Publications

Aerts, M, Geys, H, Molenberghs, G & Ryan, LM 2002, Topics in modelling of clustered data.
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© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC. Many methods for analyzing clustered data exist, all with advantages and limitations in particular applications. Compiled from the contributions of leading specialists in the field, Topics in Modelling of Clustered Data describes the tools and techniques for modelling the clustered data often encountered in medical, biological, environmental, and social science studies. It focuses on providing a comprehensive treatment of marginal, conditional, and random effects models using, among others, likelihood, pseudo-likelihood, and generalized estimating equations methods. The authors motivate and illustrate all aspects of these models in a variety of real applications. They discuss several variations and extensions, including individual-level covariates and combined continuous and discrete outcomes. Flexible modelling with fractional and local polynomials, omnibus lack-of-fit tests, robustification against misspecification, exact, and bootstrap inferential procedures all receive extensive treatment. The applications discussed center primarily, but not exclusively, on developmental toxicity, which leads naturally to discussion of other methodologies, including risk assessment and dose-response modelling. Clearly written, Topics in Modelling of Clustered Data offers a practical, easily accessible survey of important modelling issues. Overview models give structure to a multitude of approaches, figures help readers visualize model characteristics, and a generous use of examples illustrates all aspects of the modelling process.

Movchan, AB, Movchan, NV & Poulton, CG 2002, Asymptotic models of fields in dilute and densely packed composites, 1, Imperial College Press, London, UK.
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This monograph provides a systematic study of asymptotic models of continuum mechanics for composite structures, which are either dilute (for example, two-phase composite structures with small inclusions) or densely packed (in this case inclusions may be close to touching). It is based on the results of recent research and includes a comprehensive analysis of dipole and multipole fields associated with defects in solids. The text covers static problems of elasticity in dilute composites as well as spectral problems. Applications of the mathematical models included in the book are in damage mechanics and in problems of design of composite structures that can be used as filters or polarisers of elastic waves.

Sagliocco, FA, Moore, PA & Brown, AJP 2002, Polysome Analysis, Humana Press, Chichester.
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Stuart, BH 2002, Analytical Techniques in the Sciences, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd..
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This book introduces the techniques used for the analysis of polymers. It covers the main aspects of polymer science and technology; identification, polymerization, molecular weight, structure, surface properties, degradation and mechanical properties. Clear explanations of each analytical technique; Describes the application of techniques to the study of polymers; Encourages learning through numerous self-assessment questions and answers; Structured for flexible learning.

Wilson, M, Kanangara, Raguse, B, Simmons, M & Smith, GB 2002, Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies, UNSW CRS Press.

Duggin, IG & Wake, RG 2002, 'Termination of Chromosome Replication' in Sonenshein, AL (ed), Bacillus subtilis and its closest relatives: from genes to cells, ASM Press, USA, pp. 87-95.

Heath, DP & Platen, E 2002, 'Pricing and hedging of index derivatives under an alternative asset price model with endogenous stochastic volatility' in Yong, J (ed), Recent Developments in Mathematical Finance, World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 117-126.

Kühl, M & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'The Microenvironment and Photosynthetic Performance of Prochloron SP. in Symbiosis with Didemnid Ascidians' in Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp. 273-290.
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Morin, B, Fu, S, Wang, H, Davies, MJ & Dean, RT 2002, 'Analysis of Aliphatic Amino Acid Alcohols in Oxidized Proteins' in Donald Armstrong (ed), Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Antioxidant Protocols, Humana Press, United States, pp. 101-110.
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Zinder, Y & Shkurba, V 2002, 'Scheduling Theory' in Michiel Hazewinkel (ed), Encyclopaedia of Mathematics, Springer, Amsterdam, pp. 209-210.

Adcock, GJ, Dennis, ES, Easteal, S, Huttley, GA, Jermiin, LS, Peacock, WJ & Thorne, A 2002, 'Erratum: 'Mitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians: Implications for modern human origins,' (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2001) 98:2 (537-542))', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 99, no. 1, p. 541.

Adcock, GJ, Dennis, ES, Easteal, S, Huttley, GA, Jermiin, LS, Peacock, WJ & Thorne, A 2002, 'Mitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians: Implications for modern human origins (vol 98, pg 537, 2001)', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 541-541.

Aerts, M, Claeskens, G & Wand, MP 2002, 'Some theory for penalized spline generalized additive models', Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, vol. 103, no. 1-2, pp. 455-470.
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Al-Qassab, S, Lee, WJ, Murray, S, Simpson, AGB & Patterson, DJ 2002, 'Flagellates from stromatolites and surrounding sediments in Shark Bay, Western Australia', ACTA PROTOZOOLOGICA, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 91-144.

Ammit, AJ, Lazaar, AL, Irani, C, O'Neill, GM, Gordon, ND, Amrani, Y, Penn, RB & Panettieri, RA 2002, 'Tumor Necrosis Factor- α –Induced Secretion of RANTES and Interleukin-6 from Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells', American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 465-474.
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Ashmore, J, Bishop, R, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2002, 'The effect of chlorine substitution on the inclusion properties of a diquinoline host molecule', CrystEngComm, vol. 4, no. 34, pp. 194-194.
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Asvadi, P, Fletcher, A & Raison, RL 2002, 'Expression and functional analysis of recombinant scFv and diabody fragments with specificity for human RhD', Journal of Molecular Recognition, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 321-330.
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n an attempt to generate recombinant anti-D reagents for possible diagnostic and therapeutic use we cloned the genes encoding the variable (V) domains of a human anti-D antibody secreted by the lymphoblastoid cell line BTSN4. A single-chain Fv (scFv) fragment was constructed using a 21 amino acid linker to join the genes encoding the variable domains of the BTSN4 heavy (VH) and light chains (VL). A diabody construct was also generated by reducing the length of the scFv linker from 21 to 10 residues. The scFv and diabody constructs were cloned into the pFLAG-CTS vector, expressed in E. coli host cells and the recombinant proteins were affinity-isolated from bacterial culture medium. Analysis of the recombinant proteins indicated that they retained the D antigen binding specificity of the parental BTSN4 IgG. Furthermore, both fragments mediated agglutination of papain-treated D positive erythrocytes in the absence of a cross-linking second antibody. While the agglutinating property of BTSN4 diabody was readily explained by the noncovalent association of this protein as a bivalent dimer, oligomeric forms of BTSN4 scFv were not detected when the protein was analysed by size exclusion chromatography. Thus, the agglutinating property of the scFv is not the result of the formation of non-covalently associated multimeric forms of the antibody fragment

