, Twigg, S, Delbridge, L, Marsh, DJ, Nelson, AE, Larsson, C & Robinson, BG 2002, 'Genetic analysis of lithium-associated parathyroid tumors', European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 146, no. 5, pp. 619-627.
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the primary genetic events that may underlie the formation of parathyroid tumors in patients with lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism (HPT). METHODS: Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 gene (MEN1) mutation analysis were used to analyze twelve parathyroid tumors from nine patients with lithium-associated HPT. For comparison, CGH was also carried out in a non-lithium-associated group of thirteen sporadic parathyroid tumors. RESULTS: A higher prevalence of multiglandular disease in the lithium-associated HPT patients compared with the idiopathic sporadic patients was observed (Fisher's exact test, P=0.02). CGH alterations were detected in four lithium-associated parathyroid tumors, involving loss at 1p, 11, 15q, 22q and gain of the X chromosome. In addition, one of these four cases exhibited LOH at 11q13 and was found to contain a novel somatic MEN1 mutation (c.1193insTAC). Although fewer lithium-associated parathyroid tumors were shown to contain genetic alterations compared with the sporadic parathyroid tumors, the changes detected were those frequently associated with both familial and sporadic parathyroid tumorigenesis. CONCLUSION: This is, to our knowledge, the first genetic analysis of parathyroid tumors in lithium-associated HPT patients. Our data indicated that the majority of lithium-associated parathyroid tumors do not contain gross chromosomal alterations and suggest that in most cases the tumorigenic pathway is independent of MEN1 and genes at 1p34.3-pter and 1q21-q32. It is possible that other discrete genetic alterations or epigenetic changes, not screened for in this study, could also be responsible for parathyroid tumorigenesis in lithium-associated HPT.

Dwight, T, Nelson, AE, Marsh, DJ, Teh, BT, Larsson, C & Robinson, BG 2002, 'Parathyroid tumorigenesis in association with primary hyperparathyroidism', Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 51-60.
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Follicular thyroid tumors represent a range of subtypes including ordinary adenomas, atypical adenomas, and minimally and widely invasive carcinomas, the distinction of which is crucial for their adequate treatment and clinical handling. Whereas today the diagnosis can only be accurately made by histopathologic examination of specimens obtained at surgery, all patients with a follicular tumor diagnosed by preoperative fine-needle aspiration will eventually be subjected to surgery. However, it is expected that new prognostic and therapeutic tools will emerge from the improved understanding of sporadic and familial follicular tumorigenesis. Recent genetic and other findings that have revealed promising data regarding these issues include the recognition of PTEN mutations underlying Cowden disease in familial cases, the description of the PAX8/PPARg1 Fusion, and the immunohistochemical detection of galectin-3 over-expression suggested to be characteristic of the cancerous phenotype. © 2002 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.

Dwight, T, Nelson, AE, Theodosopoulos, G, Richardson, AL, Learoyd, DL, Philips, J, Delbridge, L, Zedenius, J, Teh, BT, Larsson, C, Marsh, DJ & Robinson, BG 2002, 'Independent Genetic Events Associated with the Development of Multiple Parathyroid Tumors in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism', The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 161, no. 4, pp. 1299-1306.
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Elder, M & McCammond, J 2002, 'Curvature Testing in 3-Dimensional Metric Polyhedral Complexes', Experimental Mathematics, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 143-158.
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Forbes, SL, Stuart, BH & Dent, BB 2002, 'The identification of adipocere in grave soils', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 127, no. 3, pp. 225-230.
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Soil samples recovered from grave exhumations have been analysed in an attempt to identify and characterise adipocere contained in the samples. The soil samples were collected from different environments, including samples recovered from forensic grave sites. Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GCMS) was employed to identify adipocere and characterise the fatty acid composition. X-ray diffraction was used to characterise the soil environments.

Forbes, SL, Stuart, BH & Dent, BB 2002, 'The identification of adipocere in grave soils.', Forensic science international, vol. 127, no. 3, pp. 225-230.
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Soil samples recovered from grave exhumations have been analysed in an attempt to identify and characterise adipocere contained in the samples. The soil samples were collected from different environments, including samples recovered from forensic grave sites. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to identify adipocere and characterise the fatty acid composition. X-ray diffraction was used to characterise the soil environments.

Franklin, NM, Stauber, JL, Apte, SC & Lim, RP 2002, 'Effect of initial cell density on the bioavailability and toxicity of copper in microalgal bioassays', ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 742-751.
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Algal toxicity tests based on growth inhibition over 72 h have been extensively used to assess the toxicity of contaminants in natural waters. However, these laboratory tests use high cell densities compared to those found in aquatic systems in order to obtain a measurable algal response. The high cell densities and test duration can result in changes in chemical speciation, bioavailability, and toxicity of contaminants throughout the test. With the recent application of flow cytometry to ecotoxicology, it is now possible to use lower initial cell densities to minimize chemical speciation changes. The speciation and toxicity of copper in static bioassays with the tropical freshwater alga Chlorella sp. and the temperate species Selenastrum capricornutum (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) were investigated at a range of initial cell densities (102-105 cells/ml). Copper toxicity decreased with increasing initial cell density. Copper concentrations required to inhibit growth (cell division) rate by 50% (72-h median effective concentration [EC50]) increased from 4.6 to 16 μg/L for Chlorella sp. and from 6.6 to 17 μg/L for S. capricornutum as the initial cell density increased from 102 to 105 cells/ml. Measurements of anodic stripping voltammetry-labile, extracellular, and intracellular copper confirmed that at higher initial cell densities, less copper was bound to the cells, resulting in less copper uptake and lower toxicity. Chemical measurements indicated that reduced copper toxicity was due primarily to depletion of dissolved copper in solution, with solution speciation changes due to algal exudates and pH playing a minor role. These findings suggest that standard static laboratory bioassays using 104 to 105 algal cells/ml may seriously underestimate metal toxicity in natural waters.

Franklin, NM, Stauber, JL, Apte, SC & Lim, RP 2002, 'Effect of initial cell density on the bioavailability and toxicity of copper in microalgal bioassays', Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 742-751.
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AbstractAlgal toxicity tests based on growth inhibition over 72 h have been extensively used to assess the toxicity of contaminants in natural waters. However, these laboratory tests use high cell densities compared to those found in aquatic systems in order to obtain a measurable algal response. The high cell densities and test duration can result in changes in chemical speciation, bioavailability, and toxicity of contaminants throughout the test. With the recent application of flow cytometry to ecotoxicology, it is now possible to use lower initial cell densities to minimize chemical speciation changes. The speciation and toxicity of copper in static bioassays with the tropical freshwater alga Chlorella sp. and the temperate species Selenastrum capricornutum (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) were investigated at a range of initial cell densities (102‐105 cells/ml). Copper toxicity decreased with increasing initial cell density. Copper concentrations required to inhibit growth (cell division) rate by 50% (72‐h median effective concentration [EC50]) increased from 4.6 to 16 μg/L for Chlorella sp. and from 6.6 to 17 μg/L for S. capricornutum as the initial cell density increased from 102 to 105 cells/ml. Measurements of anodic stripping voltammetry—labile, extracellular, and intracellular copper confirmed that at higher initial cell densities, less copper was bound to the cells, resulting in less copper uptake and lower toxicity. Chemical measurements indicated that reduced copper toxicity was due primarily to depletion of dissolved copper in solution, with solution speciation changes due to algal exudates and pH playing a minor role. These findings suggest that standard static laboratory bioassays using 104 to 10

Franklin, NM, Stauber, JL, Lim, RP & Petocz, P 2002, 'Toxicity of metal mixtures to a tropical freshwater alga (Chlorella sp.): The effect of interactions between copper, cadmium, and zinc on metal cell binding and uptake', Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 2412-2422.
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AbstractThe individual and combined effects of copper, cadmium, and zinc on the cell division rate of the tropical freshwater alga Chlorella sp. were determined over 48 to 72 h. Metal mixtures were prepared based on multiples of their single‐metal median effective concentration (EC50) values, i.e., toxic units (TU) using a triangular mixture design with five toxicant levels (0, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 TU). Single‐metal EC50 values after a 72‐h exposure were 0.11, 0.85, and 1.4 μM for copper, cadmium, and zinc, respectively. Significant interactions were observed for all metal combinations after 48 and 72 h. An equitoxic mixture of Cu 1 Cd was more than concentration additive (synergistic) to the growth of Chlorella sp., while combinations of Cu + Zn, Cd + Zn, and Cu + Cd + Zn were all less than concentration additive or were antagonistic. To determine the effect of each metal on the uptake of the other, extracellular (membrane‐bound) and intracellular metal concentrations, both alone and in mixtures, were compared. The increased growth inhibition observed for mixtures of Cu + Cd was due to higher concentrations of cell‐bound and intracellular copper in the presence of cadmium compared with copper alone (i.e., cadmium‐enhanced copper uptake). In contrast, both extra‐ and intracellular cadmium concentrations were reduced in the presence of copper. In mixtures of Cu + Zn, copper also inhibited the binding and cellular uptake of zinc, which resulted in decreased toxicity. Zinc had no appreciable effect on the uptake of copper by Chlorella sp. Our results suggest that all three metals share some common uptake and transport sites on Chlorella cells and that copper out competes both cadmium and zinc for cell binding. Determination of metal cell distribution coefficients (Kd) confirme...

Franklin, NM, Stauber, JL, Lim, RP & Petocz, P 2002, 'Toxicity of metal mixtures to a tropical freshwater alga (Chlorella sp): The effect of interactions between copper, cadmium, and zinc on metal cell binding and uptake', ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 2412-2422.
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Franklin, NM, Stauber, JL, Lim, RP & Petocz, P 2002, 'TOXICITY OF METAL MIXTURES TO A TROPICAL FRESHWATER ALGA (CHLORELLA SP.): THE EFFECT OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN COPPER, CADMIUM, AND ZINC ON METAL CELL BINDING AND UPTAKE', Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 2412-2412.
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The individual and combined effects of copper, cadmium, and zinc on the cell division rate of the tropical freshwater alga Chlorella sp. were determined over 48 to 72 h. Metal mixtures were prepared based on multiples of their single-metal median effective concentration (EC50) values, i.e., toxic units (TU) using a triangular mixture design with five toxicant levels (0, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 TU). Single-metal EC50 values after a 72-h exposure were 0.11, 0.85, and 1.4 μM for copper, cadmium, and zinc, respectively. Significant interactions were observed for all metal combinations after 48 and 72 h. An equitoxic mixture of Cu + Cd was more than concentration additive (synergistic) to the growth of Chlorella sp., while combinations of Cu + Zn, Cd + Zn, and Cu + Cd + Zn were all less than concentration additive or were antagonistic. To determine the effect of each metal on the uptake of the other, extracellular (membrane-bound) and intracellular metal concentrations, both alone and in mixtures, were compared. The increased growth inhibition observed for mixtures of Cu + Cd was due to higher concentrations of cell-bound and intracellular copper in the presence of cadmium compared with copper alone (i.e., cadmium-enhanced copper uptake). In contrast, both extra- and intracellular cadmium concentrations were reduced in the presence of copper. In mixtures of Cu + Zn, copper also inhibited the binding and cellular uptake of zinc, which resulted in decreased toxicity. Zinc had no appreciable effect on the uptake of copper by Chlorella sp. Our results suggest that all three metals share some common uptake and transport sites on Chlorella cells and that copper out competes both cadmium and zinc for cell binding. Determination of metal cell distribution coefficients (Kd) confirmed that Kd values for cadmium and zinc in single-metal exposures decreased in the presence of copper.

French, JL, Kammann, EE & Wand, MP 2002, 'Corrections', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 97, no. 458, pp. 661-661.
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Gale, PA, Navakhun, K, Camiolo, S, Light, ME & Hursthouse, MB 2002, 'Anion−Anion Assembly:  A New Class of Anionic Supramolecular Polymer Containing 3,4-Dichloro-2,5-diamido-substituted Pyrrole Anion Dimers', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 124, no. 38, pp. 11228-11229.
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Gauvin, R, Griffin, B, Nockolds, C, Phillips, M & Joy, DC 2002, 'A method to measure the effective gas path length in the environmental or variable pressure scanning electron microscope', Scanning, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 171-174.
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A simple method is described to determine the effective gas path length when incident electrons scatter in the gas above the specimen. This method is based on the measurement of a characteristic x-ray line emitted from a region close to the incident beam. From various experimental measurements performed on various microscopes, it is shown that the effective gas path length may increase with the chamber pressure and that it is also often dependent of the type of x-ray bullet.

Gelhausen, O, Klein, HN, Phillips, MR & Goldys, EM 2002, 'Influence of low-energy electron beam irradiation on defects in activated Mg-doped GaN', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 81, no. 20, pp. 3747-3749.
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The influence of low-energy electron beam irradiation (LEEBI) on residual hydrogen impurities and defects in activated magnesium doped gallium nitride layers was studied. In-plane and depth-resolved cathodoluminescence imaging revealed the correlation between the spatial distribution of the injected carriers and the depth and lateral distribution of activated magnesium acceptors. It was found that the hydrogen dissociation results from electron-hole recombination at hydrogen defect complexes and is associated with the generation of additional defect centers.

George, AM & Hall, RM 2002, 'Efflux of chloramphenicol by the Cm1A1 protein', FEMS Microbiology Letter, vol. 209, no. N/A, pp. 209-213.

George, AM & Hall, RM 2002, 'Efflux of chloramphenicol by the CmlA1 protein', FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 209, no. 2, pp. 209-213.
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The cmlA1 gene cassette contains the cmlA1 gene, that confers resistance to chloramphenicol, as well as a promoter and translational attenuation signals, and expression of cmlA1 is inducible by low concentrations of chloramphenicol. The CmlA1 protein encoded by cmlA1 was localised in the inner membrane. Active efflux of chloramphenicol, additional to the endogenous efflux from Escherichia coli cells, was observed when the cmlA1 gene was present and the production of CmlA1 had been preinduced with subinhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol. Both endogenous and CmlA1-mediated export of chloramphenicol was driven by the proton-motive force. © 2002 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Gladstone, W 2002, 'The potential value of indicator groups in the selection of marine reserves', BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION, vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 211-220.
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Godlewski, M, Goldys, EM, Phillips, M, Böttcher, T, Flgge, S, Hommel, D, Czernecki, R, Prystawko, P, Leszczynski, M, Perlin, P, Wisniewski, P, Suski, T, Bockowski, M, Grzegory, I & Porowski, S 2002, 'Relationship between sample morphology and carrier diffusion length in gan thin films', Acta Physica Polonica A, vol. 102, no. 4-5, pp. 627-632.
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Scanning and spot-mode cathodoluminescence investigations of homo-and hetero-epitaxial GaN films indicate a surprisingly small influence of their microstructure on overall intensity of a light emission. This we explain by a correlation between structural quality of these films and diffusion length of free carriers and excitons. Diffusion length increases with improving structural quality of the samples, which, in turn, enhances the rate of nonradiative recombination on structural defects, such as dislocations.

Gore, RB, Hadi, EA, Craven, M, Smillie, FI, O'Meara, TJ, Tovey, ER, Woodcock, A & Custovic, A 2002, 'Personal exposure to house dust mite allergen in bed: nasal air sampling and reservoir allergen levels', Clinical & Experimental Allergy, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 856-859.
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SummaryBackground Assessment of personal exposure to dust mite allergen has relied on proxy measures. Only recently has a means to directly measure inhaled allergen particle number become available (the intra‐nasal air sampler).Objective To quantify inspired dust mite group 1 and group 2 allergen‐bearing particles in bed in undisturbed conditions prior to sleep by nasal air sampling and to investigate the relationship between inhaled particles and reservoir allergen levels.Methods Twelve volunteers wore nasal samplers in bed for 6 evenings, nose‐breathing in undisturbed conditions. Allergen‐bearing particles (‘halos’) were detected by immunostaining for Der p 1, Der p 2, or Der p 1 and Der p 2 together, and counted by light microscopy. Count data were square root transformed for analysis of variance. Mattress dust samples were assayed for Der p 1 and Der p 2 concentrations.Results Square root detransformed mean particle counts per 30‐min sample were: Der p 1, 4.22; Der p 2, 5.9; Der p 1 + Der p 2, 4.87; and for all samples, 5.01, with no difference between the groups. With replicate samples, halo number correlated significantly with mattress allergen concentrations (Der p 1 r = 0.80, P < 0.01; Der p 2 r = 0.68, P < 0.02).Conclusion Nasal air sampling can be used to quantify nocturnal Der p exposure in undisturbed conditions in an area with moderate exposure to mite allergen and can provide a direct measure of inhaled mite allergen. The choice of either Der p 1 or Der p 2 is appropriate for this purpose.

Gorkunov, M, Lapine, M, Shamonina, E & Ringhofer, KH 2002, 'Effective magnetic properties of a composite material with circular conductive elements', The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 263-269.
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Gorrie, C, Oakes, S, Duflou, J, Blumbergs, P & Waite, PME 2002, 'Axonal Injury in Children after Motor Vehicle Crashes: Extent, Distribution, and Size of Axonal Swellings Usingβ-APP Immunohistochemistry', Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 1171-1182.
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The brains of 32 children (3 months to 16 years) who died as a result of motor vehicle collisions were examined for axonal injury using,beta-APP immunohistochemistry. The extent and distribution of axonal injury was assessed and quantified throughout the

Guenneau, S, Poulton, C & Movchan, A 2002, 'Problème spectral pour la propagation conique des ondes élastiques dans un réseau de galeries', Comptes Rendus Mécanique, vol. 330, no. 7, pp. 491-497.
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Guenneau, S, Poulton, CG & Movchan, AB 2002, 'Probleme spectral pour la propagation conique des ondes elastiques dans un reseau de fibres', Comptes Rendus Mathematique, vol. 330, pp. 491-497.
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This Note is devoted to the analysis of elastic waves conically propagating through a doubly periodic array of cylindrical channels. A new method, based on a multiple scattering approach, has been proposed to reduce the problem to an algebraic system of the Rayleigh type. We obtain an eigenvalue problem formulation that enables us to construct the high-order dispersion curves and to study phononic band gap structures in oblique propagation. We note an effect of singular perturbation associated with a small angle of conical propagation

Guo, Z 2002, 'Structure and electrochemistry of LiCrxMn1−xO2 cathode for lithium-ion batteries', Solid State Ionics, vol. 148, no. 3-4, pp. 359-366.
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Guo, ZP, Wang, GX, Konstantinov, K, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2002, 'Electrochemical properties of orthorhombic LiMnO2 prepared by one-step middle-temperature solid-state reaction', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 346, no. 1-2, pp. 255-259.
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Heath, D & Platen, E 2002, 'A Variance Reduction Technique Based on Integral Representations', Quantative Finance, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 362-369.
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Standard Monte Carlo methods can often be significantly improved with the addition of appropriate variance reduction techniques. In this paper a new and powerful variance reduction technique is presented. The method is based directly on the Ito calculus and is used to find unbiased variance reduced estimators for the expectation of functionals of Ito diffusion processes. The approach considered has wide applicability, for instance, it can be used as a means of approximating solutions of parabolic partial differential equations or applied to valuation problems that arise in mathematical finance. We illustrate how the method can be applied by considering the pricing of European style derivative securities for a class of stochastic volatility models, including the Heston model.