Bacskay, GB & Reimers, JR 2002, 'Solvation: Modeling'.
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Bai, L, Tuch, BE, Hering, B & Simpson, AM 2002, 'Fetal pig ?? cells are resistant to the toxic effects of human cytokines1', Transplantation, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 714-722.
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Beatson, SA, Whitchurch, CB, Sargent, JL, Levesque, RC & Mattick, JS 2002, 'Differential regulation of twitching motility and elastase production by Vfr in Pseudomonas aeruginosa', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 184, no. 13, pp. 3605-3613.
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Vfr, a homolog of Escherichia coli cyclic AMP (cAMP) receptor protein, has been shown to regulate quorum sensing, exotoxin A production, and regA transcription in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We identified a twitching motility-defective mutant that carries a

Beatson, SA, Whitchurch, CB, Semmler, ABT & Mattick, JS 2002, 'Quorum sensing is not required for twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 184, no. 13, pp. 3598-3604.
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It has been reported that mutations in the quorum-sensing genes lasI and rhlI in Pseudomonas aeruginosa result in, among many other things, loss of twitching motility (A. Glessner, R. S. Smith, B. H. Iglewski, and J. B. Robinson, J. Bacteriol. 181:1623-1

Bell, TDM, Ghiggino, KP, Jolliffe, KA, Ranasinghe, MG, Langford, SJ, Shephard, MJ & Paddon-Row, MN 2002, 'Photoinduced Energy and Electron Transfer in a Giant Zinc Porphyrin−Bridge−C₆₀ System', The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol. 106, no. 43, pp. 10079-10088.
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Belli, SI, Lee, M, Thebo, P, Wallach, MG, Schwartsburd, B & Smith, NC 2002, 'Biochemical characterisation of the 56 and 82 kDa immunodominant gametocyte antigens from Eimeria maxima', International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 805-816.
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Belli, SI, Witcombe, D, Wallach, MG & Smith, NC 2002, 'Functional genomics of gam56: characterisation of the role of a 56 kilodalton sexual stage antigen in oocyst wall formation in Eimeria maxima', International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 32, no. 14, pp. 1727-1737.
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Ben-Nissan, B & Pezzotti, G 2002, 'Bioceramics: Processing routes and mechanical evaluation', Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, vol. 110, no. 1283, pp. 601-608.
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An improved understanding of currently used bioceramics in human implants and in bone replacement materials could Contribute significantly to the design of new generation prostheses and post-operative patient management strategies. Overall, the benefits of advanced ceramic materials in biomedical applications have been universally appreciated, specifically, in terms of their strength, biocompatibility and wear resistance. However, the amount of supporting data is not large and the continuous development of new characterization tools is pertinent for better understanding of the microstructure-properties relationship and in general for obtaining new directives for their further improvement. This paper gives an overview and re-examines key-issues which concern both processing and applications of ceramics as biomaterials. With doing this, we attempt to bring to the attention of the ceramic community the issues in current bioceramics.

BEN-NISSAN, B & PEZZOTTI, G 2002, 'Bioceramics: Processing Routes and Mechanical Evaluation.', Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, vol. 110, no. 1283, pp. 601-608.
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Berry, SM, Carroll, RJ & Ruppert, D 2002, 'Bayesian Smoothing and Regression Splines for Measurement Error Problems', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 97, no. 457, pp. 160-169.
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Betensky, RA, Lindsey, JC, Ryan, LM & Wand, MP 2002, 'A local likelihood proportional hazards model for interval censored data', STATISTICS IN MEDICINE, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 263-275.
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We discuss the use of local likelihood methods to fit proportional hazards regression models to right and interval censored data. The assumed model allows for an arbitrary, smoothed baseline hazard on which a vector of covariates operates in a proportional manner, and thus produces an interpretable baseline hazard function along with estimates of global covariate effects. For estimation, we extend the modified EM algorithm suggested by Betensky, Lindsey, Ryan and Wand. We illustrate the method with data on times to deterioration of breast cosmeses and HIV-1 infection rates among haemophiliacs

Bettelheim, KA, Whipp, M, Djordjevic, SP & Ramachandran, V 2002, 'CORRESPONDENCE', Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 713-714.
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Bilic, A, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2002, 'Adsorption of pyridine on the gold(111) surface: Implications for 'alligator clips' for molecular wires', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, vol. 106, no. 26, pp. 6740-6747.
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Bilic, A, Reimers, JR, Hush, NS & Hafner, J 2002, 'Adsorption of ammonia on the gold(111) surface', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 116, no. 20, pp. 8981-8987.
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Birch, S, Hammerschlag, R, Trinh, K & Zaslawski, C 2002, 'The non-specific effects of acupuncture treatment: When and how to control for them', Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 20-25.
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Bishop, R, Rahman, ANMM, Ashmore, J, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2002, 'Preparation of solvent-free clathrand structures by the exclusion of an unwelcome guest', CrystEngComm, vol. 4, no. 101, pp. 605-605.
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Bolger, AP, Sharma, R, von Haehling, S, Doehner, W, Oliver, B, Rauchhaus, M, Coats, AJS, Adcock, IM & Anker, SD 2002, 'Effect of interleukin-10 on the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with chronic heart failure', The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 384-389.
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Booth, D 2002, 'Food supplementation increases larval growth, condition and survival of Acanthochromis polyacanthus', Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 1126-1133.
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Booth, D & Alquezar, R 2002, 'Food supplementation increases larval growth, condition and survival of Acanthochromis polyacanthus', Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 1126-1133.
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Booth, DJ 2002, 'Distribution changes after settlement in six species of damselfish (Pomacentridae) in One Tree Island lagoon, Great Barrier Reef', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 226, no. N/A, pp. 157-164.
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Booth, DJ & Beretta, GA 2002, 'Changes in a fish assemblage after a coral bleaching event', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 245, no. N/A, pp. 205-212.
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Borovkov, K & Novikov, A 2002, 'On a new approach to calculating expectations for option pricing', Journal of Applied Probability, vol. 39, no. 04, pp. 889-895.
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We discuss a simple new approach to calculating expectations of a specific form used for the pricing of derivative assets in financial mathematics. We show that in the ‘vanilla case’, the expectations can be found by simply integrating the respective moment generating function with a certain weight. In situations corresponding to barrier-type options, we just need to carry out one more integration. The suggested approach appears to be the first (and, apart from Monte Carlo simulation, the only) one to allow the pricing of discretely monitored exotic options when the underlying asset is modelled by a general Lévy process. We illustrate the method numerically by calculating the price of a discretely monitored lookback call option in the cases when the underlying follows the geometric Brownian and variance-gamma processes.