Heath, D & Platen, E 2002, 'Consistent Pricing and Hedging for a Modified Constant Elasticity of Variance Model', Quantitative Finance, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 459-467.
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This paper considers a modification of the well-known constant elasticity of variance model where it is used to model the growth optimal portfolio. It is shown taht, for this application, there is no equivalent risk neutral pricing methodology fails. However, a consistent pricing and hedging framework can be established by application of the benchmark approach. Perfect hedging strategies can be constructed for European style contingent claims, where the underlying risky asset is the growth optimal portfolio. In this framework, fair prices for contingent claims are the minimal prices that permit perfect replication of the claims. Numerical examples show that these prices may differ significantly from the corresponding 'risk neutral' prices. In cases where these prices are different, arbitrage amounts can be generated.

HEATH, D & PLATEN, E 2002, 'PERFECT HEDGING OF INDEX DERIVATIVES UNDER A MINIMAL MARKET MODEL', International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance, vol. 05, no. 07, pp. 757-774.
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The paper presents a financial market model that generates stochastic volatility using a minimal set of factors. These factors, formed by transformations of square root processes, model the dynamics of different denominations of a benchmark portfolio. Benchmarked prices are assumed to be local martingales. Numerical results for the pricing and hedging of basic derivatives on indices are described for the minimal market model. This includes cases where the standard risk neutral pricing methodology fails because of the presence of a strict local martingale measure. However, payoffs can be perfectly hedged using self-financing strategies and a form of arbitrage exists. This is illustrated by hedge simulations. The different term structure of implied volatilities is documented for calls and puts on an index.

Helliwell, CA, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2002, 'Isolation and functional characterization of cytochrome P450s in gibberellin biosynthesis pathway', CYTOCHROME P450, PT C, vol. 357, pp. 381-388.

Hentzer, M, Riedel, K, Rasmussen, TB, Heydorn, A, Andersen, JB, Parsek, MR, Rice, SA, Eberl, L, Molin, S, Høiby, N, Kjelleberg, S & Givskov, M 2002, 'Inhibition of quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm bacteria by a halogenated furanone compound', Microbiology, vol. 148, no. 1, pp. 87-102.
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Hodgkinson, IJ, Wu, QH, Arnold, M, McCall, MW & Lakhtakia, A 2002, 'Chiral mirror and optical resonator designs for circularly polarized light: suppression of cross-polarized reflectances and transmittances', OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 210, no. 3-6, pp. 201-211.
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A left-handed chiral sculptured thin film (STF) that reflects strongly at the wavelength of the circular Bragg resonance tends to partially convert the handedness of incident LCP (left-circularly-polarized) light to RCP (right-circularly-polarized). We show that the cross-polarized component of the reflected RCP beam can be eliminated by interference with an additional RCP beam that is reflected at the interface of an isotropic cover and an AR (antireflecting) layer. For best results the refractive index and thickness of the AR layer need to accommodate a phase change on reflection that occurs at the chiral film. Effective suppression of the reflectances RRR, RRL, RLR and the transmittances TRL, TLR can be achieved by sandwiching the chiral reflector between such amplitude and phase-matched AR coatings. Co-polarized chiral reflectors of this type may form efficient handed optical resonators. For LCP light the optical properties of such a handed resonator are formally the same as the properties of the isotropic passive or active FabryPerot resonators, but the handed resonator is transparent to RCP light.

Holt, SA, Ruggles, JL, White, JW & Garrett, RF 2002, 'Structure Development in Octadecyl Trimethylammonium Templated Silicate Films Grown at the Air/Water Interface', The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 106, no. 9, pp. 2330-2336.
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Hornitzky, MA, Vanselow, BA, Walker, K, Bettelheim, KA, Corney, B, Gill, P, Bailey, G & Djordjevic, SP 2002, 'Virulence Properties and Serotypes of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from Healthy Australian Cattle', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 68, no. 12, pp. 6439-6445.
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ABSTRACT The virulence properties and serotypes of complex Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (cSTEC) were determined in two studies of healthy cattle in eastern Australia. In the first, a snapshot study, 84 cSTEC isolates were recovered from 37 of 1,692 (2.2%) fecal samples collected from slaughter-age cattle from 72 commercial properties. The second, a longitudinal study of three feedlots and five pasture beef properties, resulted in the recovery of 118 cSTEC isolates from 104 animals. Of the 70 serotypes identified, 38 had not previously been reported.

Hose, GC, Lim, RP, Hyne, RV & Pablo, F 2002, 'A pulse of endosulfan-contaminated sediment affects macroinvertebrates in artificial streams', ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 44-52.
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The toxicity of the organochlorine pesticide endosulfan to macroinvertebrate communities was tested using a system of 24 artificial streams. Macroinvertebrate communities in the streams were exposed to a range of endosulfan concentrations for a 12-h period and then monitored for 96 h. Endosulfan was prebound to fine river sediment and applied to the streams as a contaminated sediment slurry. This did not cause changes in the structure of benthic communities; however, significant changes (P<0.05) in the abundance of several macroinvertebrate taxa in drift were detected in the streams receiving the highest (6.14 µg/L) dose. Increased drift may have implications for recolonization processes in lowland rivers, and, as such, pulses of contaminated sediment are likely to result in significant effects on macroinvertebrate populations and communities. This study highlights the utility of artificial stream systems for detecting sublethal effects and the need for population and community-level endpoints to be included in such studies.

Huete, A, Didan, K, Miura, T, Rodriguez, EP, Gao, X & Ferreira, LG 2002, 'Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices', Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 83, no. 1-2, pp. 195-213.
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We evaluated the initial 12 months of vegetation index product availability from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the Earth Observing System-Terra platform. Two MODIS vegetation indices (VI), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI), are produced at 1-km and 500-m resolutions and 16-day compositing periods. This paper presents an initial analysis of the MODIS NDVI and EVI performance from both radiometric and biophysical perspectives. We utilize a combination of site-intensive and regionally extensive approaches to demonstrate the performance and validity of the two indices. Our results showed a good correspondence between airborne-measured, top-of-canopy reflectances and VI values with those from the MODIS sensor at four intensively measured test sites representing semi-arid grass/shrub, savanna, and tropical forest biomes. Simultaneously derived field biophysical measures also demonstrated the scientific utility of the MODIS VI. Multitemporal profiles of the MODIS VIs over numerous biome types in North and South America well represented their seasonal phenologies. Comparisons of the MODIS-NDVI with the NOAA-14, 1-km AVHRR-NDVI temporal profiles showed that the MODIS-based index performed with higher fidelity. The dynamic range of the MODIS VIs are presented and their sensitivities in discriminating vegetation differences are evaluated in sparse and dense vegetation areas. We found the NDVI to asymptotically saturate in high biomass regions such as in the Amazon while the EVI remained sensitive to canopy variations. © 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

Hunt, PW, Klok, EJ, Trevaskis, B, Watts, RA, Ellis, MH, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2002, 'Increased level of hemoglobin 1 enhances survival of hypoxic stress and promotes early growth in Arabidopsis thaliana', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 99, no. 26, pp. 17197-17202.
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Huntriss, J 2002, 'Isolation, characterization and expression of the human Factor In the Germline alpha (FIGLA) gene in ovarian follicles and oocytes', Molecular Human Reproduction, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1087-1095.
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Hurst, SK, Cifuentes, MP, McDonagh, AM, Humphrey, MG, Samoc, M, Luther-Davies, B, Asselberghs, I & Persoons, A 2002, 'Organometallic complexes for nonlinear optics', Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 642, no. 1-2, pp. 259-267.
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Hurst, SK, Cifuentes, MP, McDonagh, AM, Humphrey, MG, Samoc, M, Luther-Davies, B, Asselberghs, I & Persoons, A 2002, 'Organometallic complexes for nonlinear optics: Part 25. Quadratic and cubic hyperpolarizabilities of some dipolar and quadrupolar gold and ruthenium complexes', Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 642, no. NA, pp. 259-267.
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A range of dipolar and quadrupolar gold and ruthenium acetylides have been prepared and their electrochemical (Ru complexes) and nonlinear optical properties assessed; electronic communication between the metal centers diminishes as the ?-delocalizable bridge is lengthened and quadratic NLO merit increases on replacing triarylphosphine by trialkylphosphine. One diruthenium example has the largest two-photon absorption cross-section/molecular weight value observed thus far for an organometallic complex.

Hyde, GJ, Davies, D, Cole, L & Ashford, AE 2002, 'Regulators of GTP-binding proteins cause morphological changes in the vacuole system of the filamentous fungus,Pisolithus tinctorius', Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 133-146.
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J., C, K., C & W., R 2002, 'The trophic status of herbivorous fishes on coral reefs', Marine Biology, vol. 140, no. 3, pp. 613-623.
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Johnston, MB, Corchia, A, Dowd, A, Linfield, EH, Davies, AG, McLaughlin, R, Arnone, DD & Pepper, M 2002, 'Magnetic-field-induced enhancement of terahertz emission from III-V semiconductor surfaces', PHYSICA E-LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS & NANOSTRUCTURES, vol. 13, no. 2-4, pp. 896-899.
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We discuss the origins of the magnetic-field-induced enhancement of terahertz (THz) emission from bulk semiconductor surfaces. The principal effect of the magnetic field is to rotate the THz dipole and hence dramatically increase the THz power radiated through the semiconductor surface. It also significantly affects the ability of the photo-created carriers to screen surface electric fields. The sensitivity of THz emission to the motion of photo-created carriers makes this an ideal probe of hot carrier dynamics both in bulk semiconductors and sophisticated heterostructures.

Johnston, MB, Whittaker, DM, Dowd, A, Davies, AG, Linfield, EH, Li, X & Ritchie, DA 2002, 'Generation of high-power terahertz pulses in a prism', OPTICS LETTERS, vol. 27, no. 21, pp. 1935-1937.
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A compact, high-power emitter of half-cycle terahertz (THz) radiation is demonstrated. The device consists of an epitaxial InAs emitter upon a GaAs prism and produces THz pulses that are 20 times more powerful than those from conventional planar InAs emitters. This improvement is a direct result of reorienting the transient THz dipole such that its axis is not perpendicular to the emitting surface. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America.

Jones, PM & George, AM 2002, 'Mechanism of ABC transporters: A molecular dynamics simulation of a well characterized nucleotide-binding subunit', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 99, no. 20, pp. 12639-12644.
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ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are membrane-bound molecular pumps that form one of the largest of all protein families. Several of them are central to phenomena of biomedical interest, including cystic fibrosis and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. ABC transporters share a common architecture comprising two hydrophilic nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) and two hydrophobic transmembrane domains (TMDs) that form the substrate pathway across the membrane. The conformational changes in the NBDs induced by ATP hydrolysis and the means by which they are transmitted to the TMDs to effect substrate translocation remain largely unknown. We have performed a molecular dynamics simulation of HisP, the well studied NBD of the bacterial histidine permease, to identify hinges and switches of the NBD conformational transitions and subunit-subunit interfaces. This analysis reveals that the TMDs regulate ATP hydrolysis by controlling conformational transitions of the NBD helical domains, and identifies the conformational changes and the crucial TMD:NBD interface, by which the energy of ATP hydrolysis is transmitted to the TMDs. We also define the conformational transitions of the Q-loop, a key element of the NBD mechanism, and identify pathways by which Q-loop switching is coordinated with TMD and NBD conformational changes. We propose a model for the catalytic cycle of ABC transporters that shows how substrate-binding and transport by the TMDs may be coordinated and coupled with ATP binding and hydrolysis in the NBDs.

Kappler, U, Huston, WM & McEwan, AG 2002, 'Control of dimethylsulfoxide reductase expression in Rhodobacter capsulatus: the role of carbon metabolites and the response regulators DorR and RegA', Microbiology, vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 605-614.
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Regulation of the expression of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) reductase was investigated in the purple phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. Under phototrophic, anaerobic conditions with malate as carbon source, DMSO caused an approximately 150-fold induction of DMSO reductase activity. The response regulator DorR was required for DMSO-dependent induction and also appeared to slightly repress DMSO reductase expression in the absence of substrate. Likewise, when pyruvate replaced malate as carbon source there was an induction of DMSO reductase activity in cells grown at low light intensity (16 W m−2) and again this induction was dependent on DorR. The level of DMSO reductase activity in aerobically grown cells was elevated when pyruvate replaced malate as carbon source. One possible explanation for this is that acetyl phosphate, produced from pyruvate, may activate expression of DMSO reductase by direct phosphorylation of DorR, leading to low levels of induction of dor gene expression in the absence of DMSO. A mutant lacking the global response regulator of photosynthesis gene expression, RegA, exhibited high levels of DMSO reductase in the absence of DMSO, when grown phototrophically with malate as carbon source. This suggests that phosphorylated RegA acts as a repressor of dor operon expression under these conditions. It has been proposed elsewhere that RegA-dependent expression is negatively regulated by the cytochrome cbb 3 oxidase. A cco mutant lacking cytochrome cbb 3 exhibited significantly higher levels of Φ[dorA::lacZ] activity in the presence of DMSO compared to wild-type cells and this is consistent with the above model. Pyruvate re...

Kim, E-Y, Zeng, Q, Rawn, J, Wand, M, Young, AJ, Milford, E, Mentzer, SJ & Greenes, RA 2002, 'Using a neural network with flow cytometry histograms to recognize cell surface protein binding patterns.', Proc AMIA Symp, pp. 380-384.
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Flow cytometric systems are being used increasingly in all branches of biological science including medicine. To develop analytic tools for identifying unknown molecules such as the antibodies that recognize different structure in the identical antigens, we explored use of a neural network in flow cytometry data comparison. Peak locations were extracted from flow cytometry histograms and we used the Marquardt backpropagation neural networks to recognize identical or similar binding patterns between antibodies and antigens based on the peak locations. The neural network showed 93.8% to 99.6% correct classification rates for identical or similar molecules. This suggests that the neural network technique can be useful in flow cytometry histogram data analysis.

Kim, I 2002, 'Effect Heterogeneity by a Matching Covariate in Matched Case-Control Studies: A Method for Graphs-based Representation', American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 156, no. 5, pp. 463-470.
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King, E, Cobbin, DM, Walsh, S & Ryan, D 2002, 'The Reliable Measurement of Radial Pulse Characteristics', Acupuncture in Medicine, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 150-159.
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The use of the radial pulse as a diagnostic tool is an integral part of the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) patient evaluation. In spite of its long history of use, there is little systematic information available to support the many claims about the relationship between pulse qualities and physiological condition contained in the ancient Chinese texts and echoed in modern pulse terminology. This study reports the development of a reliable means of measuring and recording pulse characteristics. This was achieved by reporting on the physical sensations that are detected under the fingertips when the radial pulse is palpated, rather than attempting to translate these into the complex and typically ambiguously defined TCM pulse qualities. The study involved development of a standardised pulse taking procedure and development of concrete operational definitions for each of the characteristics of the pulse being measured. The inter-rater reliability of the pulse taking procedure and operational definitions was assessed by determining agreement levels between two independent pulse assessors for each characteristic. Inter-rater agreement averaged 80% between the two assessors in both the initial data collection (66 subjects) and in a replication collection (30 subjects) completed two months later. Demonstrating reliability of the procedure represents an essential first step for examining the validity of TCM pulse diagnosis assumptions.

Kirkovits, GJ, Shriver, JA, Gale, PA & Sessler, JL 2002, 'ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Ditopic Receptors', ChemInform, vol. 33, no. 37, pp. no-no.
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AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Klok, EJ, Wilson, IW, Wilson, D, Chapman, SC, Ewing, RM, Somerville, SC, Peacock, WJ, Dolferus, R & Dennis, ES 2002, 'Expression profile analysis of the low-oxygen response in Arabidopsis root cultures', PLANT CELL, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 2481-2494.
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Kucheyev, SO, Toth, M, Phillips, MR, Williams, JS, Jagadish, C & Li, G 2002, 'Chemical origin of the yellow luminescence in GaN', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 91, no. 9, pp. 5867-5874.
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The influence of ion-beam-produced lattice defects as well as H, B, C, N, O, and Si, introduced by ion implantation, on the luminescence properties of wurtzite GaN is studied by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. Results indicate that intrinsic lattice defects produced by ion bombardment mainly act as nonradiative recombination centers and do not give rise to the yellow luminescence (YL) of GaN. Experimental data unequivocally shows that C is involved in the defect-impurity complex responsible for YL. In addition, C-related complexes appear to act as efficient nonradiative recombination centers. Implantation of H produces a broad luminescent peak which is slightly blueshifted with respect to the C-related YL band in the case of high excitation densities. The position of this H-related YL peak exhibits a blueshift with increasing excitation density. Based on this experimental data and results reported previously, the chemical origin of the YL band is discussed. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Kucheyev, SO, Toth, M, Phillips, MR, Williams, JS, Jagadish, C & Li, G 2002, 'X-ray spectrometry investigation of electrical isolation in GaN', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 91, no. 6, pp. 3940-3942.
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Electrical isolation of n-type GaN epilayers bombarded with MeV light ions is studied by energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS). We show that the maximum bremsstrahlung x-ray energy (the Duane-Hunt limit) can be used to monitor the isolation process in GaN. This method allows the dose region above the threshold dose for isolation to be conveniently studied, whereas the application of conventional (low-voltage) electrical techniques in this dose range with large sheet resistances of the material (≳1011/sq) is often impossible due to comparable parasitic resistances of the experimental setup. A correlation of EDS and resistance measurements of GaN strongly suggests that the magnitude of sample charging scales with the number of ion-beam-produced deep electron traps which are empty at equilibrium. The results presented demonstrate the utility of EDS as a powerful and simple technique to study electrical isolation in wide band-gap semiconductors. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Kuchler, U & Platen, E 2002, 'Weak discrete time approximation of stochastic differential equations with time delay', MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTERS IN SIMULATION, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 497-507.
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Kuhlmey, BT, White, TP, Renversez, G, Maystre, D, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM & McPhedran, RC 2002, 'Multipole method for microstructured optical fibers. II. Implementation and results', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 2331-2340.
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We describe the numerical verifications of a multipole formulation for calculating the electromagnetic properties of the modes that propagate in microstructured optical fibers. We illustrate the application of this formulation to calculating both the real and the imaginary parts of the propagation constant. We compare its predictions with the results of recent measurements of a low-loss microstructured fiber and investigate the variations in fiber dispersion with geometrical parameters. We also show that the formulation obeys appropriate symmetry rules and that these rules may be used to improve computational speed.

Lambropoulos, NA, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2002, 'Binding to gold(0): Accurate computational methods with application to AuNH3', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 116, no. 23, pp. 10277-10286.
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Lampson, BC, Xu, C, Rice, SA & Inouye, S 2002, 'A partial copy of msDNA from a new retron element is likely a retrotransposed DNA found in the myxobacterium Nannocystis exedens', Gene, vol. 299, no. 1-2, pp. 251-261.
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Laroussi, M, Dobbs, FC, Wei, Z, Doblin, MA, Ball, LG, Moreira, KR, Dyer, FF & Richardson, JP 2002, 'Decontamination of water by excimer UV radiation', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 1501-1503.
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Water is one of the most important substances on which life depends. However, water may also serve as a medium by which disease is spread to humans, animals, and plants. Therefore, the biological decontamination of this vital substance is of paramount im

Le Marshall, JF, Leslie, LM & Smith, WL 2002, 'Initialisation using high spatial, temporal and spectral resolution satellite observations', Advances in Space Research, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 2441-2446.
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Le Marshall, JF, Leslie, LM, Abbey Jr., RF & Qi, L 2002, 'Tropical cyclone track and intensity prediction: The generation and assimilation of high-density, satellite-derived data', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 80, no. 1-4, pp. 43-57.
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Leon, R, Marcinkecius, S, Siegert, J, Cechavicius, B, Magness, B, Taylor, W & Lobo, C 2002, 'Effects of proton irradiation on luminescence emission and carrier dynamics of self-assembled III-V quantum dots', IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 2844-2851.
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Leslie, LM, Abbey Jr., RF, Speer, MS & Skinner, TCL 2002, 'Intense tropical cyclogenesis over the northwest Australian region in 1998/1999: Causal factors', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 80, no. 1-4, pp. 89-101.
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Leslie, LM, Le Marshall, JF & Smith, WL 2002, 'Mesoscale initialisation using advanced sounder data', Advances in Space Research, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 2479-2484.
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Leslie, LM, Speer, MS & Qi, L 2002, 'Editorial: Special issue on atmosphere-surface interactions', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 80, no. 1-4, pp. V-V.
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Levey, FC, Cortie, MB & Cornish, LA 2002, 'A 500 degrees C isothermal section for the Al-Au-Cu system', METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 987-993.
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The Al-Au-Cu system and its associated ternary alloys and intermetallic compounds is surprisingly poorly known, and the authors could find no phase diagram for it in the literature. This article addresses this omission by presenting an isothermal section at 500 °C, derived with the aid of X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), metallography, and hardness measurements. The samples studied had generally received an anneal of 2 hours at 500 °C, primarily in order to complete any transformations that occurred during solidification and cooling of the castings. The possibility of further changes on protracted annealing at 500 °C is not ruled out, and the diagram presented is, therefore, applicable only to material prepared by thermal processing of an industrial nature. The presence of a ternary ? phase with a nominal stoichiometry of AlAu2-x Cu1-x (0?x?1) was confirmed, and its phase field at 500 °C was determined. A number of the binary intermetallic phases were found to exhibit some solid solubility of the ternary element. In particular, the ?-Al4Cu9 phase extends deep into the ternary and, in the vicinity of the commercially interesting 18-carat line, appears to exist in a ternary ordered form, designated here as ? 2

Levey, FC, Cortie, MB & Cornish, LA 2002, 'Hardness and colour trends along the 76 wt.% Au (18.2 carat) line of the Au-Cu-Al system', SCRIPTA MATERIALIA, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 95-100.
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Colour and hardness were measured on a series of alloys along the 76 wt.% Au line of the AuCuAl system. Complex, non-monotonic behaviour was observed, which is shown to be correlated with microstructural changes. The available colours include reddish, yellow, `apricot', white and purple. The hardness of as-cast material varies from 150 to 500 Vickers.

Lew, AE, Dluzewski, AR, Johnson, AM & Pinder, JC 2002, 'Myosins of Babesia bovis: Molecular characterisation, erythrocyte invasion, and phylogeny', Cell Motility, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 202-220.
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AbstractUsing degenerate primers, three putative myosin sequences were amplified from Australian isolates of Babesa bovis and confirmed as myosins (termed Bbmyo‐A, Bbmyo‐B, and Bbmyo‐C) from in vitro cultures of the W strain of B. bovis. Comprehensive analysis of 15 apicomplexan myosins suggests that members of Class XIV be defined as those with greater than 35% myosin head sequence identity and that these be further subclassed into groups bearing above 50–60% identity. Bbmyo‐A protein bears a strong similarity with other apicomplexan myosin‐A type proteins (subclass XIVa), the Bbmyo‐B myosin head protein sequence exhibits low identity (35–39%) with all members of Class XIV, and 5′‐sequence of Bbmyo‐C shows strong identity (60%) with P. falciparum myosin‐C protein. Domain analysis revealed five divergent IQ domains within the neck of Pfmyo‐C, and a myosin‐N terminal domain as well as a classical IQ sequence unusually located within the head converter domain of Bbmyo‐B. A cross‐reacting antibody directed against P. falciparum myosin‐A (Pfmyo‐A) revealed a zone of approximately 85 kDa in immunoblots prepared with B. bovis total protein, and immunofluorescence inferred stage‐specific myosin‐A expression since only 25% of infected erythrocytes with mostly paired B. bovis were immuno‐positive. Multiplication of B. bovis in in vitro culture was inhibited by myosin‐ and actin‐binding drugs at concentrations lower than those that inhibit P. falciparum. This study identifies and classifies three myosin genes and an actin gene in B. bovis, and provides the first evidence for the participation of an actomyosin‐based motor in erythrocyte invasion in this species of apicomplexan parasite. Cell Motil. Cyto...

Li, L, Chen, J & Gu, HY 2002, 'Insertion heuristic in multi-vehicle pickup and delivery problem with time window', Shanghai Jiaotong Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, vol. 36, no. SUPPL., pp. 99-101.
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This paper foucsed on the insertion heuristics which are commonly used for the tour construction in multi-vehicle pickup and delivery problem with time window (m-PDPTW). It analyzed the factors that may impact the quality of solution from several aspects and put forward three criteria to direct the process of insertion. Based on it, an improved insertion heuristic was advanced, which is an extension of the Solomon's VRPTW insertion heuristic. The computational results prove that the improved insertion heuristic can eliminate the disadvantage of simple insertion heuristics and improve the quality of initial solution greatly.

Li, Y & Ryan, L 2002, 'Modeling spatial survival data using semiparametric frailty models', Biometrics, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 287-297.
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We propose a new class of semiparametric frailty models for spatially correlated survival data. Specifically, we extend the ordinary frailty models by allowing random effects accommodating spatial correlations to enter into the baseline hazard function multiplicatively. We prove identifiability of the models and give sufficient regularity conditions. We propose drawing inference based on a marginal rank likelihood. No parametric forms of the baseline hazard need to be assumed in this semiparametric approach. Monte Carlo simulations and the Laplace approach are used to tackle the intractable integral in the likelihood function. Different spatial covariance structures are explored in simulations and the proposed methods are applied to the East Boston Asthma Study to detect prognostic factors leading to childhood asthma.

Longstaff, BJ, Kildea, T, Runcie, JW, Cheshire, A, Dennison, WC, Hurd, C, Kana, T, Raven, JA & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'An in situ study of photosynthetic oxygen exchange and electron transport rate in the marine macroalga Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta)', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 281-293.
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Lovas, JM, Craig, AR, Segal, YD, Raison, RL, Weston, KM & Markus, MR 2002, 'The effects of massage therapy on the human immune response in healthy adults', Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 143-150.
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MacPherson, H, Sherman, K, Hammerschlag, R, Birch, S, Lao, L & Zaslawski, C 2002, 'The clinical evaluation of traditional East Asian systems of medicine', Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 16-19.
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MacPherson, H, Sherman, K, Hammerschlag, R, Birch, S, Lao, L & Zaslawski, CJ 2002, 'The clinical evaluation of traditional East Asian systems of medicine', Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 15-19.

MacPherson, H, White, A, Cummings, M, Jobst, K, Rose, K & Niemtzow, R 2002, 'Standards for reporting interventions in controlled trials of acupuncture: the STRICTA recommendations', Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 6-9.
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Acupuncture treatment and control group interventions in parallel-group randomized trials of acupuncture are not always precisely reported. In an attempt to improve standards, an international group of experienced acupuncturists and researchers devised a set of recommendations, designating them STRICTA: STandards for Reporting Interventions in Controlled Trials of Acupuncture. In a further consensus-building round, the editors of several journals helped redraft the recommendations. These follow the CONSORT format, acting as an extension of the CONSORT guidelines for the specific requirements of acupuncture studies. Participating journals are publishing the STRICTA recommendations and requesting prospective authors to adhere to them when preparing reports for publication. Other journals are invited to adopt these recommendations. The intended outcome is that interventions in controlled trials of acupuncture will be more adequately reported, thereby facilitating an improvement in critical appraisal, analysis and replication of trials. © 2002, Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Malaun, M, Kowallick, R, McDonagh, AM, Marcaccio, M, Paul, RL, Asselberghs, I, Clays, K, Persoons, A, Bildstein, B, Fiorini, C, Nunzi, JM, Ward, MD & McCleverty, JA 2002, 'Donor-acceptor complexes incorporating ferrocenes: Spectroelectrochemical characterisation, quadratic hyperpolarisabilities and the effects of oxidising and reducing agents', Journal of the Chemical Society. Dalton Transactions, no. 20, pp. 3025-3038.
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The donor-acceptor complexes [Fe(C5H5){C5H4QNHM(NO)(TpMe,Me )X}] {TpMe,Me = tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate; Q = nothing, M = Mo, X = Cl, Br, I; M = W, X = Cl; Q = C6H4, M = Mo, X = Cl, Br, I; M = W, X = Cl; Q = CH=CHC6H4 or N=NC6H4, M = Mo, X = Cl), which contain 16-valence electron metal nitrosyl centres, [Fe(C5H5){C5H4QpyMo(NO)(TpMe,Me )Cl}] (py = 4-pyridyl; Q = CH=CH, CH=CHCO, N=CH and C6H4CH=CH), [Fe(C5Me4H){C5H4CH=CHpyMo(NO)(Tp Me,Me)Cl}] and [Fe(C5Me4H)(C5Me4QpyZ)] {Q = CH=CH or CH=N, Z = Mo(NO)(TpMe,Me)Cl or W(CO)5; Q=2,4-CH=CH(C4H2S)CH=CH, Z = W(CO)s or Me+I-}, some of which contain 17-valence electron molybdenum nitrosyl centres, and [Fe(C5Me4H){C5Me4CH=CH(C4 H2S)CH=CHpy}], have been characterised electrochemically, by their electronic spectra, and spectroelectrochemically: Hyper-Rayleigh scattering was used to determine the first hyperpolarisability, β, the data showing that (a) β is dependent on the metal in the acceptor fragment, (b) β increased when Cl or Br was replaced by I and (c) β increased when the number of methyl groups on the cyclopentadienyl rings increased. The β-values for comparable complexes containing {Mo(NO)(TpMe,Me)Cl} and {W(CO)5} moieties were similar. Chemical oxidation of the ferrocenyl or chemical reduction of the molybdenum nitrosyl acceptor fragments in selected complexes caused a reduction of between 25% and 100% in the NLO response. X-Ray structural studies of [Fe(C5H5){C5H4NHMo(NO)(TpMe,Me )Cl}] (P1̄) and [Fe(C5Me4H){C5Me4CH=CHpyMo(NO)(Tp Me,Me)Cl}] (P1̄) are reported.

Marcinkevičius, S, Siegert, J, Leon, R, Čechavičius, B, Magness, B, Taylor, W & Lobo, C 2002, 'Changes in luminescence intensities and carrier dynamics induced by proton irradiation in InxGa1-xAs/GaAs quantum dots', Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, vol. 66, no. 23, pp. 2353141-2353146.
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The effects of proton irradiation (1.5 MeV) on photoluminescence intensities and carrier dynamics were compared between InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots and similar quantum well structures. A significant enhancement in radiation tolerance is seen with three-dimensional quantum confinement. Measurements were carried out in different quantum dot structures varying in dot surface density (4×108-3×1010 cm-2) and substrate orientation, [(100) and (311)B]. Similar trends were observed for all quantum dot samples. A slight increase in photoluminescence emission intensity after low to intermediate proton doses is observed in InGaAs/GaAs (100) quantum dot structures. The latter is explained in terms of more efficient carrier transfer from the wetting layer via radiation-induced defects.

Marcinkevičius, S, Siegert, J, Leon, R, Čechavičius, B, Magness, B, Taylor, W & Lobo, C 2002, 'Changes in luminescence intensities and carrier dynamics induced by proton irradiation inInxGa1−xAs/GaAsquantum dots', Physical Review B, vol. 66, no. 23, pp. 1-6.
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The effects of proton irradiation (1.5 MeV) on photoluminescence intensities and carrier dynamics were compared between InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots and similar quantum well structures. A significant enhancement in radiation tolerance is seen with three-dimensional quantum confinement. Measurements were carried out in different quantum dot structures varying in dot surface density (formula presented) and substrate orientation [(100) and (formula presented). Similar trends were observed for all quantum dot samples. A slight increase in photoluminescence emission intensity after low to intermediate proton doses is observed in InGaAs/GaAs (100) quantum dot structures. The latter is explained in terms of more efficient carrier transfer from the wetting layer via radiation-induced defects. © 2002 The American Physical Society.

Marsh, DJ & Zori, RT 2002, 'Genetic insights into familial cancers – update and recent discoveries', Cancer Letters, vol. 181, no. 2, pp. 125-164.
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Mazzanti, M, Warton, K, Tonini, R, Lorenzi, G, Fairlie, WD, Matthews, J, Valenzuela, S, Qiu, M, Wu, W, Pankhurst, S, Bauskin, AR, Campbell, TJ, Curmi, PM & Breit, SN 2002, 'Ncc27 (clic1) Interacts With Artifical Bylayer In A Ph Dependent Manner To Form Chloride Ion Channels', Biophysical Journal, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 1-1.
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McDougald, D, Gong, L, Srinivasan, S, Hild, E, Thompson, L, Takayama, K, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2002, 'Defences against oxidative stress during starvation in bacteria', Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, vol. 81, no. 1/4, pp. 3-13.
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Menz, RI, Cinquin, O & Christopherson, RI 2002, 'The identification, cloning and functional expression of the gene encoding orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) decarboxylase fromPlasmodium falciparum', Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, vol. 96, no. 5, pp. 469-476.
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Migocki, MD, Freeman, MK, Wake, RG & Harry, EJ 2002, 'The Min system is not required for precise placement of the midcell Z ring in Bacillus subtilis', EMBO reports, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 1163-1167.
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In bacteria, the Min system plays a role in positioning the midcell division site by inhibiting the formation of the earliest precursor of cell division, the Z ring, at the cell poles. However, whether the Min system also contributes to establishing the precise placement of the midcell Z ring is unresolved. We show that the Z ring is positioned at midcell with a high degree of precision in Bacillus subtilis, and this is completely maintained in the absence of the Min system. Min is therefore not required for correct midcell Z ring placement in B. subtilis. Our results strongly support the idea that the primary role of the Min system is to block Z ring formation at the cell poles and that a separate mechanism must exist to ensure cell division occurs precisely at midcell.

Mikajlo, EA, Nixon, KL, Coleman, VA & Ford, MJ 2002, 'The electronic band structure of Li2O: testing theoretical predictions using electron momentum spectroscopy', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 14, no. 13, pp. 3587-3598.
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Using the technique of electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS) we have measured the oxygen 2p- and 2s-derived valence bands and lithium 1s-derived core level in lithium oxide. All three sets of bands have been measured in a single experiment allowing the energy gap between the bands to be determined. At the point the O(2p)-O(2s) band gap is measured to be 16.1?0.2 eV, and the O(2s)-Li(1s) band gap is 34.3?0.2 eV. We can also determine bandwidths since EMS measures the full band structure directly, resolved both in energy and momentum. As expected, the O(2s) and Li(1s) bands are essentially non-dispersing, while the O(2p) has an observed width of 1.6?0.2 eV. The experiment is compared with calculations using the linear combination of atomic orbitals approach. At the Hartree-Fock (HF) level these calculations overestimate the gap between the valence bands and the width of the O(2p) band. The three density functional methods used give a reduced intervalence band gap and bandwidth. The hybrid gradient corrected method, PBE0 (where PBE stands for `Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof'), gives the closest agreement for the band gap at 16.7 eV, while the gradient corrected method, PBE, gives the best value for the bandwidth at 2.0 eV. At all levels the O(2s)-Li(1s) gap is underestimated; HF gives the closest agreement at 31.8 eV.

Miller, CMD, Quinn, HE, Windsor, PA & Ellis, JT 2002, 'Characterisation of the first Australian isolate of Neospora caninum from cattle', AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, vol. 80, no. 10, pp. 620-625.
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Milner, RJ, Lim, RP & Hunter, DM 2002, 'Risks to the aquatic ecosystem from the application of Metarhizium anisopliae for locust control in Australia', Pest Management Science, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 718-723.
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Laboratory tests of Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum Driver & Milner, at a dose of 1.3 × 106 conidia ml-1, had no adverse effects on nymphs of mayfly, Ulmerophlebia sp or 8-week-old fry of the rainbow fish, Melanotaenia duboulayi Castelnau. This dose was toxic to the cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia Richards causing 100% mortality in 48h. When this test was repeated at doses of up to 6.7 × 103 conidia ml-1, there was only 5% mortality after 192h. Spraying of artificial water sources with a very high dose of the fungus as an aqueous spray resulted in 80-130 conidia ml-1 at 15 cm depth in the first 24h after spraying. The conidia rapidly settled out and were absent from the top 15 cm layer of water after about 50h. A similar experiment using the oil formulation as used in field control resulted in a 2- to 20-fold lower level of conidia in the water. Finally, sampling actual water sources in spray areas revealed a very low level of contamination of the water, with a maximum mean level of 29 conidia ml-1 in the first 24h after treatment. Thus the level of conidia likely to enter water during control campaigns is a small fraction of that required to kill cladocerans, the only sensitive non-target organism tested. It is concluded that the biopesticide is very unlikely to pose any hazard to aquatic organisms. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry.

Miyahara, Y & Novikov, A 2002, 'Geometric Levy Process Pricing Model', Proceedings of the Stekov Institute of Mathematics, vol. 237, no. 2, pp. 185-200.