Borovkov, K & Novikov, A 2002, 'On a new approach to calculating expectations for option pricing', Journal of Applied Probability, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 889-895.
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We discuss a simple new approach to calculating expectations of a specific form used for the pricing of derivative assets in financial mathematics. We show that in the ‘vanilla case’, the expectations can be found by simply integrating the respective moment generating function with a certain weight. In situations corresponding to barrier-type options, we just need to carry out one more integration. The suggested approach appears to be the first (and, apart from Monte Carlo simulation, the only) one to allow the pricing of discretely monitored exotic options when the underlying asset is modelled by a general Lévy process. We illustrate the method numerically by calculating the price of a discretely monitored lookback call option in the cases when the underlying follows the geometric Brownian and variance-gamma processes.

Bouwman, PJ, Boukamp, BA, Bouwmeester, HJM & Notten, PHL 2002, 'Influence of Diffusion Plane Orientation on Electrochemical Properties of Thin Film LiCoO[sub 2] Electrodes', Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 149, no. 6, pp. A699-A699.
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Submicrometer LiCoO films have been prepared on silicon substrates with RF sputtering and pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The electrochemical activity of both types of thin film electrodes is compared using scanning cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic and potentiostatic intermittent titration, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The RF films exhibit a axis orientation and have an accessible diffusion plane alignment, unlike the c axis oriented PLD films. The preferential orientation of the host crystal lattice toward the electrolyte solution is critical for the intercalation rate and cycling efficiency. The RF films show superior electro-chemical performance and faster relaxation characteristics than the PLD films. Based on the analysis of the time and frequency domain measurements a model for the electrode response is proposed. Apparently, the intercalation rate of the RF films is not diffusion-limited, but hindered by the large charge-transfer resistance, the phase boundary movement, and the hindrance by the solid electrolyte interface. 2

Bradby, JE, Kucheyev, SO, Williams, JS, Jagadish, C, Swain, MV, Munroe, P & Phillips, MR 2002, 'Contact-induced defect propagation in ZnO', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 80, no. 24, pp. 4537-4539.
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Contact-induced damage has been studied in single-crystal (wurtzite) ZnO by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) and scanning cathodoluminescence (CL) monochromatic imaging. XTEM reveals that the prime deformation mechanism in ZnO is the nucleation of slip on both the basal and pyramidal planes. Some indication of dislocation pinning was observed on the basal slip planes. No evidence of either a phase transformation or cracking was observed by XTEM in samples loaded up to 50 mN with an ~4.2 µm radius spherical indenter. CL imaging reveals a quenching of near-gap emission by deformation-produced defects. Both XTEM and CL show that this comparatively soft material exhibits extensive deformation damage and that defects can propagate well beyond the deformed volume under contact. Results of this study have significant implications for the extent of contact-induced damage during fabrication of ZnO-based (opto)electronic devices.

Bradby, JE, Kucheyev, SO, Williams, JS, Wong-Leung, J, Swain, MV, Munroe, P, Li, G & Phillips, MR 2002, 'Indentation-induced damage in GaN epilayers', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 383-385.
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The mechanical deformation of wurtzite GaN epilayers grown on sapphire substrates is studied by spherical indentation, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM), and scanning cathodoluminescence (CL) monochromatic imaging. CL imaging of indents which exhibit plastic deformation (based on indentation data) shows an observable "footprint" of deformation-produced defects that result in a strong reduction in the intensity of CL emission. Multiple discontinuities are observed during loading when the maximum load is above the elastic-plastic threshold, and such a behavior can be correlated with multiple slip bands revealed by XTEM. No evidence of pressure-induced phase transformations is found from within the mechanically damaged regions using selected-area diffraction patterns. The main deformation mechanism appears to be the nucleation of slip on the basal planes, with dislocations being nucleated on additional planes on further loading. XTEM reveals no cracking or delamination in any of the samples studied for loads of up to 250 mN.

Bradley, DM, Mapitse, R, Thomson, NM & Hayes, CJ 2002, 'Enantioselective Synthesis of the Excitatory Amino Acid (1S,3R)-1-Aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic Acid', The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 67, no. 22, pp. 7613-7617.
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Burnett, TA, Hornitzky, MA, Kuhnert, P & Djordjevic, SP 2002, 'SpeciatingCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter coliisolates from poultry and humans using six PCR-based assays', FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 216, no. 2, pp. 201-209.
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Butt, AJ, Fraley, KA, Firth, SM & Baxter, RC 2002, 'IGF-Binding Protein-3-Induced Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis Do Not Require Cell Surface Binding and Nuclear Translocation in Human Breast Cancer Cells', Endocrinology, vol. 143, no. 7, pp. 2693-2699.
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Cai, T, Hyndman, RJ & Wand, MP 2002, 'Mixed Model-Based Hazard Estimation', Journal of Computational & Graphical Statistics, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 784-798.
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Cai, T, Hyndman, RJ & Wand, MP 2002, 'Mixed model-based hazard estimation', JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL AND GRAPHICAL STATISTICS, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 784-798.
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Cai, T, Hyndman, RJ & Wand, MP 2002, 'Mixed Model-Based Hazard Estimation', Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 784-798.
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This article proposes a new method for estimation of the hazard function from a set of censored failure time data, with a view to extending the general approach to more complicated models. The approach is based on a mixed model representation of penalized spline hazard estimators. One payoff is the automation of the smoothing parameter choice through restricted maximum likelihood. Another is the option to use standard mixed model software for automatic hazard estimation. © 2002 American Statistical Association, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and Interface Foundation of North America.