Morison, RP, Leslie, LM & Speer, MS 2002, 'Atmospheric modelling of air pollution as a tool for environmental prediction and management', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 80, no. 1-4, pp. 141-151.
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Murray, BR, Thrall, PH & Lepschi, BJ 2002, 'Relating species rarity to life history in plants of eastern Australia', Evolutionary Ecology Research, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 937-950.
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We examined species rarity in relation to life history in plants of eastern Australia. Correlated-divergence analysis (using phylogenetically independent contrasts) and cross-species analysis (exploring patterns across present-day species) were employed in a complementary fashion to test the hypothesis that rare and common species differed with respect to life history. Two measures of rarity, threat of extinction and geographical range size, were investigated for relationships with growth form, longevity, pollination mode, mating system, dispersal and seed mass. Species threatened with extinction had, on average, significantly smaller seed mass than non-threatened species. This emerged in both correlated-divergence and cross-species analyses, independently of the effects of the other life-history traits. In cross-species analysis, but not as phylogenetic contrasts, a significant number of species with short life spans were less likely to be threatened with extinction. This arose because most short-lived species not threatened with extinction diverged from long-lived species threatened with extinction at a major node deep in the phylogenetic tree (where monocotyledons diverged from dicotyledons). Mating system was significantly related to geographical range size in correlated-divergence analysis, but not across present-day species. There was evidence that evolutionary divergences for dioecy have been significantly correlated with the occupation of a wide geographical range, although this relationship has not been maintained across present-day species. Growth form, pollination mode and dispersal could not account significantly for variation in either threat of extinction or range size. Because relationships for plants of eastern Australia were found to differ considerably from those emerging for other species assemblages on other continents, support is provided for the notion that associations between species rarity and life history are highly dependent o...

Murray, S & Patterson, DJ 2002, 'Amphidiniopsis korewalensis sp nov., a new heterotrophic benthic dinoflagellate', PHYCOLOGIA, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 382-388.
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Murray, S & Patterson, DJ 2002, 'The benthic dinoflagellate genus Amphidinium in south-eastern Australian waters, including three new species', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 279-298.
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Navakhun, K, Gale, PA, Camiolo, S, Light, ME & Hursthouse, MB 2002, 'Pendant arm pyrrolic amide cleft anion receptors', Chemical Communications, no. 18, pp. 2084-2085.
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Noyes, H, Pratlong, F, Chance, M, Ellis, J, Lanotte, G & Dedet, JP 2002, 'A previously unclassified trypanosomatid responsible for human cutaneous lesions in Martinique (French West Indies) is the most divergent member of the genus Leishmania ss.', Parasitology, vol. 124, no. Pt 1, pp. 17-24.
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Two cases of skin lesions similar to those caused by Leishmania parasites have been reported from Martinique. Parasites isolated from these lesions were unlike Leishmania reference strains by isoenzyme analysis and electron microscopy and were assumed to be monoxenous trypanosomatids which normally only infect invertebrates. Both strains have now been retyped by isoenzyme analysis and found to be identical to each other and distantly related to all other Leishmania species. The sequence of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene and partial sequences of the DNA polymerase alpha and RNA polymerase II largest subunit genes were obtained. These sequences indicated that the Martinique parasites clustered with L. enriettii and were basal to all other euleishmania. However, support for both the position basal to all euleishmania and the clustering with L. enriettii was low. The Martinique parasites may cluster with L. (Leishmania) or L. (Viannia) or form a novel clade within the euleishmania either with or without L. enriettii.

O’Brien, BA, Huang, Y, Geng, X, Dutz, JP & Finegood, DT 2002, 'Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells by Macrophages From NOD Mice Is Reduced', Diabetes, vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 2481-2488.
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Macrophages limit inflammatory responses by clearing apoptotic cells. Deficiencies in apoptotic cell phagocytosis have been linked to autoimmunity. In this study, we determined the efficiency with which macrophages from diabetes-prone NOD and diabetes-resistant NOR, Idd5, Balb/c, and C57BL/6 mice phagocytose apoptotic thymocytes and NIT-1 insulinoma cells. Peritoneal and bone marrow-derived macrophages from NOD mice engulfed fewer apoptotic thymocytes than macrophages from Balb/c mice (P &lt; 0.05). Peritoneal macrophages from NOR and Idd5 NOD congenic mice were more proficient at engulfment than their NOD counterparts. Annexin V blockade diminished apoptotic thymocyte clearance and heat-labile serum factors augmented clearance. Binding of apoptotic thymocytes to NOD macrophages was also reduced, suggesting that the deficiency in phagocytosis may be partly attributable to a recognition defect. Peritoneal macrophages from female Balb/c and NOD mice were equally efficient in the engulfment of microspheres, suggesting that the phagocytic deficiency observed in NOD mice was specific for apoptotic cells. In summary, we have demonstrated a deficiency in phagocytic function of macrophages from NOD mice. Normal and diabetes-prone neonatal rodents have a wave of β-cell apoptosis coincident with the onset of target organ inflammation. A constitutive defect in the clearance of apoptotic β-cells may be contributory to the initiation of autoimmunity.

O'Brien, BA, Fieldus, WE, Field, CJ & Finegood, DT 2002, 'Clearance of apoptotic β-cells is reduced in neonatal autoimmune diabetes-prone rats', Cell Death and Differentiation, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 457-464.
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The kinetics of β-cell death in neonatal diabetes-prone (BBdp) and diabetes-resistant (BBdr) BioBreeding rats was investigated using both direct (histochemical) and indirect (mathematical modelling) techniques. In both BBdp and BBdr rats, the incidence of TUNEL positive β-cells increased until 10 days of age before declining. The number of apoptotic β-cells was significantly higher in BBdp as compared to BBdr neonates from birth until 20 days of age (P < 0.05). Using a mathematical model applied to the time course of β-cell mass and replication rate, a wave of net β-cell loss was detected between 10 and 20 days of age in both strains. In contrast to the observed difference in the incidence of TUNEL positive β-cells, with the model-based approach we found no difference in the rate of β-cell apoptosis between BBdp and BBdr rats prior to weaning. As the number of apoptotic cells present in a tissue depends on the rate at which cells die and the rate at which the apoptotic cell debris is cleared, we compared in vitro phagocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes by peritoneal macrophages from 2-week-old BBdp and BBdr rats. Macrophages from BBdp neonates engulfed significantly less apoptotic cells as compared to BBdr neonates (P < 0.0005). Taken together, these findings suggest that there is impaired clearance of apoptotic β-cells in diabetes-prone BB rats during the neonatal period.

Platen, E 2002, 'Arbitrage in continuous complete markets', ADVANCES IN APPLIED PROBABILITY, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 540-558.
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Poulos, LM, O'Meara, TJ, Hamilton, RG & Tovey, ER 2002, 'Inhaled latex allergen (Hev b 1)', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 109, no. 4, pp. 701-706.
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BACKGROUND:IgE-mediated responses to natural rubber latex allergens have become a major health problem among recognized risk groups. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this investigation was to measure the amounts of Hevea brasiliensis latex allergen (Hev b 1) inhaled and deposited on surfaces when latex or vinyl gloves were worn and compare the results with the conventional measures (breathing zone samplers) of occupational exposure. METHODS:Hev b 1 exposure was measured by nasal sampling and breathing zone sampling. Latex allergen exposure was generated by having each subject don a pair of powdered latex examination gloves and continuing his or her normal daily activity for 30 minutes. By means of adhesive tape, surface dust samples were collected from the surfaces of gloves, the subject's hands, and work areas. Sampling was performed with subjects wearing no gloves, subjects wearing powdered vinyl gloves, subjects wearing powdered latex gloves, and nearby colleagues wearing latex gloves. All samples were assayed through use of the HALOgen assay (Inhalix, Sydney, Australia) with a Hev b 1-specific mAb. Particles transporting latex allergen were identified by a surrounding immunostain halo, and these were quantified and reported as total numbers of particles inhaled, airborne, or found on surface areas evaluated. RESULTS:Study subjects inhaled 26 times more allergen when powdered latex gloves were worn than under the "no glove" and powdered vinyl glove conditions. During the same period, Hev b 1 particle levels measured in the ambient air through use of the breathing zone sampler increased by 24-fold. The median numbers of particles carrying Hev b 1 allergen per square centimeter on the surface of the hands after the wearing of latex and vinyl gloves were 1964 and 5, respectively. Latex allergen was physically associated both with cornstarch granules and with larger dust particles having a darker, more irregular appearance. CONCLUSION:In a laboratory where gloves are worn...

Quinn, HE, Ellis, JT & Smith, NC 2002, 'Neospora caninum: a cause of immune-mediated failure of pregnancy?', TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 391-394.
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Quinn, HE, Miller, CMD, Ryce, C, Windsor, PA & Ellis, JT 2002, 'Characterization of an outbred pregnant mouse model of Neospora caninum infection', JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 691-696.
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Radchik and, VS, Ben-Nissan, B & Mu¨ller, WH 2002, 'Semi-Graphical Methods for the Calculation of Real Areas of Loaded Contact by Means of the Abbott-Firestone Bearing Curve', Journal of Tribology, vol. 124, no. 1, pp. 223-226.
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Radchik, VS, Ben-Nissan, B & Müller, WH 2002, 'Theoretical modeling of surface asperity depression into an elastic foundation under static loading', Journal of Tribology, vol. 124, no. 4, pp. 852-856.
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A theoretical analysis is carried out in closed-form to quantitatively describe the pressing of an individual surface asperity into its elastic bulk when subjected to normal loads. To this end, a single asperity is simulated by a paraboloid of revolution of an arbitrary even power. The investigation is based on theory of elastic contact as originally developed by Shtaerman. It is shown that additional pressing of an individual asperity into the elastic bulk essentially depends upon four parameters: the elastic compression of its apex, the initial magnitude of the height of the asperity, a constant that characterizes the shape of the asperity peak, and the elastic properties of the materials involved in the contact. The analysis shows that the impression of the asperity into the elastic bulk increases for decreasing smoothness of the paraboloid. It will be demonstrated that the impression of the asperity into the elastic bulk, if both are made of the same material, typically reaches 50 percent of the value of elastic compression of the asperity peak.

Raison, RL & Jorgensen, TO 2002, 'Immunology and sustainable aquaculture', DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 129-130.
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The contribution by aquaculture to total fisheries production has increased significantly over the last decade. Indeed the increase in production of approximately 20 million tonnes over that period has been almost entirely the result of increased aquaculture-based production. Furthermore, impacts of global climate change together with overfishing of capture-based fisheries mean the contribution of aquaculture to this important area of food production will increase in the future.

Ralph, PJ & Short, FT 2002, 'Impact of the wasting disease pathogen, Labyrinthula zosterae, on the photobiology of eelgrass Zostera marina', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 226, no. N/A, pp. 265-271.
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Labyrinthula zosterae is clearly shown to be a primary pathogen of eelgrass Zostera marina L., not merely a secondary infection of senescent leaves or an indication of decomposition, The results of this investigation using a Diving-PAM fluorometer indicate that the regions of tissue photosynthetically compromised by Labyrinthula are substantially larger than previously thought. Labyrinthula moves through Zostera marine tissue at a rate of up to 0.8 h-1 during daylight periods. The photosynthetic efficiency of apparently healthy green leaf tissue can be reduced by almost 50% in areas up to 3 mm from a necrotic region infected with Labyrinthula. Once a necrotic spot expands to bisect the eelgrass leaf, the condition of all acropertal tissue diminished; lead tissue up to 5 cm away has severely reduced photosynthetic activity.

Ralph, PJ, Gademann, R, Larkum, AWD & Kühl, M 2002, 'Spatial heterogeneity in active chlorophyll fluorescence and PSII activity of coral tissues', Marine Biology, vol. 141, no. 4, pp. 639-646.
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Chlorophyll-a fluorescence was measured in six species of coral, using pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorometers employing fibre-optic probes with diameters of 8 mm, 1 mm and 140 μm. The 8-mm probe integrated responses over a large area, giving more weight to coenosarc than polyp tissue for Acropora nobilis. With 1-mm and 140-μm fibre-optic probes, the photosynthetic responses of zooxanthellae in the coenosarc and the polyp tissue of Acropora nobilis were distinguished. The polyp tissue exhibited a lower maximum in relative electron transport rate than did the coenosarc tissue, and was subject to down-regulation at higher irradiances. Coenosarc and polyp tissue (both containing zooxanthellae) showed a wide range of responses in the other corals. Down-regulation of photosynthesis in a single polyp of Pocillopora damicornis was followed after exposure to moderate irradiance, with recovery occurring over a further 4 h of shade conditions. All the corals (Acropora millepora, A. nobilis, Cyphastrea serailia, Montipora tuberculosa, Pocillopora damicornis and Porites cylindrica) showed evidence of strong down-regulation of photosynthesis under high irradiance, and little evidence of photoinhibitory damage to photosystem II.

Ralph, PJ, Polk, SM, Moore, KA, Orth, RJ & Smith, WO 2002, 'Operation of the xanthophyll cycle in the seagrass Zostera marina in response to variable irradiance', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, vol. 271, no. 2, pp. 189-207.
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Changes in the photobiology and photosynthetic pigments of the seagrass Zostera marina from Chesapeake Bay (USA) were examined under a range of natural and manipulated irradiance regimes. Photosynthetic activity was assessed using chlorophyll-a fluorescence, and photosynthetic pigments were measured by HPLC. Large changes in the violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, and antheraxanthin content were concomitant with the modulation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Photokinetics (Fv/Fm, rapid light curves (RLC), and non-photochemical quenching) varied as a result of oscillating irradiance and were highly correlated to xanthophyll pigment content. Zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin concentrations increased under elevated light conditions, while violaxanthin increased in darkened conditions. Unusually high concentrations of antheraxanthin were found in Z. marina under a wide range of light conditions, and this was associated with the partial conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin. These results support the idea that xanthophyll intermediate pigments induce a photoprotective response during exposure to high irradiances in this seagrass.

Ralph, TC, Langford, NK, Bell, TB & White, AG 2002, 'Linear optical controlled-NOT gate in the coincidence basis', Physical Review A, vol. 65, no. 6.
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Ralph, TC, Langford, NK, Bell, TB & White, AG 2002, 'Linear optical controlled-NOT gate in the coincidence basis', Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, vol. 65, no. 6 A, pp. 623241-623245.
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A nondeterministic quantum controlled-NOT gate that operated with one-ninth efficiency was described. It was constructed from linear optical elements and required only a two-photon source for its demonstration. Behavior of the gate with variations in both the beam splitter and mode match values was investigated. It was concluded that the demonstration was feasible with current optical technology.

Rathouz, PJ 2002, 'Semiparametric inference in matched case-control studies with missing covariate data', Biometrika, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 905-916.
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Reichel, MP & Ellis, JT 2002, 'Control options for Neospora caninum infections in cattle - current state of knowledge', NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY JOURNAL, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 86-92.
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Reimers, JR, Hush, NS & Crossley, MJ 2002, 'Inter-porphyrin coupling: how strong should it be for molecular electronics applications?', Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, vol. 06, no. 12, pp. 795-805.
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Porphyrins and phthalocyanines have now been assembled in a multitude of different architectures, each of which may be identified with a different scenario of the coupling acting between the porphyrins. The synthetic flexibility of these compounds makes possible the design of particular molecules for specific applications in molecular electronics, both in naturally occurring and synthetic devices. Here, we form an overview of these features and focus on the coupling strength, considering what values are appropriate for different molecular electronics applications. In particular, we focus on model compounds that have been prepared as mimics of naturally occurring photosynthetic functional units, oligoporphyrins molecular wires, and stacked systems in which small changes in geometry can affect significant changes in the inter-porphyrin coupling and hence produce dramatic changes in device properties.

Reimers, JR, Hush, NS & Crossley, MJ 2002, 'Inter-porphyrin coupling: how strong should it be for molecular electronics applications?', JOURNAL OF PORPHYRINS AND PHTHALOCYANINES, vol. 6, no. 11-12, pp. 795-805.
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Reimers, JR, Shapley, WA, Lambropoulos, N & Hush, NS 2002, 'An atomistic approach to conduction between nanoelectrodes through a single molecule', MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS II, vol. 960, pp. 100-130.

Rémond, G, Myklebust, R, Fialin, M, Nockolds, C, Phillips, M & Roques-Carmes, C 2002, 'Decomposition of wavelength dispersive x-ray spectra', Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 509-529.
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Line shapes of atomic lines and soft x-ray emission bands measured with a wavelength dispersive spectrometer (WDS) with the Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) are reviewed. Least square fitting to pseudo-Voigt profiles of the digitally measured spectra are used to account for the presence of non-diagram features (high and low energy satellites) and instrumental induced distortions. The effect of line width and relative intensities on the quality of fits is illustrated. Spectral distortions resulting from the presence of absorption edges within the analyzed wavelength region are illustrated for the case of FeLα,β emission bands for pure Fe and iron oxides. For quantitative analysis, an analytical approach is presented where the measured soft x-ray emission bands are corrected for self absorption before extracting the intensities from the experimental data.

Rémond, G, Nockolds, C, Phillips, M & Roques-Carmes, C 2002, 'Implications of polishing techniques in quantitative x-ray microanalysis', Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 639-662.
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The implications of the polishing techniques in quantative x-ray microanalysis were discussed. Two and three body abrasive wears, polishing procedures and techniques and characterization of polished surfaces were also discussed. Varying the nature of polishing materials was found to result in different surface and subsurface chemical, physical and textural damages.

Reynolds, PA, Henderson, MJ, Holt, SA & White, JW 2002, 'Interfacial Structure of a High Internal Phase Emulsion near a Solid Surface', Langmuir, vol. 18, no. 24, pp. 9153-9157.
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Robson, SA, Michie, KA, Mackay, JP, Harry, E & King, GF 2002, 'The Bacillus subtilis cell division proteins FtsL and DivIC are intrinsically unstable and do not interact with one another in the absence of other septasomal components', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 663-674.
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SummaryThe bacterial septum appears to comprise a macromolecular assembly of essential cell division proteins (the ‘septasome’) that are responsible for physically dividing the cell during cytokinesis. FtsL and DivIC are essential components of this division machinery in Bacillus subtilis. We used yeast two‐hybrid analysis as well as a variety of biochemical and biophysical methods to examine the proposed interaction between Bacillus subtilis FtsL and DivIC. We show that FtsL and DivIC are thermodynamically unstable proteins that are likely to be unfolded and therefore targeted for degradation unless stabilized by interactions with other components of the septasome. However, we show that this stabilization does not result from a direct interaction between FtsL and DivIC. We propose that the observed interdepend‐ence of DivIC and FtsL stability is a result of indirect interactions that are mediated by other septasomal proteins.

Rodgers, KJ, Wang, HJ, Fu, SL & Dean, RT 2002, 'Biosynthetic incorporation of oxidized amino acids into proteins and their cellular proteolysis', FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 766-775.
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We demonstrate that oxidized amino acids can be incorporated into proteins by protein synthesis. The level of incorporation into protein was dependent on the concentration of oxidized amino acid supplied to the cells. At low levels of incorporation, the oxidized amino acids examined increased the degradation rate of the cell proteins. Degradation of certain proteins containing high levels of DOPA (but not ortho or meta tyrosine) was decreased to below the basal degradation rates suggesting that DOPA may contribute to proteins becoming resistant to proteolysis. Changes in the degradation rates of the oxidized amino acid-containing proteins was shown to have no impact on the degradation rates of native proteins, indicating that the activity of the degradative machinery was not affected. We demonstrate that oxidized proteins are selectively degraded by the proteasomes and provide evidence to suggest that the proteasomes and the endosomal-lysosomal systems may act in sequence as well as in parallel. The incorporation approach, unlike cell studies in which an exogenous oxidant is used, allows the degradation rates of the oxidatively modified proteins to be selectively measured, offering a greater sensitivity as well as greatly reducing toxicity to the cell and avoiding oxidative modification of other cell components.

Rose, RM, Warne, MS & Lim, RP 2002, 'Some life history responses of the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia to variations in population density at two different food concentrations', HYDROBIOLOGIA, vol. 481, no. 1-3, pp. 157-164.
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The combined effects of food concentration and population density on some life history characteristics of the small-bodied cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia were studied by examining animals maintained at densities of 100-3000 individuals l(-1) for 8 day

Rose, RM, Warne, MSJ & Lim, RP 2002, 'Food concentration affects the life history response of Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia to chemicals with different mechanisms of action', ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 106-114.
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Rose, RM, Warne, MSJ & Lim, RP 2002, 'Residual effects of 3,4-dichloroaniline on offspring born to Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia exposed for multiple generations', Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 205-211.
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One of the acknowledged limitations of conventional toxicity tests is their inability to evaluate the impact of toxicants on subsequent generations. Given their relatively short lifespan, cladocerans in the field may be exposed to toxicants for several generations. However, it is unclear what effect such an exposure regime could have on the cladoceran fitness after removal of the toxicant. This paper aimed to determine the offspring fitness of juveniles produced by adult Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia exposed to residual levels of 3,4-dichloroaniline over four generations. Mass cultures of Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia were maintained for several generations in various concentrations of 3,4-dichoroaniline (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 μg/L). The mass cultures were re-established every generation using 4th brood neonates <24 h old. Each generation, 4th brood neonates <24 h old were also transferred individually into toxicant-free water and examined until the production of their 3rd brood. F1 offspring of mothers exposed to 15 and 20 μg/L 3,4-dichloroaniline showed significantly (p < 0.05) reduced reproduction compared to the controls. No significant (p > 0.05) changes in reproduction due to 3,4-dichloroaniline were observed for the F2 and F3 offspring. However, F4 offspring of mothers exposed to all 3,4-dichloroaniline concentrations showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased reproduction compared to the controls. Possible explanations for the varying influence of maternal 3,4-dichloroaniline exposure on the reproductive output of the offspring are discussed.

Rouse, DT, Sheldon, CC, Bagnall, DJ, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2002, 'FLC, a repressor of flowering, is regulated by genes in different inductive pathways', PLANT JOURNAL, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 183-191.
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Rungis, D, Llewellyn, D, Dennis, ES & Lyon, BR 2002, 'Investigation of the chromosomal location of the bacterial blight resistance gene present in an Australian cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 551-560.
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Sabatier, F, Darmon, P, Hugel, B, Combes, V, Sanmarco, M, Velut, J-G, Arnoux, D, Charpiot, P, Freyssinet, J-M, Oliver, C, Sampol, J & Dignat-George, F 2002, 'Type 1 And Type 2 Diabetic Patients Display Different Patterns of Cellular Microparticles', Diabetes, vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 2840-2845.
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The development of vasculopathies in diabetes involves multifactorial processes including pathological activation of vascular cells. Release of microparticles by activated cells has been reported in diseases associated with thrombotic risk, but few data are available in diabetes. The aim of the present work was to explore the number and the procoagulant activity of cell-derived microparticles in type 1 and 2 diabetic patients. Compared with age-matched control subjects, type 1 diabetic patients presented significantly higher numbers of platelet and endothelial microparticles (PMP and EMP), total annexin V-positive blood cell microparticles (TMP), and increased levels of TMP-associated procoagulant activity. In type 2 diabetic patients, only TMP levels were significantly higher without concomitant increase of their procoagulant activity. Interestingly, in type 1 diabetic patients, TMP procoagulant activity was correlated with HbA1c, suggesting that procoagulant activity is associated with glucose imbalance. These results showed that a wide vesiculation process, resulting from activation or apoptosis of several cell types, occurs in diabetes. However, diabetic patients differ by the procoagulant activity and the cellular origin of microparticles. In type 1 diabetic patients, TMP-procoagulant activity could be involved in vascular complications. Moreover, its correlation with HbA1c reinforces the importance of an optimal glycemic control in type 1 diabetes.

Saunders, BM, Dane, A, Briscoe, H & Britton, WJ 2002, 'Characterization of immune responses during infection with Mycobacterium avium strains 100, 101 and the recently sequenced 104', Immunology & Cell Biology, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 544-549.
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Mycobacterium avium strain 104 was chosen as the M. avium isolate to sequence, as it is virulent to humans, stable and readily transfectable. As this strain has not been widely studied we sought to investigate the pattern of 104 infection in mice. Bacterial growth and the immune response generated were compared with infection with the low virulence M. avium strain 100, and the high virulence common laboratory strain, 101. Mycobacterium avium strains 104 and 101 grew progressively within mice, while strain 100 was gradually cleared. Strains 104 and 101 induced strong T cell activation and spleen cell cultures produced similar levels of IFN‐γ. In mice infected with strain 100 no significant T cell activation or IFN‐γ production was measured. Further, mice infected with strain 104 or 101 also displayed comparable inflammatory responses and similar granuloma formation, while only minimal inflammation was seen in mice infected with strain 100. Strains 101 and 104 also grew in a similar fashion in bone‐marrow‐derived macrophages and induced significant levels of TNF and nitric oxide. Thus infection with M. avium strain 104 induced an immunological response comparable to M. avium strain 101 and, with the availability of its sequence, should be a useful tool for designing new vaccines or drugs therapies to treat the increasing incidence of M. avium infection in humans.

Saunders, BM, Frank, AA, Orme, IM & Cooper, AM 2002, 'CD4 is required for the development of a protective granulomatous response to pulmonary tuberculosis', Cellular Immunology, vol. 216, no. 1-2, pp. 65-72.
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Schreiber, U, Gademann, R, Bird, P, Ralph, PJ, Larkum, AWD & Kühl, M 2002, 'Apparent light requirement for activation of photosynthesis upon rehydration of desiccated beachrock microbial mats', Journal of Phycology, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 125-134.
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Photosynthetic electron transport of beachrock microbial mats growing in the intertidal zone of Heron Island (Great Barrier Reef, Australia) was investigated with a pulse amplitude modulation chl fluorometer providing four different excitation wave-lengths for preferential excitation of the major algal groups (cyanobacteria, green algae, diatoms/dinoflagellates). A new type of fiberoptic emitter-detector unit (PHYTO-EDF) was used to measure chl fluorescence at the sample surface. Fluorescence signals mainly originated from cyanobacteria, which could be almost selectively assessed by 640-nm excitation. Even after desiccation for long time periods under full sunlight, beachrock showed rapid recovery of photosynthesis after rehydration in the light (t1/2 ∼ 15 min). However, when rehydrated in the dark, the quantum yield of energy conversion of PSII remained zero over extended periods of time. Parallel measurements of O2 concentration with an oxygen microoptode revealed zero oxygen concentration in the surface layer of rehydrated beachrock in the dark. Upon illumination, O2 concentration increased in parallel with PSII quantum yield and decreased again to zero in the dark. It is proposed that oxygen is required for preventing complete dark reduction of the PSII acceptor pools via the NADPH-dehydrogenase/chlororespiration pathway. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that PSII quantum yield could be partially induced in the dark by flushing with molecular oxygen.

Sedger, LM, Hou, S, Osvath, SR, Glaccum, MB, Peschon, JJ, van Rooijen, N & Hyland, L 2002, 'Bone marrow B cell apoptosis during in vivo influenza virus infection requires TNF-alpha and lymphotoxin-alpha', JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 169, no. 11, pp. 6193-6201.
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Suppression of bone marrow myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells occurs after infection with a variety of different viruses. In this study, we characterize the alterations in bone marrow (BM) lymphocytes after influenza virus infection in mice. We found a severe loss of BM B cells, particularly CD43(low/-)B220(+) pre-B and immature B cells, in influenza virus-infected mice. Depletion of BM B lineage cells resulted primarily from cell cycle arrest and most likely apoptosis within the BM environment, rather than from increased trafficking of BM emigrants to peripheral lymphoid tissues. Use of gene-knockout mice indicates that depletion of BM B cells is dependent on TNF-alpha, lymphotoxin-alpha, and both TNF receptors, TNFR1-p55 and TNFR2-p75. Thus, TNF-alpha and lymphotoxin-alpha are required for loss of BM B lineage cells during respiratory infection with influenza virus.

Sendt, K, Johnston, LA, Hough, WA, Crossley, MJ, Hush, NS & Reimers, JR 2002, 'Switchable electronic coupling in model oligoporphyrin molecular wires examined through the measurement and assignment of electronic absorption spectra', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 124, no. 31, pp. 9299-9309.
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Sessler, JL, Král, V, Shishkanova, TV & Gale, PA 2002, 'Cytosine substituted calix[4]pyrroles: Neutral receptors for 5′-guanosine monophosphate', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 99, no. 8, pp. 4848-4853.
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The synthesis and characterization of two cytosine-substituted calix[4]pyrrole conjugates, bearing the appended cytosine attached at either a β- or meso -pyrrolic position, is described. These systems were tested as nucleotide-selective carriers and as active components of nucleotide-sensing ion-selective electrodes at pH 6.6. Studies of carrier selectivity were made using a Pressman-type model membrane system consisting of an initial pH 6.0 aqueous phase, an intervening dichloromethane barrier containing the calix[4]pyrrole conjugate, and a receiving basic aqueous phase. Good selectivity for the Watson–Crick complementary nucleotide, 5′-guanosine monophosphate (5′-GMP), was seen in the case of the meso -linked conjugate with the relative rates of through-membrane transport being 7.7:4.1:1 for 5′-GMP, 5′-AMP, and 5′-CMP, respectively. By contrast, the β-substituted conjugate, while showing a selectivity for 5′-GMP that was enhanced relative to unsubstituted calix[4]pyrrole, was found to transport 5′-CMP roughly 4.5 times more quickly than 5′-GMP. Higher selectivities were also found for 5′-CMP when both the β- and meso -substituted conjugates were incorporated into polyvinyl chloride membranes and tested as ion selective electrodes at pH 6.6, whereas near-equal selectivities were observed for 5′-CMP and 5′-GMP in the case of unsubstituted calix[4]pyrroles. These seemingly disparate results are consistent with a picture wherein the meso -substituted cytosine calix[4]pyrrole conjugate, but not its β-linked congener, is capable of acting as a ditopic receptor, binding concurrently both the phosphate anion and nucleobase portions of 5′-GMP to the calixpyrrole core and cytosine “tails” of the molecule, respectively, with the effect of th...

Shao, Y, Jung, E & Leslie, LM 2002, 'Numerical prediction of northeast Asian dust storms using an integrated wind erosion modeling system', Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 107, no. D24.
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Northeast Asia is one of the most active regions of mineral dust emission. In this study, an integrated wind erosion modeling system is developed, which consists of an atmospheric model, a land surface scheme, a wind erosion scheme (for dust emission and sediment drift), a dust transport and deposition scheme, and a geographic information database. The integrated system is applied to the prediction of northeast Asian dust storms, from the perspective of dust emission and dust concentration of various particle size groups. Two successive but different dust storm events that occurred on 6–7 and 9–10 April 2000 are studied and the predictions are compared qualitatively with meteorological and satellite observations. The comparison shows that the integrated system simulated well the spatial and temporal evolution of dust source and dust concentration. The simulations reveal several significant synoptic features of dust storms. It is found that during a typical dust storm episode, the total emission of dust (with d ≤ 22 μm, d is particle diameter) in northeast Asia amounts to 4.62 Mt/day, including 0.04, 1.88, and 2.70 Mt/day for particle size groups, d ≤ 2 μm, 2 < d ≤ 11 μm, and 11 < d ≤ 22 μm, respectively.

Shapley, WA, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2002, 'INDO/S parameters for gold', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 424-438.
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Shapter, JG, Ford, MJ, Maddox, LM & Waclawik, ER 2002, 'Teaching undergraduates nanotechnology', International Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 18, no. 5 SPEC., pp. 512-518.
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The first nanotechnology undergraduate degree in Australia was established at Flinders University two years ago. In this paper we present our experience of developing and delivering this degree in a climate where 'traditional' physical sciences are under considerable strain. We will discuss the motivation for this initiative, structure of the established course, and educational issues relating to its development.

Shapter, JG, Ford, MJ, Maddox, LM & Waclawik, ER 2002, 'Teaching undergraduates nanotechnology', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 512-518.
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The first nanotechnology undergraduate degree in Australia was established at Flinders University two years ago. In this paper we present our experience of developing and delivering this degree in a climate where `traditional' physical sciences are under considerable strain. We will discuss the motivation for this initiative, structure of the established course, and educational issues relating to its development.

Sheldon, CC, Conn, AB, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 2002, 'Different regulatory regions are required for the vernalization-induced repression of FLOWERING LOCUS C and for the epigenetic maintenance of repression', PLANT CELL, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 2527-2537.
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Shiao, TI, Ellis, MH, Dolferus, R, Dennis, ES & Doran, PM 2002, 'Overexpression of alcohol dehydrogenase or pyruvate decarboxylase improves growth of hairy roots at reduced oxygen concentrations', BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 455-461.
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Sidhu, S, Marsh, DJ, Theodosopoulos, G, Philips, J, Bambach, CP, Campbell, P, Magarey, CJ, Russell, CFJ, Schulte, K-M, Röher, H-D, Delbridge, L & Robinson, BG 2002, 'Comparative Genomic Hybridization Analysis of Adrenocortical Tumors', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 87, no. 7, pp. 3467-3474.
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Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a molecular cytogenetic technique that allows the entire genome of a tumor to be surveyed for gains and losses of DNA copy sequences. A limited number of studies reporting the use of this technique in adult adrenocortical tumors have yielded conflicting results. In this study we performed CGH analysis on 13 malignant, 18 benign, and 1 tumor of indeterminate malignant potential with the aim of identifying genetic loci consistently implicated in the development and progression of adrenocortical tumors. Tissue samples from 32 patients with histologically proven adrenocortical tumors were available for CGH analysis. CGH changes were seen in all cancers, 11 of 18 (61%) adenomas, and the 1 tumor of indeterminate malignant potential. Of the adrenal cancers, the most common gains were seen on chromosomes 5 (46%), 12 (38%), 19 (31%), and 4 (31%). Losses were most frequently seen at 1p (62%), 17p (54%), 22 (38%), 2q (31%), and 11q (31%). Of the benign adenomas, the most common change was gain of 4q (22%). Mann-Whitney analysis showed a highly significant difference between the cancer group (mean changes, 7.6) and the adenoma group (mean changes, 1.1) for the number of observed CGH changes (P &lt; 0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that the number of CGH changes was highly predictive of tumor type (P &lt; 0.01). This study has identified several chromosomal loci implicated in adrenocortical tumorigenesis. Activation of a protooncogene(s) on chromosome 4 may be an early event, with progression from adenoma to carcinoma involving activation of oncogenes on chromosomes 5 and 12 and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes on chromosome arms 1p and 17p.

Singarayar, S, Singleton, C, Tie, H, Wyse, K, Bursill, J, Bauskin, A, Wu, W, Valenzuela, S, Breit, S & Campbell, T 2002, 'Effects of Components of Ischemia on the Kv4.3 Current Stably Expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells', Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 197-207.
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We investigated the effects of three components of ischemia: external acidosis (pH=6.0), extracellular hyperkalemia ([K+]=20 mmol/l), and resting membrane depolarization to -60 mV, on Kv4.3 current stably expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. We used single electrode whole cell patch clamp techniques to study changes in the current elicited. External acidosis caused a positive shift in the steady state activation curve from -13.4±2.1 mV to -3.3±1.5 mV (n=8, P=0.004) and the steady state inactivation curve from -56.5±0.4 mV to -46.7±0.5 mV (n=14, P<0.0001). Acidosis also caused an acceleration of recovery from inactivation with the t1/2 decreasing from 306 ms (95% CI 287327 ms) to 194 ms (95% CI 182207 ms), (n=14, P<0.05). Hyperkalemia did not affect any of these parameters. Combined acidosis and hyperkalemia produced effects similar to those seen with acidosis. Changing the holding potential from -90 mV to -60 mV with test potentials of +5 and +85 mV decreased the peak currents by 34.1% and 32.4% respectively (n=14). However, in the presence of external acidosis the decrease in peak currents induced by changing the holding potential was less marked. In acidotic bath the peak current at -60 mV was reduced by only 13.6% at a test potential of +5 mV and 12.3% at a test potential of +85 mV (n=14). Taken together our data suggest that the membrane depolarization and changes in pH which occur under ischemic conditions would be accompanied by relative preservation of Kv4.3 currents and provide a molecular basis for the observation of preserved epicardial Ito and epicardial action potential duration (APD) shortening in ischemia.

Smith, G 2002, 'Nanoparticle physics for energy, lighting and environmental control technologies', Materials Forum, vol. 26, pp. 20-28.
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Performance of everyday systems such as windows, skylights, painted car panels, roofs and walls and lighting installations, can be improved markedly using nanoparticles, nanocoated micro-particles and nanocomposites. Additional functionality such as self cleaning and power generation is also possible. Properties and applications using polymer and conductor nano- and micro-particles, metal coated particles and nano-voids in metals are covered. Engineering of novel optical and thermal properties based on surface plasmons and surface plasmon polaritons is outlined. The diversity of responses and technical opportunities demands modelling. Empirical exploration by itself is time consuming and risky. Representing an inhomogeneous nanocomposite optically by an 'effective' homogeneous medium is shown to be useful when correctly applied, but is seen to be prone to misuse. The current controversy about negative refractive index nanostructures is a recent example. Opportunities in solar cells, thermal-to-electric conversion and refrigeration, separation, energy storage and power management systems are outlined, along with new decorative and display options.

Smith, G, Deller, CA, Swift, PD, Gentle, AR, Garrett, PD & Fisher, WK 2002, 'Nanoparticle-doped polymer foils for use in solar control glazing', Journal of nanoparticle Research, vol. 4, no. N/A, pp. 157-165.