Cai, ZL & Reimers, JR 2002, 'The first singlet (n,pi*) and (pi,pi*) excited states of the hydrogen-bonded complex between water and pyridine', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A, vol. 106, no. 37, pp. 8769-8778.
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Cai, ZL, Sendt, K & Reimers, JR 2002, 'Failure of density-functional theory and time-dependent density-functional theory for large extended pi systems', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 117, no. 12, pp. 5543-5549.
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Cai, Z-L, Zeng, H, Chen, M & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'Raman spectroscopy of chlorophyll d from Acaryochloris marina', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, vol. 1556, no. 2-3, pp. 89-91.
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Cain, K 2002, 'Antibody–antigen kinetics following immunization of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with a T-cell dependent antigen', Developmental & Comparative Immunology, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 181-190.
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Enhancement of the immune response through affinity maturation of the antibody response is a feature of the mammalian immune system and has important implications with respect to development of vaccination strategies. However, an absence of germinal centres and apparent lack of somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin V genes suggests that this phenomenon does not occur in fish. We investigated the question of affinity maturation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by measuring antibody-antigen binding kinetics using a BIAcore biosensor. Following immunization with a T-cell dependent antigen (FITC-KLH), relative binding affinities of serum and mucosal antibodies were assessed based on their dissociation rate constants (kdiss.). A detectable serum anti-FITC response developed by 4weeks post-immunization, and a consistent shift to higher affinity antibody production (i.e. a decrease in kdiss.) was observed over the ensuing course of the immune response. An average kdiss. of 3.5×10-4±0.27×10-4sec-1 was observed during early stages of the response (4weeks), while by 6weeks this decreased significantly (p<0.05). Further reduction in kdiss. was observed, with a low of 1.2×10-4±0.06×10-4sec-1 being observed by week 12. Analysis of the anti-FITC response in skin-derived mucus revealed a similar pattern of decreasing kdiss. as the immune response progressed. While these data clearly demonstrate a 2-3 fold increase in antibody-antigen binding during the course of the immune response in trout, the magnitude of this increase is much less than that seen in the mammalian immune response. This may reflect differences in the mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon in divergent species. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Caprarelli, G & Leitch, EC 2002, 'MORB-like rocks in a Palaeozoic convergent margin setting, northeast New South Wales', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 367-374.
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The Devonian mafic rocks from the Folly Basalt, northeast New South Wales, were emplaced in the forearc section of the DevonianCarboniferous magmatic arc preserved in the western part of the New England Fold Belt. Trace-element abundances in fractionated metadolerites (maximum concentration of Ni = 85 ppm) from the Folly Basalt outcropping near Nundle demonstrate that these rocks have MORB affinity. Chondrite-normalised rare-earth element patterns are smooth and quasi-horizontal; Ce/Yb ratios are 3.347.98; (La/Yb)N ratios range from 0.69 to 2.23; (La/Sm)N ratios of the rocks range from 0.63 to 1.55. The data are compatible with an origin of the melts from large degrees (>15%) of partial melting of mantle peridotite. A plausible mechanism for the production and emplacement of depleted magmas in the forearc zone of the Middle Palaeozoic eastern Australian magmatic arc involves the subduction of a hot oceanic spreading centre, which could cause the presence of a region of asthenospheric temperatures below the upper plate. It is also suggested that sustained high-temperature conditions may have prevailed in the eastern Australian mantle for at least the last 400 million years.

Celedon, JC, Litonjua, AA, Ryan, L, Platts-Mills, T, Weiss, ST & Gold, DR 2002, 'Exposure to cat allergen, maternal history of asthma, and wheezing in first 5 years of life', LANCET, vol. 360, no. 9335, pp. 781-782.
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We looked for an association between early exposure to pets and asthma and wheezing in children whose mothers or fathers did or did not have a history of asthma. We followed up 448 children, who had at least one parent with a history of atopy, from birth to 5 years. Among children whose mothers had no history of asthma, exposure to a cat or a Fel d 1 concentration of at least 8 mug/g at the age of 2-3 months was associated with a reduced risk of wheezing between the ages of 1 and 5 years. However, among children whose mothers did have a history of asthma, such exposures were associated with an increased risk of wheezing at or after the age of 3 years. There was no association between wheezing and exposure to dog or dog allergen, and the father's allergy status had no effect on the relation between childhood wheezing and cat exposure.

Celedon, JC, Litonjua, AA, Ryan, L, Weiss, ST & Gold, DR 2002, 'Bottle feeding in the bed or crib before sleep time and wheezing in early childhood', PEDIATRICS, vol. 110, no. 6, p. e77.
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Objective. Bottle feeding in the bed or crib before sleep time has been associated with an increased risk of wheezing in the first year of life. We examined whether bottle feeding in the bed or crib before sleep time in the first year of life is associated with wheezing in the first 5 years of life. Methods. In a prospective cohort study of 448 children with parental history of atopy followed from birth, we examined the relation between the number of bimonthly parental reports of bottle feeding in the bed or crib before sleep time in the first year of life (range: 0-6 reports) and parental report of wheezing in the first 5 years of life. Additional outcome measures included recurrent wheezing (greater than or equal to2 episodes of wheezing in the previous year) and asthma (physician-diagnosed asthma and greater than or equal to1 episode of wheezing in the previous year) at the age of 5 years. Results. The risk of recurrent wheezing and asthma at 5 years of age increased significantly with each additional report of bottle feeding in the bed or crib before sleep time in the first year of life. The risk of wheezing between the ages of I and 5 years increased with each additional report of bottle feeding in the bed or crib before sleep time in the first year of life. As an example, a child whose parents reported bottle feeding in the bed or crib before sleep time on 3 occasions in the first year of life had 1.5 times higher risk of wheezing between the ages of 1 and 5 years than a child whose parents did not report bottle feeding in the bed or crib before sleep time in the first year of life (95% confidence interval for relative risk: 1.12-2.12). Conclusions. Among children with parental history of atopy, bottle feeding in the bed or crib before sleep time in the first year of life is a risk factor for recurrent wheezing and asthma at 5 years of age and a risk factor for wheezing between the ages of 1 and 5 years.

Celedon, JC, Litonjua, AA, Ryan, L, Weiss, ST & Gold, DR 2002, 'Day care attendance, respiratory tract illnesses, wheezing, asthma, and total serum IgE level in early childhood', ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE, vol. 156, no. 3, pp. 241-245.
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Background: It has been hypothesized that day care-related infections may explain the inverse relation between day care attendance in early life and asthma in childhood. Objective: To examine the relation between day care attendance or respiratory tract illnesses in the first year of life and wheezing and asthma in the first 4 years of life among children with a parental history of atopy who were followed up from birth. Results: Day care attendance in the first year of life was inversely associated with geometric mean total serum IgE level (12.9 [+/- 1 SD = 3.3, 51.4] IU/mL for day care vs 18.5 [+/- 1 SD = 5.3, 64.7] IU/mL for no day cared P=.03) at 2 years of age but not significantly associated with wheezing at or after 2 years of age. Having at least 1 physician-diagnosed lower respiratory tract illness in the first year of life was significantly associated with recurrent wheezing (odds ratio [OR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-4.1) and asthma (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.5) at 4 years of age, but not with any wheezing (infrequent and frequent) at 3 years or older. Illnesses of the upper respiratory tract (greater than or equal to1 physician-diagnosed upper respiratory tract illness or greater than or equal to3 episodes of nasal catarrh) in the first year of life were associated with any wheezing (frequent and infrequent) between the ages of 1 and 4 years, but not with recurrent wheezing or asthma at 4 years of age. Conclusions: Our results suggest that among children with a parental history of atopy the protective effect of day care attendance in early life against the development of atopy has begun by 2 years of age, and that a protective effect of day care attendance in early life against wheezing may not be observed until after 4 years of age.

Celedon, JC, Litonjua, AA, Ryan, L, Weiss, ST & Gold, DR 2002, 'Lack of association between antibiotic use in the first year of life and asthma, allergic rhinitis, or eczema at age 5 years', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE, vol. 166, no. 1, pp. 72-75.
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Five retrospective studies have reported an association between antibiotic use in early life and asthma in childhood. We studied the relationship between the use of oral antibiotics in the first year of life and asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema at age 5 years among 448 children with a parental history of atopy monitored from birth. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found no significant association between antibiotic use in the first year of life and asthma (odds ratio [OR] for one versus no courses of antibiotics, 0.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] for OR, 0.2 to 1.5; OR for two or more versus no courses of antibiotics, 1.0; 95% CI for OR, 0.5 to 2.2), recurrent wheezing, allergic rhinitis, or eczema at age 5 years. There was no significant association between antibiotic use in the first year of life and having at least one of three atopic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis, or eczema) at age 5 years (OR for one versus no courses of antibiotics, 0.7, 95% CI, 0.4 to 1.4; OR for two or more versus no courses of antibiotics, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.5 to 1.4). Our findings do not support the hypothesis that antibiotic use in early life is associated with the subsequent development of asthma and atopy in childhood.

CHAPKIN, RS, ARRINGTON, JL, APANASOVICH, TV, CARROLL, RJ & MCMURRAY, DN 2002, 'Dietary n-3 PUFA affect TcR-mediated activation of purified murine T cells and accessory cell function in co-cultures', Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 130, no. 1, pp. 12-18.
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Summary Diets enriched in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) suppress several functions of murine splenic T cells by acting directly on the T cells and/or indirectly on accessory cells. In this study, the relative contribution of highly purified populations of the two cell types to the dietary suppression of T cell function was examined. Mice were fed diets containing different levels of n-3 PUFA; safflower oil (SAF; control containing no n-3 PUFA), fish oil (FO) at 2% and 4%, or 1% purified docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for 2 weeks. Purified (&gt;90%) T cells were obtained from the spleen, and accessory cells (&gt;95% adherent, esterase-positive) were obtained by peritoneal lavage. Purified T cells or accessory cells from each diet group were co-cultured with the alternative cell type from every other diet group, yielding a total of 16 different co-culture combinations. The T cells were stimulated with either concanavalin A (ConA) or antibodies to the T cell receptor (TcR)/CD3 complex and the costimulatory molecule CD28 (αCD3/αCD28), and proliferation was measured after four days. Suppression of T cell proliferation in the co-cultures was dependent upon the dose of dietary n-3 PUFA fed to mice from which the T cells were derived, irrespective of the dietary treatment of accessory cell donors. The greatest dietary effect was seen in mice consuming the DHA diet (P = 0·034 in the anova; P=0·0053 in the Trend Test), and was observed with direct stimulation of the T cell receptor and CD28 costimulatory ligand, but not with ConA. A significant dietary effect was also contributed accessory cells (P = 0·033 in the Trend Test). We conclude that dietary n-3 PUFA affect TcR-mediated by T cell activation by both direct and indirect (accessory cell) mechanisms.

Chapkin, RS, Arrington, JL, Apanasovich, TV, Carroll, RJ & McMurray, DN 2002, 'Erratum: Dietary n-3 PUFA affect TcR-mediated activation of purified murine T cells and accessory cell function in co-cultures (Clinical and Experimental Immunology (2002) 130 (12-18))', Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 130, no. 3, pp. 557-558.
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Chen, M, Quinnell, RG & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'Chlorophylldas the major photopigment inAcaryochloris marina', Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, vol. 06, no. 12, pp. 763-773.
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Chlorophyll (Chl) d is the major pigment in the photosystems (PS) and light-harvesting complex(es) of Acaryochloris marina. Chl a is present in small and variable amounts in PSII and in the light-harvesting complex(es). Isolated PSII complex showed a major fluorescence emission peak at 725 nm and a smaller emission peak due to Chl d at 701 nm, while the PSI complex showed two pools of Chl d, one with emission at 730 nm and the other at 709 nm at 77 K. In PSI and PSII of classical cyanobacteria and of higher plants, where Chl a is the predominant pigment rather than Chl d, these differences are not as pronounced. Light energy absorbed by phycobiliproteins was also active in these Chl d emissions. The major light-harvesting pigment protein is similar to the prochlorophyte Chl-binding protein (pcb) and had a major emission peak at 711 nm. In Cyanobacteria an iron-stress induced Chl-binding protein (isiA) forms a polymeric ring around PSI, and so the effect(s) of iron stress on A. marina where investigated. No clear evidence could be deduced for the formation of an isiA protein under iron stress and no clear changes in the proportion of Chl d :Chl a could be discerned although phycobilins showed a decreased under iron-stress conditions. That Chl d replaces Chl a in all its functions in A. marina is clear; the advantage of this evolutionary development appears to be to enable A. marina to absorb far-red light which occurs in environments where red light is filtered out by other photosynthetic organisms.

Chen, M, Quinnell, RG & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'The major light-harvesting pigment protein ofAcaryochloris marina', FEBS Letters, vol. 514, no. 2-3, pp. 149-152.
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Cho, SI, Goldman, MB, Ryan, LM, Chen, C, Damokosh, AI, Christiani, DC, Lasley, BL, O'Connor, JF, Wilcox, AJ & Xu, X 2002, 'Reliability of serial urine HCG as a biomarker to detect early pregnancy loss', HUMAN REPRODUCTION, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1060-1066.
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Background: To examine the reliability of HCG as a biomarker for early pregnancy loss, five experienced researchers independently assessed data from 153 menstrual cycles, determining whether each cycle represented,no conception,' a 'continuing conception' or a 'conception lost.' Methods: Urine samples were analysed by immunoradiometric assay using a combination of capture antibodies for the intact heterodimer (B109) and for an epitope common to the beta subunit and the beta core fragment (B204). For each cycle, HCG data were presented as graphs of daily assay results. Summary statistics for HCG assays from 46 women who had undergone bilateral tubal ligation represented baseline values. Results: Pairwise agreement among the assessors for any of the three options ranged from 78-89%. At least three experts agreed for 147 cycles (96%), accounting for 28 conception losses and 19 continuing conceptions. The multi-rater kappa was 0.62 for the conception lost category and 0.68 for continuing conceptions, indicating substantial agreement. Conclusion: The main sources of disagreement involved deciding whether there was sufficient information for assessment, interpreting cycle parameters such as cycle length or bleeding event, and interpreting a distinct HCG rise pattern that does not exceed the baseline value obtained from the sterilized women.