Smith, GB & Pustovit, VN 2002, 'Coupled multipolar interactions in clusters of nanoparticles with metal shells', OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 211, no. 1-6, pp. 197-204.
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Coupled multipolar interactions between spherical nanoparticles coated with metal nanoshells are shown to yield very different optical behaviour to those between all metal nanoparticles in the same configurations. Controlled spectral tuning of absorption bands in metal shell nano-systems is shown to be easier than with all metal particles because strong localised fields between particles and the associated high order multipoles are much weaker. In the touching limit differences in field distributions mean that whereas all metal clusters are far from convergent when 300 pole-terms are included in the calculation, the metal nanoshells give full convergence after less than 10 poles, even for metal volume fractions over 50%. Extinction bands are also far less sensitive to particle spacing in the shell case.

Smith, GB, Deller, CA, Swift, PD, Gentle, A, Garrett, PD & Fisher, WK 2002, 'Nanoparticle-doped polymer foils for use in solar control glazing', JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH, vol. 4, no. 1-2, pp. 157-165.
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Smith, GH, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC & Nicorovici, NA 2002, 'Cylinder gratings in conical incidence with application to modes of air-cored photonic crystal fibers', Physical Review E, vol. 66, no. N/A.

Smith, GH, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC & Nicorovici, NA 2002, 'Cylinder gratings in conical incidence with applications to modes of air-cored photonic crystal fibers', Physical Review E, vol. 66, no. 5.
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Smith, JM 2002, 'Germline mutation of the tumour suppressor PTEN in Proteus syndrome', Journal of Medical Genetics, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 937-940.
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Southon, PD, Bartlett, JR, Woolfrey, JL & Ben-Nissan, B 2002, 'Formation and characterization of an aqueous zirconium hydroxide colloid', Chemistry of Materials, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 4313-4319.
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Among the wide variety of routes reported for the chemical synthesis of zirconia, the development of simple, aqueous sol-gel technology is of considerable interest for industrialscale applications. In this study, zirconium hydroxide nanoparticles were produced by the controlled hydrolysis of zirconium carbonate in nitric acid, followed by gentle heating at 70°C. Transparent, colorless gels were subsequently produced from the concentrated sols (500 g/L, oxide basis) by drying at ambient temperature. The nanoparticle sols and gels were characterized using a range of techniques, including EXAFS, Raman spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and SAXS, which revealed the presence of platelike particles of width 2.8 ± 0.4 nm and thickness 0.5 ± 0.1 nm. The platelets exhibit a surprisingly high degree of short-range ordering, and it is demonstrated that they are composed of stacked layers of two-dimensional '[Zr(OH)4]n' sheets, as proposed (but not established) in earlier studies. The speciation of the nitrate anions in the sols was also investigated by Raman and 14N NMR, which revealed that the majority of anions were closely associated with the nanoparticles (i.e., separated from the surface by several layers of coordinated water molecules), rather than coordinated directly to the surface. The role of such species in maintaining the stability of the nanoparticle sols is discussed.

Speer, MS & Leslie, LM 2002, 'The prediction of two cases of severe convection: implications for forecast guidance', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 80, no. 1-4, pp. 165-175.
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Steele, F, Brown, J & Chambers, R 2002, 'A controlled donor imputation system for a one-number census', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), vol. 165, no. 3, pp. 495-522.
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The 2001 UK census was a one-number census. An integral part of such a process has been the creation of a transport census debate that has been adjusted for the undernumeration in the 2001 census. The methodology for creating this database is based on a controlled donor imputation system that imputes individuals and households estimated to have been missed in the census. This paper describes this methodology and provided results from a statistical assessment of its performance using data that realistically simulate the census process.

Stevenson, RM, Thompson, RM, Shields, AJ, Farrer, I, Lobo, CJ, Ritchie, DA, Leadbeater, ML & Pepper, M 2002, 'Exciton complexes in individual quantum dots as a single-photon source', Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, vol. 13, no. 2-4, pp. 423-426.
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Thomson, CC, Roberts, K, Curran, A, Ryan, L & Wright, RJ 2002, 'Caretaker-child concordance for child's exposure to violence in a preadolescent inner-city population', Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, vol. 156, no. 8, pp. 818-823.
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Background: Effective screening for exposure to violence (ETV) in the pediatric setting depends on informant reliability and recognition of patients at increased risk. Pediatricians screening for children's ETV often rely on parent reporting. Hypothesis: That there would be poor caretaker-child concordance given that children would report events occurring outside the home not witnessed by the caretaker and that ETV would be higher among immigrant families. Objectives: To examine concordance between caretaker and child self-report of the child's ETV in a preadolescent population and to explore factors related to increased risk. Design: Community-based survey. Setting: Urban community health center. Participants: One hundred sixty-five caretaker-child pairs. Methods: The ETV was assessed by means of a standardized interview questionnaire on location and frequency of ETV. A Rasch model was used to develop summary scores of ETV (frequency and severity). Results: Caretaker-child concordance on reports of child's ETV was poor. The K statistics ranged from -0.04 for seeing someone knifed to 0.39 for witnessing a shooting. Children reported ETV more often in their neighborhood or at school, whereas caretakers reported more events near or at home. Univariate predictors of child's self-reported ETV were female sex (β ± SE, -10.1 ± 4.6; P =.03) and care taker being divorced (β ± SE, 12.6 ± 6.0; P=.04). In multivariate analyses, country of origin predicted child's ETV, adjusting for child's age and sex, and caretaker educational status and marital status. Conclusions: Caretakers and their children have poor agreement on reports of the child's ETV. Intervention strategies around ETV should include assessment of the child independent of caretaker report for preadolescents. Screening may be more effective if pediatricians are aware of factors related to increased risk, including immigration status and caretaker marital status.

Ton-That, C, Shard, AG & Bradley, RH 2002, 'Surface feature size of spin cast PS/PMMA blends', Polymer, vol. 43, no. 18, pp. 4973-4977.
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Thin films of polystyrene (PS)/polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) blends have been spin cast on mica from chloroform solutions. When the concentration of PMMA in the casting solution is less than that of PS a pitted morphology is formed. The average sizes of the pits are shown to increase with both the total concentration of the casting solution and the relative concentration of PMMA. The change in pit size is explained in terms of incomplete dewetting of a PMMA solution from an underlying PS solution. For a given ratio of PMMA/PS the average pit diameters appear to increase linearly with the square of the film thickness, the gradient of which is dependent on the film composition. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Torres, AM, Menz, I, Alewood, PF, Bansal, P, Lahnstein, J, Gallagher, CH & Kuchel, PW 2002, 'D‐Amino acid residue in the C‐type natriuretic peptide from the venom of the mammal, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, the Australian platypus', FEBS Letters, vol. 524, no. 1-3, pp. 172-176.
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The C‐type natriuretic peptide from the platypus venom (OvCNP) exists in two forms, OvCNPa and OvCNPb, whose amino acid sequences are identical. Through the use of nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and peptidase digestion studies, we discovered that OvCNPb incorporates a D‐amino acid at position 2 in the primary structure. Peptides containing a D‐amino acid have been found in lower forms of organism, but this report is the first for a D‐amino acid in a biologically active peptide from a mammal. The result implies the existence of a specific isomerase in the platypus that converts an L‐amino acid residue in the protein to the D‐configuration.

Toth, M, Daniels, DR, Thiel, BL & Donald, AM 2002, 'Quantification of electron-ion recombination in an electron-beam-irradiated gas capacitor', Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 35, no. 14, pp. 1796-1804.
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Toth, M, Phillips, MR, Craven, JP, Thiel, BL & Donald, AM 2002, 'Electric fields produced by electron irradiation of insulators in a low vacuum environment', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 91, no. 7, pp. 4492-4499.
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We report on the properties of electric fields generated as a result of electron irradiation of dielectrics in a low vacuum scanning electron microscope. Individual field components produced by (i) ionized gas molecules located outside the sample surface and (ii) subsurface trapped charge were detected by measurements of changes in (i) primary electron landing energy and (ii) secondary electron (SE) emission current, respectively. The results provide experimental evidence for a recently proposed model of field-enhanced SE emission from electron irradiated insulators in a low vacuum environment [Toth et al., J. Appl. Phys. 91, 4479 (2002)]. Errors introduced into x-ray microanalysis by the electric fields generated by ionized gas molecules can be alleviated by minimizing the steady state ion concentration by the provision of efficient ion neutralization routes. It is demonstrated how this can be achieved using simple sample-electrode geometries. © 2002 American Institute of Physics. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Toth, M, Phillips, MR, Thiel, BL & Donald, AM 2002, 'Electron imaging of dielectrics under simultaneous electron-ion irradiation', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 91, no. 7, pp. 4479-4491.
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We demonstrate that if charging caused by electron irradiation of an insulator is controlled by a defocused flux of soft-landing positive ions, secondary electron (SE) images can contain contrast due to lateral variations in (i) changes in the SE yield caused by subsurface trapped charge and (ii) the SE-ion recombination rate. Both contrast mechanisms can provide information on microscopic variations in dielectric properties. We present a model of SE contrast formation that accounts for localized charging and the effects of gas ions on the SE emission process, emitted electrons above the sample surface, and subsurface trapped charge. The model explains the ion flux dependence of charge-induced SE contrast, an increase in the sensitivity to surface contrast observed in SE images of charged dielectrics, and yields procedures for identification of contrast produced by localized sample charging. © 2002 American Institute of Physics. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Toth, M, Thiel, BL & Donald, AM 2002, 'On the role of electron–ion recombination in low vacuum scanning electron microscopy', Journal of Microscopy, vol. 205, no. 1, pp. 86-95.
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SummaryHere we demonstrate the effects of electron–ion recombination on imaging signals utilized in low vacuum scanning electron microscopes (SEMs). The presented results show that, under normal operating conditions, recombination of ionized gas molecules with secondary electrons (SEs) suppresses a significant fraction of emitted electrons. If the ion flux (and hence the spatial dependence of the SE–ion recombination rate) is laterally inhomogeneous across the imaged region of a specimen, contrast in SE images can be influenced and in some cases (under conditions of high detector field strength and long ionic mean free path) dominated by variations in the recombination rate. Consequently, SE images of features such as topographic asperities can exhibit edge‐darkening, leading to inversion of some topographic contrast. Recognition of the extent and nature of electron–ion recombination is required for a correct understanding of processes occurring in variable pressure SEMs and, subsequently, for models of image formation.

Trautman, DA, Hinde, R, Cole, L, Grant, A & Quinnell, R 2002, 'Visualisation of the symbiosome membrane surrounding cnidarian algal cells', Symbiosis, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 133-145.
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Virtually nothing is known of the role of the cnidarian symbiosome, primarily due to the difficulty in visualising its membrane. We used the fluorescent dye MDY-64 to stain symbiosome membranes surrounding algae of the anthozoan Zoanthus robustus. MDY-64 did not stain cultured symbiotic dinoflagellates, confirming that this dye binds to a membrane of host cell origin. Another fluorescent dye, amino-chloromethylcoumarin (CMAC) stained the cytoplasm of both endoderm cells and algal cells from the zoanthid, a coral and an anemone. By drawing a suspension of endoderm cells from Z. robustus back and forth (5-7 times) through a hypodermic needle, we obtained approximately 73% of the algae in intact symbiosomes, with only 6% of the algae remaining in intact endoderm cells, and 21% free of both endoderm cell and symbiosome. About 15 additional passages of the cells through the needle removed the symbiosome membranes, leaving approximately 85% of the algae free of all host cell material. Use of detergents to remove the endoderm cell plasma membrane damaged both the symbiosome and algal membranes. Transmission electron microscopy showed variable numbers of membranes surrounding the algae. The ability to isolate dinoflagellate cells with and without symbiosome membranes will allow studies of the role of this membrane.

Ung, AT, Schafer, K, Lindsay, KB, Pyne, SG, Amornraksa, K, Wouters, R, Van der Linden, I, Biesmans, I, Lesage, ASJ, Skelton, BW & White, AH 2002, 'Synthesis and biological activities of conformationally restricted cyclopentenyl-glutamate analogues', JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 227-233.
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Upadhyaya, NM, Zhou, XR, Zhu, QH, Ramm, K, Wu, LM, Eamens, A, Sivakumar, R, Kato, T, Yun, DW, Santhoshkumar, C, Narayanan, KK, Peacock, JW & Dennis, ES 2002, 'An iAc/Ds gene and enhancer trapping system for insertional mutagenesis in rice', FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 547-559.
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Upadhyaya, NM, Zhu, Q, Eamens, A & Dennis, ES 2002, 'Rice Gene Machine: A Vehicle for Finding Functions of Cereal Genes', Asia-Pacific Biotech News, vol. 06, no. 24, pp. 936-942.
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Identifying functions for the predicted 25 000 to 40 000 plant genes is the new focus of genomic research following the sequencing of genomes from model plants like Arabidopsis and rice. It is important that researchers and plant breeders especially from Asian countries access the techniques and resources of plant functional genomics, not only to remain competitive globally in rice research and development activities, but also to increase yields by alleviating some of the rice production constraints. These newly identified genes and gene control sequences can be used in transformation breeding and as molecular markers in classical plant breeding. At CSIRO Plant Industry we are using an insertional mutagenesis approach in rice to relate genes to their functions. With national and international collaboration we hope to create a substantial 'Rice Gene Machine' comprised of many thousands of rice insertion lines with their associated phenotypes and the gene sequences flanking insertion sites identified. This Rice Gene Machine will allow the identification of gene functions, which will benefit rice research and the rice industry for years to come.

Wallman, JF 2002, 'Corrigendum', Medical and Veterinary Entomology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 223-223.
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Wallman, JF 2002, 'Winged Evidence: Forensic Identification of Blowflies', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 73-79.
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The detection of carrion-breeding blowflies provides valuable forensic indicators of time, place and manner of death. Their correct identification is crucial to their successful use in this way. A particular challenge to blowfly identification lies in the morphology, or structure, of blowfly larvae. Detailed study reveals features that can be used to recognise most species reliably. © 2002 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Wand, MP 2002, 'Vector Differential Calculus in Statistics', The American Statistician, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 55-62.
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Wang, D, Jin, D, Wu, Z, Zou, W, Xu, D, Zheng, Z & Liu, X 2002, '[Therapeutic effects of human interleukin 10 gene transfer on severe acute pancreatitis in rats, an experimental study].', Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, vol. 82, no. 12, pp. 844-847.
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OBJECTIVE: To study the therapeutic effects of human interleukin 10 (IL-10) gene transfer on severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in rats. METHODS: Twenty healthy SD rats were injected intraperitoneally with SA liposome, SA liposome/pcDNA3 or SA liposome/pcDNA3-IL-10. Another twenty SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: rats in one group underwent laparotomy only (normal control), and SAP was induced in the other 4 groups induced by homogeneous injection of sodium taurocholate beneath the pancreatic capsule. Among the 4 SAP groups, one group did not receive any drugs, and liposomes, pcDNA3 or pcDNA3-IL-10 complexed with cationic liposomes were administered to the other groups. Drugs were administered by a single intraperitoneal injection thirty minutes after SAP had been induced. The levels of IL-10 in pancreas, liver and lungs were determined by ELISA kits. The level of serum amylase, histology, and tissue tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were assessed and mortality rate was observed in different groups for one week. RESULTS: The levels of IL-10 in the pancreas, liver and lung 24 hours after IL-10 gene transfer, increased significantly (all > 350 pg/g), and then gradually decreased, however, the levels of IL-10 were still significantly higher that those in the control groups (P < 0.05) 96 hours later and decreased to normal in one week. The levels of IL-10 of transfer control group were not significantly different from those of the normal control group. The levels of IL-10 expression in pancreas, liver and lungs were increased significantly in the gene therapy group, compared with the SAP group. The serum amylase level was (4 300 +/- 700) U/L in normal control group, increased to (20 300 +/- 1 100) U/L 24 hour after SAP induction without a difference between the therapy control group and SAP group, and decreased to (6 800 +/- 700) U/L after IL-10 gene therapy (P < 0.05). The histological score of pancreas was 4.1 +/- 0.2 24 hours after the induction of SAP, and ...

Wang, GX, Yao, J, Lindsay, M, Chen, Y, Liu, HK, Ryu, SH & Ahn, JH 2002, 'Li Storage Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Prepared by Chemical Vapour Deposition', Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials, vol. 12, pp. 18-26.
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Warton, K, Tonini, R, Fairlie, WD, Matthews, JM, Valenzuela, SM, Qiu, MR, Wu, WM, Pankhurst, S, Bauskin, AR, Harrop, SJ, Campbell, TJ, Curmi, PMG, Breit, SN & Mazzanti, M 2002, 'Recombinant CLIC1 (NCC27) Assembles in Lipid Bilayers via a pH-dependent Two-state Process to Form Chloride Ion Channels with Identical Characteristics to Those Observed in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Expressing CLIC1', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 277, no. 29, pp. 26003-26011.
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CLIC1 (NCC27) is an unusual, largely intracellular, ion channel that exists in both soluble and membrane-associated forms. The soluble recombinant protein can be expressed in Escherichia coli, a property that has made possible both detailed electrophysiological studies in lipid bilayers and an examination of the mechanism of membrane integration. Soluble E. coli-derived CLIC1 moves from solution into artificial bilayers and forms chloride-selective ion channels with essentially identical conductance, pharmacology, and opening and closing kinetics to those observed in CLIC1-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. The process of membrane integration of CLIC1 is pH-dependent. Following addition of protein to the trans solution, small conductance channels with slow kinetics (SCSK) appear in the bilayer. These SCSK modules then appear to undergo a transition to form a high conductance channel with fast kinetics. This has four times the conductance of the SCSK and fast kinetics that characterize the native channel. This suggests that the CLIC1 ion channel is likely to consist of a tetrameric assembly of subunits and indicates that despite its size and unusual properties, it is able to form a completely functional ion channel in the absence of any other ancillary proteins.

Webb, JK, Brook, BW & Shine, R 2002, 'Collectors endanger Australia's most threatened snake, the broad-headed snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides', ORYX, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 170-181.
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The collection of reptiles for the pet trade is often cited as a potential problem for threatened species, but quantitative data on the effects of this trade on wild populations are lacking. In south-eastern Australia the decline of the threatened broad-headed snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides has been blamed on habitat destruction and the collection of snakes for pets, but there was little evidence to support the latter hypothesis. During 1992-2000 we studied one of the last extant southern populations of broad-headed snakes in Morton National Park, New South Wales, where <600 individuals remain on an isolated plateau. Analysis of 9 years of mark-recapture data reveal that the activities of snake collectors seriously endanger the viability of this species. The study population of H. bungaroides was stable over 1992-1996, but declined dramatically in 1997, coincident with evidence of illegal collecting, possibly stimulated by a government amnesty that allowed pet owners to obtain permit,, for illegally held reptiles. Survivorship analyses revealed that 85% of adult females disappeared from the population in 1997. There was no such effect on male survivorship, suggesting that snake collectors, selectively removed adult females, which are the largest snakes in the population. Humans caused significant damage to fragile rock outcrops in three of the 9 years of the study, and a second bout of habitat disturbance in 1999 coincided with a second decline in the H. bungaroides, population, We recommend that locked gates be placed on fire trails to protect existing populations of broad-headed snakes.

Webb, JK, Brook, BW & Shine, R 2002, 'What makes a species vulnerable to extinction? Comparative life-history traits of two sympatric snakes', ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 59-67.
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Although it is well known that species vary in their vulnerability to extinction, the reasons are poorly understood. Theory predicts that long-lived species with 'slow' life histories (small litters, slow growth, late maturation) should be at greater risk than short-lived species with high potential rates of increase. This hypothesis was tested by comparing life-history traits of two species of sympatric, elapid snakes: the endangered broad-headed snake, Hoplocephalus bungaroides, and common small-eyed snake, Cryptophis nigrescens. From 1992 to 2000 a mark-recapture study of both species was undertaken in Morton National Park, south-eastern Australia, and this information was used to construct transition matrices for each species. The endangered H. bungaroides was found to mature late (6 years of age), had a high juvenile (54.7%) and adult (81.6%) survival rate, and a long generation length (10.4 years). In striking contrast, the common C. nigrescens matured early (within 3 years), had a lower juvenile (30.4%) and adult (74.4%) survival rate (but higher recruitment rate), and a substantially shorter generation length (5.9 years). Elasticity analyses revealed that H. bungaroides was considerably more sensitive to survival past the age of 2 years (68.6%) than C. nigrescens (37.4%). These results provide support for the hypothesis that species with slow life histories are more vulnerable to extinction.

Webb, JK, Christian, KA & Fisher, P 2002, 'Fast growth and early maturation in a viviparous sit-and-wait predator, the northern death adder (Acanthophis praelongus), from tropical Australia', JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 505-509.
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Werneck, GL, Costa, CHN, Walker, AM, David, JR, Wand, M & Maguire, JH 2002, 'The Urban Spread of Visceral Leishmaniasis: Clues from Spatial Analysis', Epidemiology, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 364-367.
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Background. The pattern of spread of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazilian cities is poorly understood. Methods. We used geographic information systems and spatial statistics to evaluate the distribution of 1061 cases of visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Brazil, in 1993 through 1996. Results. A locally weighted (LOESS) regression model, which was fit as a smoothed function of spatial coordinates, demonstrated large-scale variation, with high incidence rates in pe- ripheral neighborhoods that bordered forest land and pastures. Moran's I indicated small-scale variation and clustering up to 300 m, roughly the flight range of the sand fly vector. Conclusions. Spatial analytical techniques can identify high- risk areas for targeting control interventions

Whitchurch, CB, Erova, TE, Emery, JA, Sargent, JL, Harris, JM, Semmler, ABT, Young, MD, Mattick, JS & Wozniak, DJ 2002, 'Phosphorylation of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa response regulator AlgR is essential for type IV fimbria-mediated twitching motility', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 184, no. 16, pp. 4544-4554.
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The response regulator AlgR is required for both alginate biosynthesis and type IV fimbria-mediated twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this study, the roles of AlgR signal transduction and phosphorylation in twitching motility and biofilm f

Whitchurch, CB, Tolker-Nielsen, T, Ragas, PC & Mattick, JS 2002, 'Extracellular DNA required for bacterial biofilm formation', Science, vol. 295, no. 5559, pp. 1487-1487.
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Bacterial biofilms are structured communities of cells enclosed in self-produced hydrated polymeric matrix adherent to an inert or living surface (1). Formation of these sessile communities and their inherent resistance to antibiotics and host immune attack are at the root of many persistent and chronic bacterial infections (1), including those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which has been intensively studied as a model for biofilm formation (2, 3). The matrix, which holds bacterial biofilms together, is a complex mixture of macromolecules including exopolysaccharides, proteins, and DNA (4). The latter has been presumed to be derived from lysed cells and has not been thought to represent an important component of biofilm structure. However, it has been known for many years that some bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, produce substantial quantities of extracellular DNA through a mechanism that is thought to be independent of cellular lysis and that appears to involve the release of small vesicles from the outer membrane

White, TP, Kuhlmey, BT, McPhedran, RC, Maystre, D, Renversez, G, de Sterke, CM & Botten, LC 2002, 'Multipole method for microstructured optical fibers. I. Formulation', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 2322-2330.
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We describe a multipole method for calculating the modes of microstructured optical fibers. The method uses a multipole expansion centered on each hole to enforce boundary conditions accurately and matches expansions with different origins by use of addition theorems. We also validate the method and give representative results.

Williams, DBG & Lombard, H 2002, 'Deprotection techniques for phosphine-borane complexes: Methods and extraction coefficients', PHOSPHORUS SULFUR AND SILICON AND THE RELATED ELEMENTS, vol. 177, no. 12, pp. 2799-2803.
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Williams, DBG, Blann, K, Caddy, J & Holzapfel, CW 2002, 'ARYL γ-KETOESTERS AS PRECURSORS FOR γ-BUTYROLACTONE DIMERS IN SAMARIUM(II) IODIDE-MEDIATED REACTIONS', Synthetic Communications, vol. 32, no. 24, pp. 3755-3762.
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Williams, DBG, Lombard, H, van Niekerk, M, Coetzee, PP & Holzapfel, CW 2002, 'Deprotection Techniques for Phosphine-Borane Complexes: Methods and Extraction Coefficients', Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements, vol. 177, no. 12, pp. 2799-2803.
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Triarylphosphine-, diarylalkylphosphine-, and trialkylphosphine-borane complexes were deprotected using various amines and acids. After deprotection, the resulting borane species were extracted from the free phosphines using various solvent systems. The aqueous layers were analyzed for borane making use of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy; and extraction coefficients were then calculated from the analytical data.

Wilson, MA, Patney, HK & Kalman, JR 2002, 'New developments in the formation of nanotubes from coal', Fuel, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 5-14.
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Materials which pack in the form of small rod shapes are of technological interest since they can exhibit considerable strength. In the past decade, we have seen an enormous level of activity in nanostructured materials, fuelled in particular by carbon nanotubes which are closed elongated structures of pure carbon. In our laboratory we have made efforts to synthesise these materials from sources other than graphite and in particular, coal. The work complements a similar program in our laboratory in synthesising fullerenes from coal. Because coal is a molecular solid, and graphite is a lattice solid, there are distinct differences in processing mechanisms between the two materials. Unlike coal, which has weak bonds, graphite, since there are no weak links, has to proceed through a mechanism where single carbon units must be involved, and hence, the products can differ from those derived from coal. The presence of other elements in coal produces a different type of nanotube distribution. Coal also produces other products such as microfilaments and polycyclic hydrocarbons

Wood, RA, Orwell, RL, Tarran, J, Torpy, F & Burchett, M 2002, 'Potted-plant/growth media interactions and capacities for removal of volatiles from indoor air', JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 120-129.

Wood, RA, Orwell, RL, Tarran, J, Torpy, F & Burchett, M 2002, 'Potted-plant/growth media interactions and capacities for removal of volatiles from indoor air', The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 120-129.
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Woods, CJ, Camiolo, S, Light, ME, Coles, SJ, Hursthouse, MB, King, MA, Gale, PA & Essex, JW 2002, 'Fluoride-Selective Binding in a New Deep Cavity Calix[4]pyrrole:  Experiment and Theory', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 124, no. 29, pp. 8644-8652.
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Wu, YR, Llewellyn, DJ & Dennis, ES 2002, 'A quick and easy method for isolating good-quality RNA from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) tissues', PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 213-218.
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Yuan, Z, Kardynal, BE, Stevenson, RM, Shields, AJ, Lobo, CJ, Cooper, K, Beattie, NS, Ritchie, DA & Pepper, M 2002, 'Electrically Driven Single-Photon Source', Science, vol. 295, no. 5552, pp. 102-105.
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Electroluminescence from a single quantum dot within the intrinsic region of a p-i-n junction is shown to act as an electrically driven single-photon source. At low injection currents, the dot electroluminescence spectrum reveals a single sharp line due to exciton recombination, while another line due to the biexciton emerges at higher currents. The second-order correlation function of the diode displays anti-bunching under a continuous drive current. Single-photon emission is stimulated by subnanosecond voltage pulses. These results suggest that semiconductor technology can be used to mass-produce a single-photon source for applications in quantum information technology.

Zalipaev, VV, Movchan, AB, Poulton, CG & McPhedran, RC 2002, 'Elastic waves and homogenization in oblique periodic structures', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 458, no. 2024, pp. 1887-1912.
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A mathematical model has been constructed to describe elastic waves propagating in a twodimensional solid containing a doubly periodic parallelogram array of circular holes. A multipole expansion method is employed which takes into account a coupling between shear and dilatational waves via the traction boundary conditions and determines the structure of the propagating modes. It is important that the homogenized elastic structure be anisotropic; this follows from analysis presented here. The algorithm has been implemented into a computer code, which was used to construct the dispersion diagrams and analyse the filtering properties of the composite structure. It is of particular interest to study the hexagonal and rhombic types of parallelogram lattices, which can be shown to exhibit phononic bandgaps.

Zeng, Q, Wand, M, Young, AJ, Rawn, J, Milford, EL, Mentzer, SJ & Greenes, RA 2002, 'Matching of flow-cytometry histograms using information theory in feature space.', Proc AMIA Symp, pp. 929-933.
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Flow cytometry is a widely available technique for analyzing cell-surface protein expression. Data obtained from flow cytometry is frequently used to produce fluorescence intensity histograms. Comparison of histograms can be useful in the identification of unknown molecules and in the analysis of protein expression. In this study, we examined the combination of a new smoothing technique called SiZer with information theory to measure the difference between cytometry histograms. SiZer provides cross-bandwidth smoothing and allowed analysis in feature space. The new methods were tested on a panel of monoclonal antibodies raised against proteins expressed on peripheral blood lymphocytes and compared with previous methods. The findings suggest that comparing information content of histograms in feature space is effective and efficient for identifying antibodies with similar cell-surface binding patterns.

Zhang, YQ, O'Brien, B, Trudeau, J, Tan, RS, Santamaria, P & Dutz, JP 2002, 'In situ beta cell death promotes priming of diabetogenic CD8 T lymphocytes', JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 168, no. 3, pp. 1466-1472.
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This paper was the first to report that increased beta cell death can lead to the priming of diabetogenic T cells, and hence, the initiation of autoimmunity in Type 1 diabetes. The Journal of Immunology is the top-ranked immunology journal.

Zhong, S, Howes, A, Wang, GX, Bradhurst, DH, Wang, C, Dou, SX & Liu, HK 2002, 'A new process for fabrication of metal-hydride electrodes for nickel–metal hydride batteries', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 330-332, pp. 760-765.
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Asatryan, AA, McPhedran, RC, De Sterke, CM, Langtry, TN & Botten, LC 1970, 'Analysis of waveguides in finite photonic crystals', Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science (QELS) - Technical Digest Series, p. 124.
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The design of a high-quality waveguide in a photonic crystal is outlined. This design requires careful considerations of the end effects, as these may lead to significant Fabry-Perot like interference. The problem can be alleviated by introducing tapers at the ends of the guide.

Asatryan, AA, McPhedran, RC, De Sterke, CM, Langtry, TN & Botten, LC 1970, 'Analysis of Waveguides in Finite Photonic Crystals', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.

Asatryan, AA, McPhedran, RC, Martijn de Sterke, C, Langtry, TN & Botten, LC 1970, 'Analysis of waveguides in finite photonic crystals', Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO - Technical Digest, pp. 308-309.
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Waveguides in finite photonic crystals (PC) were analyzed. The transmission through a PC of length 11d, with a line defect of width h=d, driven by a line antenna situated on the waveguide's central axis, at a distance d from the structure was shown. The density plot of the internal field intensity in the channel centre versus k for a guide of length 20d was presented.

Aubin, A-S, Drouin, D & Phillips, MR 1970, 'ESEM Beam Current Measuring Device based on a Planar Schottky Diode', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 1538-1539.
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Belli, S, Witcombe, D, Teasdale, C, Gleeson, M, Wallach, M & Smith, NC 1970, 'Development of a recombinant subunit vaccine against coccidiosis in poultry incorporating asexual and sexual stage antigens from Eimeria maxima', Proceedings of World Poultry Science Association Asian Pacific Federation Conference, Proceedings of World Poultry Science Association Asian Pacific Federation Conference, pp. 561-564.

Berry, SM, Carroll, RJ & Ruppert, D 1970, 'Bayesian Smoothing for Measurement Error Problems', TOTAL LEAST SQUARES AND ERRORS-IN-VARIABLES MODELING, 3rd International Workshop on Total Least Squares and Errors-in-Variables Modeling, Springer Netherlands, LEUVEN, BELGIUM, pp. 121-130.
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Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, Langtry, T, de Sterke, CM & McPhedran, RC 1970, 'Propagation of Photonic Crystal Waveguides', Proceedings of the Australian Institute of Physics 15th Biennial Congress 2002., Congress of the Australian Institute of Physics, Australian Institute of Physics, Sydney, Australia, pp. 289-291.

Brunger, MJ, Adcock, W, Mackenzie-Ross, H, Drury, W, Nixon, K, Ford, MJ, Campbell, L, Shaw, R, Lawrance, WD, Winkler, DA & Wang, F 1970, 'High-resolution electron momentum spectroscopy of molecules', PHOTONIC, ELECTRONIC AND ATOMIC COLLISIONS, Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions: XXII International Conference, Rinton Press, Santa Fe, USA, pp. 369-380.

Chiarella, C, Craddock, MJ & El-Hassan, N 1970, 'A short time expansion of the volatility function for the calibration of option pricing models', Society of Computational Economics Conference, Society of Computational Economics Conference, Aix-en-Provence, France.

Deller, CA, Smith, G, Franklin, J & Joseph, EK 1970, 'The integration of forward light transport and lateral illumination of polymer optical fibre', Proceedings of the Australian Institute of Physics 15th Biennial Congress 2002., Congress of the Australian Institute of Physics, Causal Productions Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia, pp. 307-309.

Dowd, A, Johnston, MB, Whittaker, DM, Davies, AG & Linfield, EH 1970, 'Enhancement of THz emission from semiconductor devices', COMMAD 2002 PROCEEDINGS, COMMAD, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 281-284.
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We have studied the emission of coherent terahertz (THz) frequency electromagnetic pulses from semiconductor surfaces. Collimated beams of THz radiation are observed from surface-field emitters and the efficiency of these emitters is shown to be improved by (a) modifying the effective refractive index at the surface of the emitter and (b) reorienting the THz dipole with respect to the surface. A ~ 20 enhancement in emitted THz power was seen in a GaAs/InAs prism emitter

Forbes, SL, Stuart, BH & Dent, BB 1970, 'Identification of pig adipocere', 16th International Symposium on the Forensic Sciences, 16th International Symposium on the Forensic Sciences, Canberra.

Gardiner, RJ, Mauer, M, Sinaiko, A, Strand, T, Zinman, B, Donnelly, S, Drummond, K, Kramer, M & Suissa, S 1970, 'Effects of Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) blockade on the early lesions of Diabetic Nephropathy (DN): study design and baseline results.', DIABETOLOGIA, 38th EASD Annual Meeting of the European-Association-for-the-Study-of-Diabetes, SPRINGER-VERLAG, HUNGARY, BUDAPEST, pp. A363-A363.

Gelhausen, O, Phillips, MR, Klein, HN & Goldys, EM 1970, 'Influence of low-energy electron beam irradiation on defects in activated Mg-doped GaN', MRS Proceedings, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. 653-658.
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ABSTRACTCL spectroscopy studies at varying temperatures and excitation power densities as well as depth-resolved CL imaging were conducted to investigate the impact of low energy electron beam irradiation (LEEBI) on native defects and residual impurities in metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) grown Mg-doped p-type GaN. Due to the dissociation of (Mg-H)0 complexes, LEEBI significantly increases the (e,Mg0) emission (3.26 eV) at 300 K and substantially decreases the H-Mg donor-acceptor-pair (DAP) emission (3.27 eV) at 80 K. In-plane and depth-resolved CL imaging indicates that hydrogen dissociation results from electron-hole recombination at H-defect complexes rather than heating by the electron beam. The dissociated hydrogen atoms associate with nitrogen vacancies, forming a deeper donor, i.e. a (H-VN) complex. The corresponding deeper DAP emission with Mg centered at 3.1 eV is clearly observed between 160 and 220 K. Moreover, a broad yellow luminescence (YL) band centered at 2.2 eV is observed in MOVPE-grown Mg-doped GaN after LEEBI-treatment. It is suggested that a combination of LEEBI-induced Fermi-level downshift due to Mg-acceptor activation and simultaneous dissociation of gallium vacancy-impurity complexes, i.e. (VGa-H), is responsible for the observed YL.

Graudins, A, Sung, K, Hains, PG, Padula, M, Broady, KW & Nicholson, GM 1970, 'Partial protein and DNA sequences of Latrodectus hasselti, L. hesperus and L. mactans latrotoxins: are they homologous?', 6th Asia Pacific Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, Cairns.

Green, DD, Kannangara, GK, Milev, A & Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'P-31 solution state NMR investigation of the hydrolysis of a new alkoxide sol-gel hydroxyapatite', Key Engineering Materials, Bioceramics 14, Trans Tech Publications, California, USA, pp. 75-78.
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Previous work by these authors found that ageing was necessary to convert the starting precursors of calcium diethoxide [Ca(OEt)(2)] and triethyl phosphite [P(OEt)(3)] Sol-gel system to more reactive intermediates, These conclusions provided the impetus to examine an alternative phosphorous precursor that will not entail a 24-hour ageing period. The use of diethyl phosphite [HOP(OEt)(2)] as an alternate precursor it was possible to produce hydroxyapatite which did not require ageing of the Sol. [1]. The solution-state P-31 NMR spectroscopy was successfully applied to monitor the reaction during the ageing period that provided the vital characteristics of the alternate phosphorous precursor. However, no attempts were made to postulate mechanism(s) and identification of the intermediate species formed in these sol-gel systems. This report encompasses both these aspects; mechanism and identification of the reaction intermediates for P(OEt)3 and [HOP(OEt)(2)] sol-gel systems

Griffin, B, Suvorova, A & Phillips, M 1970, 'A review of gas-electron interactions imaging and X-ray analysis in variable pressure SEM', Proceedings of the 15th International Congress on Electron Microscopy, 15th International Congress on Electron Microscopy, Microscopy Society of Southern Africa, Durban, South Africa, pp. 215-216.

Gunning, SJ, Khalife, A, Padula, M, Smith, R, Broady, KW & Nicholson, GM 1970, 'Modulation of sodium channel gating and kinetics by δ missulenatoxin Mb1a from the Australian eastern mouse spider Missulena bradleyi.', 6th Asia Pacific Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, Cairns.