Choo, ABH, Dunn, RD, Broady, KW & Raison, RL 2002, 'Soluble expression of a functional recombinant cytolytic immunotoxin in insect cells', PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND PURIFICATION, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 338-347.
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We have previously described the production of a recombinant melittin-based cytolytic immunotoxin (IT), scFv-mel-FLAG, in bacterial cells. While the IT exhibited specific cytotoxicity for a human lymphoblastoid cell line, HMy2, yields from expression were low. Here, we describe a baculovirus expression system for the overexpression and secretion of scFv-mel-FLAG. A novel snake phospholipase A2 inhibitor signal peptide was used to aid in the secretion of the immunotoxin. Sf21 insect cells infected with the recombinant virus secreted soluble scFv-mel-FLAG into the culture medium from which it was purified directly on an affinity column. The final yield of scFv-mel-FLAG was estimated at 3â5 mg/L, which was an improvement of 30-fold compared to expression in the prokaryotic system. The cell binding characteristics of the recombinant IT were assessed by flow cytometry using the antigen expressing cell line HMy2. ScFv-mel-FLAG bound specifically to HMy2 cells in direct binding assays and this binding was completely inhibited in the presence of an excess of soluble antigen. Significant cytotoxicity for HMy2 cells, measured by leakage of cytosolic LDH, was also observed for the IT at a concentration of 60 pmol/104 cells. Cytotoxicity was concentration dependent and was specific for antigen-positive cells. Thus the baculovirus expression system, under the control of a novel secretion signal, can be used for the production of soluble and functional recombinant cytolytic immunotoxins. To our knowledge, this is the first report of expression of a recombinant immunotoxin in the baculovirus expression vector system.

Clark, DE & Ryan, LM 2002, 'Concurrent prediction of hospital mortality and length of stay from risk factors on admission', HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 631-645.
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Objective. To develop a method for predicting concurrently both hospital survival and length of stay (LOS) for seriously ill or injured patients, with particular attention to the competing risks of death or discharge alive as determinants of LOS. Data Sources. Previously collected 1995-1996 registry data on 2,646 cases of injured patients from three trauma centers in Maine. Study Design. Time intervals were determined for which the rates of discharge or death were relatively constant. Poisson regression was used to develop a model for each type of terminal event, with risk factors on admission contributing proportionately to the subsequent rates for each outcome in each interval. Mean LOS and cumulative survival were calculated from a combination of the resulting piecewise exponential models. Principal Findings. Age, Glasgow Coma Scale, Abbreviated Injury Scores, and specific mechanisms of injury were significant predictors of the rates of death and discharge, with effects that were variable in different time intervals. Predicted probability of survival and mean LOS from the model were similar to actual values for categorized patient groups. Conclusions. Piecewise exponential models may be useful in predicting LOS, especially if determinants of mortality are separated from determinants of discharge alive.

Clark, RE, Bartels, SJ, Mellman, TA & Peacock, WJ 2002, 'Recent Trends in Antipsychotic Combination Therapy of Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder: Implications for State Mental Health Policy', Schizophrenia Bulletin, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 75-84.
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Little is known about antipsychotic combination therapy, although this practice is becoming increasingly common in the treatment of schizophrenia. Medicaid pharmaceutical claims for a cohort of 836 New Hampshire beneficiaries with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were followed from 1995 through 1999. Use of traditional and atypical antipsychotic medications, antidepressants, anxiolytic hypnotics, and mood stabilizers was tracked monthly. The number of medications, frequency of coprescription, and Medicaid pharmaceutical costs are described. The proportion of individuals with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder treated with atypical antipsychotics grew from 43 percent in 1995 to 70 percent in 1999. At the same time, concurrent use of two or more antipsychotic medications quadrupled, increasing from 5.7 percent to 24.3 percent. Persons with schizophrenia were also prescribed more antidepressants (increased from 18.5% in 1995 to 35.6% in 1999), anxiolytics (increased from 19.9% to 33.5%), and mood stabilizers (increased from 17.7% to 30.0%). The increase in multiple agent therapy appears to be broad-based. Data are needed on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these practices to inform clinical decision making and health policy.

Cortie, MB & Levey, FC 2002, 'Formation, modulation and adaptive twinning of martensite in the Au7Cu5Al4 shape memory system', INTERMETALLICS, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 23-31.
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The Au7Cu5Al4 ? electron phase transforms displacively from an L21 parent to a nominally body-centred tetragonal martensite with c/a<1. The compound is of interest because it has the potential to serve as an 18 carat shape memory alloy in jewellery. Analysis of its X-ray diffraction spectra indicates that the martensite is modulated by a Image transverse shear wave, showing that it belongs, strictly speaking, to the generic B19 structure type. The martensite is also twinned, and the probable twinning structure is explored. A Image stacking sequence is deduced, which for reasons of the L21 ordering inherited from the parent phase, must be doubled to produce a notional Image martensite that properly repeats. However, although the measured X-ray diffraction spectra can be substantially explained by the structures derived, the martensite probably also has additional, higher-order lattice modulations.

Cortie, MB & Van Der Lingen, E 2002, 'Catalytic gold nano-particles', Materials Forum, vol. 26, pp. 1-14.
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Although gold is the most inert of all metallic elements, it has interesting properties as a heterogeneous catalyst. There are a number of curious aspects to catalysis by gold that are currently attracting academic investigation, while the observation that gold-based catalysts are active at room temperature and below is driving considerable industrial interest. However, much is still not understood about these catalysts and, for example, apparently similar preparation techniques result in activities of hugely varying magnitude. In the present paper we assess the known phenomenology of heterogeneous catalysis by gold, with particular reference to the material properties of the individual nano-particles of catalyst and the many disagreements in the literature. Even the structure of the nano-particles is uncertain, with claims being made for truncated octahedra, cub-octahedra, icosahedra, various kinds of decahedra, and amorphous structures. As far as uncertainty concerning the mechanism of catalysis is concerned, we show that the situation has not yet been resolved, with evidence that catalysis can proceed even in the absence of either a discrete particulate morphology or an oxide support. One possibility is that more than one mechanism applies. Alternatively, the explanation may be that the activity of gold as a catalyst is determined only by the availability of surface gold atoms with low coordination numbers and an associated electron density suitable for whatever reaction is being catalysed. In this case, the role of the oxide support and of gold particle size and structure is indirect, and they would serve mainly to modulate the specific surface area of the gold, and the electronic configuration of its surface atoms.