Hanen, C & Zinder, Y 1970, 'The worst-case analysis of the Garey-Johnson algorithm', 8th International Workshop on Project Management and Scheduling, 8th International Workshop on Project Management and Scheduling, The European Journal of Operational Research, Valencia, Spain.
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The Garey-Johnson algorithm is one of only two known polynomial-time algorithms allowing to construct an optimal schedule for the maximum lateness problem with unit execution tasks, two parallel identical processors, precedence constraints and release times. The paper is concerned with the worst-case analysis of a generalisation of the Garey-Johnson algorithm for the case of arbitrary number of processors. We prove that for even number of processors the algorithm is characterised by the best currently known performance guarantee, whereas for odd number of processors it is less competitive.

Heath, D & Platen, E 1970, 'Pricing and hedging of index derivatives under an alternative asset price model with endogenous stochastic volatility', Recent developments in mathematical finance: Proceedings of the international conference on mathematical finance, International Conference on Mathematical Finance, World Scientific, Shanghai, China, pp. 117-126.

Holt, SA, Henderson, MJ & White, JW 1970, 'Thermal Denaturation of Interfacial Protein Layers', Australian Journal of Chemistry, 25th Australasian Polymer Symposium, CSIRO Publishing, UNIV NEW ENGLAND, ARMIDALE, AUSTRALIA, pp. 449-449.
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We report for the first time the structural measurements at nanometre resolution of the denaturation of β-lactoglobulin and lysozyme at an air–water interface using the technique of neutron reflectivity. The incipient denaturation shown previously[1] for myogloblin is also studied for these molecules at room temperature, and denaturation is provoked by increasing the temperature of the solutions progressively to 75°C. The change in the adsorbed protein layer thickness, its scattering length density and density distribution perpendicular to the surface as a function of increased temperature are reported and the data analysed in terms of a two-state model for the denaturation process. These measurements are relevant to an understanding of the way in which proteins at interfaces act as templates, for example, in biomineralization.

Huete, A, Miura, T, Gao, X, IEEE, IEEE & IEEE 1970, 'Land cover conversion and degradation analyses through coupled soil-plant biophysical parameters derived from hyperspecral EO-1 Hyperion', IGARSS 2002: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM AND 24TH CANADIAN SYMPOSIUM ON REMOTE SENSING, VOLS I-VI, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2002)/24th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing, IEEE, TORONTO, CANADA, pp. 799-801.

Innes, JK, Ben-Nissan, B & Vago, R 1970, 'Biomimetic conversion of Red Sea corraline structures for implant purposes', AUSTCERAM 2002 Proceedings, AUSTCERAM 2002, Australasian Ceramic Society, Perth, Australia, pp. 21-22.

Johnston, MB, Dowd, A, Whittaker, DM, Corchia, A, Davies, AG & Linfield, EH 1970, 'Enhancement of terahertz emission from semiconductor surfaces', THZ 2002: IEEE TENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TERAHERTZ ELECTRONICS PROCEEDINGS, Terra, IEEE, Cambridge, UK, pp. 48-51.
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We have studied the generation of coherent pulses of terahertz (THz) radiation from semiconductor surfaces both experimentally and using a Monte-Carlo carrier dynamics simulation. Collimated THz beams are observed from surface-field THz emitters and three methods of improving the efficiency of these emitters are demonstrated: (i) by applying a magnetic field, (ii) by reducing the effective refractive index of the device and (iii) by altering the geometry of the device. An enhancement of 21 is seen in a prism based GaAs/InAs THz emitter

Kannangara, GK, Green, DD, Milev, AS & Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'Synthesis of non-aged new alkoxide sol-gel hydroxyapatite monitored by solution state 31 P NMR', AUSTCERAM 2002 Proceedings, AUSTCERAM 2002, Australasian Ceramic Society, Perth, Australia, pp. 13-14.

Kuhlmey, BT, Renversez, G, Maystre, DR, White, T, McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC & de Sterke, M 1970, '<title>Multipole study of dispersion and structural losses of photonic crystal fibers</title>', SPIE Proceedings, Symposium on Integrated Optoelectronic Devices, SPIE, SAN JOSE, CA, pp. 114-123.
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Langtry, T, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, Asatryan, AA & McPhedran, RC 1970, 'Effects of Disorder in Photonic Crystal Waveguides', Proceedings of the Australian Institute of Physics 15th Biennial Congress 2002., Congress of the Australian Institute of Physics, Australian Institute of Physics, Sydney, Australia, pp. 310-312.

Langtry, TN, Botten, LC, De Sterke, CM, Asatryan, AA & McPhedran, RC 1970, 'Disorder in two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides', Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science (QELS) - Technical Digest Series, p. 125.
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The effect of disorder in the photonic crystal on the quality of the waveguide was studied. For this purpose, a two-dimensional photonic crystal and a disordered structure were considered. Evidence was obtained suggesting a similar degree of sensitivity to perturbations of refractive index, but a greater tolerance to perturbations of cylinder position.

Langtry, TN, Botten, LC, De Sterke, CM, Asatryan, AA & McPhedran, RC 1970, 'Disorder in Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Waveguides', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.

Langtry, TN, Botten, LC, Martijn de Sterke, C, Asatryan, AA & McPhedran, RC 1970, 'Disorder in two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides', Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO - Technical Digest, pp. 309-310.
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Effect of disorder in two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides was studied. The waveguide was excited by a light source that was parallel to the cylinders and was located close to an entrance of the waveguide. A disordered structure was achieved by randomizing cylinder positions, refractive indices and radii. Results indicated that disorder in the structure decreased the field intensity by an order of magnitude at far end of the guide.

Leslie, LM, LeMarshall, J, Speer, MS & Abbey, RF 1970, 'The Australian east coast sub-tropical storm of March 8-9, 2001: Synoptic analysis and data assimilation experiments at landfall', SYMPOSIUM ON OBSERVATIONS, DATA ASSIMILATION, AND PROBABILISTIC PREDICTION, Symposium on Observations, Data Assimilation, and Probabilistic Prediction, AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, ORLANDO, FL, pp. 5-5.

Macinnis-Ng, CMO & Ralph, PJ 1970, 'Towards a more ecologically relevant assessment of the impact of heavy metals on the photosynthesis of the seagrass, Zostera capricorni', MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, 3rd International Conference on Marine Pollution and Ecotoxicology, PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, HONG KONG, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 100-106.
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Marcinkevičius, S, Leon, R, Čechavičius, B, Siegert, J, Lobo, C, Magness, B & Taylor, W 1970, 'Changes in carrier dynamics induced by proton irradiation in quantum dots', Physica B: Condensed Matter, Elsevier BV, pp. 203-206.
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Marcinkevičius, S, Leon, R, Lobo, C, Magness, B & Taylor, W 1970, 'Time Resolved Studies of Proton Irradiated Quantum Dots', MRS Proceedings, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. 337-342.
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AbstractThe effects of proton irradiation on carrier dynamics were measured by time-resolved photoluminescence on InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot structures with different dot density and substrate orientation, as well as on InAlAs/AlGaAs quantum dots. Results were compared to irradiation effects on carrier dynamics in thin InGaAs quantum wells. We find that carrier lifetimes in QDs are much less affected by proton irradiation than in quantum wells, which can be attributed to the three-dimensional carrier confinement in quantum dots.

Mikajlo, EA, Nixon, KL, Soule, DBBJ, Dorsett, HE & Ford, M 1970, 'Electron Momentum Spectroscopy of Group I and II Oxides', Proceedings of the 15th National Congress of the AIP, Causal / AIP, Sydney, Australia.

Miller, PF & Peters, BA 1970, 'Comparative field study of a new formulation of Goliath Cockroach Gel against German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) and a Mixed Population of American Cockroach and Australian Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattidae)', Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Urban Pests, South Carolina.

Miller, PF, Peters, BA & Scrivener, AM 1970, 'The efficacy of eight commercial cockroach baits against the American cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattidae)', Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Urban Pests, South Carolina.

Miura, T, Huete, A, Yoshioka, H, Kim, HJ, IEEE, IEEE & IEEE 1970, 'An application of airborne hyperspectral and EO-1 Hyperion data for inter-sensor calibration of vegetation indices for regional-scale monitoring', IGARSS 2002: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM AND 24TH CANADIAN SYMPOSIUM ON REMOTE SENSING, VOLS I-VI, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2002)/24th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing, IEEE, TORONTO, CANADA, pp. 3118-3120.

Nguyen, HT, Mitchell, RA, Thornton, BS, Hung, WT, Lee, W & Rickard, M 1970, 'Detection of masses in digitised mammograms using dendronic image analysis', Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings, 24th Annual International of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Houston, Texas, USA, pp. 1051-1052.
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If detected early, breast cancer can be treated with better patient outcomes and significantly lower costs. Using the spatial dendronic structure and hierarchical repartment operator, difficult cases of spiculated and stellate tumours can be identified early. The techniques are robust to noise and can reveal various layers of biophysical and biomedical differences in a suspect tumour. In particular, the hierarchical repartment parameter of a mass in a digital mammogram can be obtained using compactness ratios of successive information peeling in this mass. This parameter alone was applied to distinguish all biopsied masses from normal parenchymal tissues in eight separate cases.

O'Brien, B 1970, 'In vivo phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages from NOD mice is reduced', Diabetes, Amer Diabetes Assoc, USA, pp. 1167-1167.

Peters, BA, Miller, PF & Scrivener, AM 1970, 'The Efficacy of Eight Commercial Cockroach Baits against the American Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattidae)', Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Urban Pests, South Carolina, USA, pp. 446-446.

Phillips, M & Morgan, SW 1970, 'Time dependent behaviour of positive ions in the variable pressure scanning electron microscope', Proceedings of the 15th International Congress on Electron Microscopy, 15th International Congress on Electron Microscopy, Microscopy Society of Southern Africa, Durban, South Africa, pp. 219-220.

Phillips, MR & Morgan, SW 1970, 'Time resolved analysis of the positive ion dynamics in the variable pressure scanning electron microscope', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Canada, pp. 446-447.
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Platen, E 1970, 'A modified constant elasticity of variance model', Quantitative Finance Conference, Quantitative Finance Conference, Singapore.

Platen, E 1970, 'Arbitrage in continuous complete markets', 2nd World Congress of the Bachelier Finance Society, 2nd World Congress of the Bachelier Finance Society, Crete, Greece.

Rémond, G, Fialin, GM, Nockolds, CE, Phillips, MR & Roques-Carmes, C 1970, 'Absorption Correction Of Fe Lα,β Emission From Iron Oxides', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 1496-1497.
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Schlogl, E 1970, 'Arbitrage-free interpolation in models of market observable interest rates', 2nd World Congress of the Bachelier Finance Society.

Schlogl, E 1970, 'Integration of interest rate and currency risk across markets: model calibration, derivatives pricing & risk management', RISK 2002 Conference, RISK 2002 Conference, Sydney, Australia.

Schlogl, E 1970, 'Joint calibration of volatilities & correlations in interest rate and FX markets', Quantitative Methods in Finance 2002 Conference, Quantitative Methods in Finance 2002 Conference, Sydney and Cairns, Australia.

Schubert, M, Kasic, A, Hofmann, T, Gottschalch, V, Off, J, Scholz, F, Schubert, E, Neumann, H, Hodgkinson, I, Arnold, M, Dollase, W & Herzinger, CM 1970, 'Generalized ellipsometry of complex mediums in layered systems', COMPLEX MEDIUMS III: BEYOND LINEAR ISOTROPIC DIELECTRICS, Complex Mediums III: Beyond Linear Isotropic Dielectrics, SPIE, Seattle, USA, pp. 264-276.
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Smith, GB 1970, 'Nanostructured thin films - A critical review', COMPLEX MEDIUMS III: BEYOND LINEAR ISOTROPIC DIELECTRICS, Complex Mediums III : Beyond Linear Isotropic Dielectrics, SPIE, Seattle, USA, pp. 207-221.
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Smith, GH & Botten, LC 1970, 'Electromagnetic modelling of propagation in photonic crystal lattices', Proceedings of the Engineering Mathematics and Applications Conference, Engineering Mathematics and Applications Conference, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Queensland University of Technology, Australia, pp. 199-204.

Thiel, BL & Toth, M 1970, 'Considerations for Secondary Electron Imaging of Dielectric Materials in Low- Vacuum and Environmental SEM', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 448-449.
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Thomas, P & Stuart, BH 1970, 'Crystalline morphology of PEEK in PEEK-PTFE blends', 8th Symposium on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Abstracts Book, 8th Symposium on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Barcelona.

Toth, M, Craven, JP, Phillips, MR, Thiel, BL & Donald, AM 1970, 'X-ray microanalysis of insulators in a variable pressure environment', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Quebec, Canada, pp. 1478-1479.
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Ward, MB, Yuan, Z, Stevenson, RM, Kardynal, BE, Lobo, CJ, Cooper, K, Ritchie, DA & Shields, AJ 1970, 'Single photon emitting diode', SPIE Proceedings, International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, SPIE, pp. 466-473.
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Williams, DBG, Lombard, H, Van Niekerk, M & Coetzee, PP 1970, 'Deprotection Techniques for Phosphine-Borane Complexes: Methods and Extraction Coefficients', Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements, Informa UK Limited, pp. 2115-2116.
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Williams, DBG, Lombard, H, Van Niekerk, M & Coetzee, PR 1970, 'Deprotection techniques for phosphine-borane complexes: Methods and extraction coefficients', PHOSPHORUS SULFUR AND SILICON AND THE RELATED ELEMENTS, 15th International Conference on Phosphorus Chemistry, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, SENDAI, JAPAN, pp. 2115-2116.
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Yoshioka, H, Miura, T, Yamamoto, H, Huete, A, IEEE, IEEE & IEEE 1970, 'A technique of inter-sensor VI translations using EO-1 hyperion data to minimize systematic differences in spectral band-pass filters', IGARSS 2002: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM AND 24TH CANADIAN SYMPOSIUM ON REMOTE SENSING, VOLS I-VI, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2002)/24th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing, IEEE, TORONTO, CANADA, pp. 2211-2213.

Yuan, Z, Kardynal, BE, Stevenson, RM, Ward, MB, Shields, AJ, Lobo, CJ, Cooper, K, Ritchie, DA & Pepper, M 1970, 'Single photon emitting diode using semiconductor quantum dot', Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science (QELS) - Technical Digest Series, pp. 96-97.
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The realization of an electrically-driven single photon source based upon integrating InAs quantum dots into a conventional semiconductor light emitting diode structure was reported. The results state that semiconductor technology can be used to mass-produce a cheap and convenient single photon source for applications in quantum information technology.

Zhu, H, Thuruthyil, SJ, Rice, S, Kjelleberg, S, Kumar, N, Read, RW, Erickson, P & Willcox, MDP 1970, 'Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors by furanones', INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE, Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology, ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, FT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA, pp. U207-U207.

Schlögl, E 2002, Extracting the Joint Volatility Structure of Foreign Exchange and Interest Rates from Option Prices, no. 79.

Tarran, J, Orwell, RL, Burchett, M, Wood, R & Torpy, FR Horticulture Australia 2002, Quantification of the Capacity of Indoor Plants to Remove Volatile Organic Compounds Under Flow-through Conditions, pp. 1-85, Sydney, Australia.

Ashford, A, Cole, L, Davies, D & Hyde, G 2002, 'Control of motility in tubular vacuole systems in fungi.'.

Blackman, L, Cole, L, Lyon, B & Overall, R 2002, 'Antibodies against phosphorylated threonine label plasmodesmata of Chara corallina.'.

Buhlmann, H & Platen, E 2002, 'A Discrete Time Benchmark Approach for Finance and Insurance'.
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This paper proposes an integrated appraoch to discrete time modelling in finance and insurance. This approach is based on the existence of a specific benchmark portfolio, known as the growth optimal portfolio. When used as numeraire, this portfolio ensures that all benchmarked price processes are super-martingales. A fair market is characterized in terms of the type of maximum that the optimal growth rate attains. In general, arbitrage amounts arise due to supermartingale property of benchmarked traded prices. No measure transformation is needed for the pricing of insurance policies and derivatives in a fair market.

Cole, L, Collings, D, Cantrill, L & Overall, R 2002, 'The endoplasmic reticulum is a pathway for cell-to-cell communication in tobacco plants?'.

Cole, L, Johansson, T, Davies, D, Ashford, A & Alloway, W 2002, 'Localisation and function of a differentially-regulated V-ATPase in an ectomycorrhizal fungus.'.

Heath, D & Platen, E 2002, 'Consistent pricing and hedging for a modified constant elasticity of variance model'.
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This paper considers a modification of the well known constant elasticity of variance model where it is used to model the growth optimal portfolio (GOP). It is shown that, for this application, there is no equivalent risk neutral pricing measure and therefore the classical risk neutral pricing methodology fails. However, a consistent pricing and hedging framework can be established by application of the benchmark approach. Perfect hedging strategies can be constructed for European style contingent claims, where the underlying risky asset is the GOP. In this framework, fair prices for contingent claims are the minimal prices that permit perfect replication of the claims. Numerical examples show that these prices may differ significantly from the corresponding 'risk neutral' prices. © 2002 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.

Heath, DP & Platen, E 2002, 'A variance reduction technique based on integral representations', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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Research Paper Number: 75 Abstract: Standard Monte Carlo methods can often be significantly improved with the addition of appropriate variance reduction techniques. In this paper a new and powerful variance reduction technique is presented. The method is based directly on the Ito calculus and is used to find unbiased variance reduced estimators for the expectation of functionals of Ito diffusion processes. The approach considered has wide applicability, for instance, it can be used as a means of approximating solutions of parabolic partial differential equations or applied to valuation problems that arise in mathematical finance. We illustrate how the method can be applied by considering the pricing of European style derivative securities for a class of stochastic volatility models, including the Heston model.

Platen, E 2002, 'A Benchmark Framework for Integrated Risk Management'.
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The paper describes a consistent, integrated framework for modeling and pricing in finance, insurance and other areas of risk management. The growth optimal portfolio is taken as a benchmark. In the resulting price system expected future benchmarked, nonnegative prices are not greater that the last observed benchmarked price. The resulting benchmark model does not permit the generation of wealth from zero initial capital or the systemtic outperformance of the benchmark. Benchmarked fair price processes are defined as best forecasts of their benchmarked future values. Risk neutral and actuarial pricing formulae are obtained as special cases. Certain arbitrage amounts can still be modeled in this framework.

Platen, E & Runggaldier, W 2002, 'A Benchmark Approach to Filtering in Finance'.
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The paper proposes the use of the growth optimal portfolio for the construction of financial market models with unobserved factors that have to be filtered. This benchmark approach avoids any measure transformation for the pricing of derivatives. The suggested framework allows to measure the reduction of the variance of derivative prices for increasing degrees of available information.