Davila, YC & Wardle, GM 2002, 'Reproductive ecology of the Australian herb Trachymene incisa subsp incisa (Apiaceae)', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 619-626.
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Death, AK, Nakhla, S, McGrath, KCY, Martell, S, Yue, DK, Jessup, W & Celermajer, DS 2002, 'Nitroglycerin upregulates matrix metalloproteinase expression by human macrophages', Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 1943-1950.
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OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine whether nitroglycerin (NTG) treatment affects matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene expression and activities in human macrophages. BACKGROUND Nitroglycerin is one of the most frequently used therapeutic agents for

Dela-Cruz, J, Ajani, P, Lee, R, Pritchard, T & Suthers, I 2002, 'Temporal abundance patterns of the red tide dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans along the southeast coast of Australia', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 236, pp. 75-88.
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Dobbin, CA, Smith, NC & Johnson, AM 2002, 'Heat shock protein 70 is a potential virulence factor in murine Toxoplasma infection via immunomodulation of host NF-kappa B and nitric oxide', JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 169, no. 2, pp. 958-965.
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Dobbin, CA, Smith, NC & Johnson, AM 2002, 'Heat shock protein 70 is a virulence factor in murine Toxoplasma infection via immunomodulation of host nuclear factor kappa B and nitic oxide', Journal of Immunology, vol. 169, no. N/A, pp. 958-965.

Dong, Q, Wang, Y & Ollendick, TH 2002, 'Consequences of Divorce on the Adjustment of Children in China', Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 101-110.
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Explored the consequences of divorce on children in China. In contrast to Western countries, divorce in China is relatively rare, occurring in approximately 10% to 15% of the population. Children from divorced families (n = 174) and matched intact families (n = 174) were selected from a larger sample of 1,294 children between 8 and 14 years of age. Divorce was relatively low in this sample (13.45%) of participants, consistent with rates observed in epidemiological studies in China. Mothers of divorced children reported higher levels of education but lower levels of income than mothers in intact families. Children in divorced families reported higher levels of anxiety and depression, and their mothers and teachers rated them as possessing more behavior problems on the Achenbach (1991) Child Behavior Checklist scales. Regression analyses revealed that rejecting and inattentive parenting styles, along with family status (divorce or intact), high maternal depression, and sex (boys) predicted significant amounts of variance associated with these negative outcomes. Results are discussed in terms of familial and cultural issues associated with these findings.

Dooley, AH & Golodets, VY 2002, 'The spectrum of completely positive entropy actions of countable amenable groups', JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS, vol. 196, no. 1, pp. 1-18.
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Dooley, AH & Gupta, SK 2002, 'Transferring Fourier multipliers from S2p-1 to Hp-1', ILLINOIS JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 657-677.
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Dubey, JP, Barr, BC, Barta, JR, Bjerkas, I, Bjorkman, C, Blagburn, BL, Bowman, DD, Buxton, D, Ellis, JT, Gottstein, B, Hemphill, A, Hill, DE, Howe, DK, Jenkins, MC, Kobayashi, Y, Koudela, B, Marsh, AE, Mattsson, JG, McAllister, MM, Modry, D, Omata, Y, Sibley, LD, Speer, CA, Trees, AJ, Uggla, A, Upton, SJ, Williams, DJL & Lindsay, DS 2002, 'Redescription of Neospora caninum and its differentiation from related coccidia', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 929-946.
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Dubey, JP, Barr, BC, Barta, JR, Bjerkås, I, Björkman, C, Blagburn, BL, Bowman, DD, Buxton, D, Ellis, JT, Gottstein, B, Hemphill, A, Hill, DE, Howe, DK, Jenkins, MC, Kobayashi, Y, Koudela, B, Marsh, AE, Mattsson, JG, McAllister, MM, Modrý, D, Omata, Y, Sibley, LD, Speer, CA, Trees, AJ, Uggla, A, Upton, SJ, Williams, DJL & Lindsay, DS 2002, 'Redescription of Neospora caninum and its differentiation from related coccidia.', Int J Parasitol, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 929-946.
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Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite of animals, which before 1984 was misidentified as Toxoplasma gondii. Infection by this parasite is a major cause of abortion in cattle and causes paralysis in dogs. Since the original description of N. caninum in 1988, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of its life cycle, biology, genetics and diagnosis. In this article, the authors redescribe the parasite, distinguish it from related coccidia, and provide accession numbers to its type specimens deposited in museums.

Dunlop, RA, Rodgers, KJ & Dean, RT 2002, 'Recent developments in the intracellular degradation of oxidized proteins', FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 894-906.
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The accumulation of oxidized proteins in cells and tissues is a feature of a number of age-related diseases and may also occur as a result of the aging process itself. In this article we review recent advances in our understanding of the cellular degrada

Duty, SM, Singh, NP, Ryan, L, Chen, Z, Lewis, C, Huang, T & Hauser, R 2002, 'Reliability of the comet assay in cryopreserved human sperm', HUMAN REPRODUCTION, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 1274-1280.
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Reliability of the comet assay in cryopreserved human sperm

Eisenberg, I, Barash, M, Kahan, T & Mitrani-Rosenbaum, S 2002, 'Cloning and characterization of a human novel gene C9orf19 encoding a conserved putative protein with an SCP-like extracellular protein domain', Gene, vol. 293, no. 1-2, pp. 141-148.
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Elder, M & McCammond, J 2002, 'Curvature Testing in 3-Dimensional Metric Polyhedral Complexes', Experimental Mathematics, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 143-158.
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Fallon, GD, Langford, SJ, Lee, MA-P & Lygris, E 2002, 'Self-assembling mixed porphyrin trimers – the use of diaxial Sn(IV)porphyrin phenolates as an organising precept', Inorganic Chemistry Communications, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 715-718.
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Fallon, GD, Lau, V-L & Langford, SJ 2002, 'Ammonium 2,5,8,11,21,24,27-octaoxatricyclo[26.4.0.0^12,17]dotriaconta-1(32),12(17),13,15,28,30-hexaene hexafluorophosphate', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. o321-o323.
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Fallon, GD, Lee, MA-P, Langford, SJ & Nichols, PJ 2002, 'Metalloporphyrin Molecular Sieves Based on Tin(IV)porphyrin Phenolates', Organic Letters, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 1895-1898.
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Forbes, SL, Stuart, BH & Dent, BB 2002, 'The identification of adipocere in grave soils', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 127, no. 3, pp. 225-230.
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Soil samples recovered from grave exhumations have been analysed in an attempt to identify and characterise adipocere contained in the samples. The soil samples were collected from different environments, including samples recovered from forensic grave sites. Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GCMS) was employed to identify adipocere and characterise the fatty acid composition. X-ray diffraction was used to characterise the soil environments.

Forbes, SL, Stuart, BH & Dent, BB 2002, 'The identification of adipocere in grave soils.', Forensic science international, vol. 127, no. 3, pp. 225-230.
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Soil samples recovered from grave exhumations have been analysed in an attempt to identify and characterise adipocere contained in the samples. The soil samples were collected from different environments, including samples recovered from forensic grave sites. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to identify adipocere and characterise the fatty acid composition. X-ray diffraction was used to characterise the soil environments.

French, JL, Kammann, EE & Wand, MP 2002, 'Corrections', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 97, no. 458, pp. 661-661.
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Gauvin, R, Griffin, B, Nockolds, C, Phillips, M & Joy, DC 2002, 'A method to measure the effective gas path length in the environmental or variable pressure scanning electron microscope', Scanning, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 171-174.
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A simple method is described to determine the effective gas path length when incident electrons scatter in the gas above the specimen. This method is based on the measurement of a characteristic x-ray line emitted from a region close to the incident beam. From various experimental measurements performed on various microscopes, it is shown that the efefctive gas path length may increase with the chamber pressure and that it is also often dependent on the type of x-ray bullet.

Gelhausen, O, Klein, HN, Phillips, MR & Goldys, EM 2002, 'Influence of low-energy electron beam irradiation on defects in activated Mg-doped GaN', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 81, no. 20, pp. 3747-3749.
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The effect of low-energy electron beam irradiation (LEEBI) on residual hydrogen impurities and native defects in activated metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy-grown Mg-doped (p-type) GaN layers was studied by cathodoluminescence (CL) microanalysis and spectroscopy at temperatures between 80 and 300 K. The LEEBI treatment dissociates (MgH)0 complexes producing (i) at 300 K, a significant increase in a free-to-bound transition (e,Mg0) centered at 3.26 eV and (ii) at 80 K, a substantial decrease in a HMg donoracceptor pair emission at 3.27 eV. In-plane and depth-resolved CL imaging reveals a direct correlation between the spatial distribution of the injected carriers and the depth and lateral distribution of activated Mg acceptors. This finding strongly suggests that hydrogen dissociation results from electron-hole recombination at hydrogen defect complexes rather than heating by the electron beam. The results at 80 K indicate that the process of dissociation of hydrogen from (MgH)0 complexes is accompanied by a generation of additional defect centers. It is proposed that following LEEBI hydrogen does not leave the specimen, but instead associates with nitrogen vacancies, generating additional recombination channels

George, AM & Hall, RM 2002, 'Efflux of chloramphenicol by the Cm1A1 protein', FEMS Microbiology Letter, vol. 209, no. N/A, pp. 209-213.

George, AM & Hall, RM 2002, 'Efflux of chloramphenicol by the CmlA1 protein', FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 209, no. 2, pp. 209-213.
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The cmlA1 gene cassette contains the cmlA1 gene, that confers resistance to chloramphenicol, as well as a promoter and translational attenuation signals, and expression of cmlA1 is inducible by low concentrations of chloramphenicol. The CmlA1 protein encoded by cmlA1 was localised in the inner membrane. Active efflux of chloramphenicol, additional to the endogenous efflux from Escherichia coli cells, was observed when the cmlA1 gene was present and the production of CmlA1 had been preinduced with subinhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol. Both endogenous and CmlA1-mediated export of chloramphenicol was driven by the proton-motive force. © 2002 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Gladstone, W 2002, 'The potential value of indicator groups in the selection of marine reserves', BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION, vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 211-220.
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Godlewski, M, Goldys, EM, Phillips, M, Böttcher, T, Figge, S, Hommel, D, Czernecki, R, Prystawko, P, Leszczynski, M, Perlin, P, Wisniewski, P, Suski, T, Bockowski, M, Grzegory, I & Porowski, S 2002, 'Relationship between Sample Morphology and Carrier Diffusion Length in GaN Thin Films', Acta Physica Polonica A, vol. 102, no. 4-5, pp. 627-632.
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Scanning and spot-mode cathodoluminescence investigations of homo- and hetero-epitaxial GaN films indicate a surprisingly small influence of their microstructure on overall intensity of a light emission. This we explain by a correlation between structural quality of these films and diffusion length of free carriers and excitons. Diffusion length increases with improving structural quality of the samples, which, in turn, enhances the rate of nonradiative recombination on structural defects, such as dislocations.

Goncharova, EA, Ammit, AJ, Irani, C, Carroll, RG, Eszterhas, AJ, Panettieri, RA & Krymskaya, VP 2002, 'PI3K is required for proliferation and migration of human pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells', American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol. 283, no. 2, pp. L354-L363.
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Human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration contribute to vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension and atherosclerosis. The precise mechanisms that regulate structural remodeling of the vessel wall remain unknown. This study tests the hypothesis that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation is both necessary and sufficient to mediate human pulmonary vascular smooth muscle (PVSM) cell proliferation and migration. Microinjection of human PVSM cells with a dominant-negative class IA PI3K inhibited platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced DNA synthesis by 65% ( P < 0.001; χ2analysis) compared with cells microinjected with control plasmid, whereas microinjection of cells with a constitutively active class IA PI3K (p110*-CA) was sufficient to induce DNA synthesis (mitotic index of p110*-CA-microinjected cells was 15% vs. 3% in control cells; P < 0.01). Transfection of PVSM cells with p110*-CA was also sufficient to promote human PVSM cell migration. In parallel experiments, stimulation of human PVSM cells with PDGF induced PI3K-dependent activation of Akt, p70 S6 kinase, and ribosomal protein S6 but not mitogen-activated protein kinase. PDGF-induced proliferation and migration was inhibited by LY-294002. These results demonstrate that PI3K signaling is both necessary and sufficient to mediate human PVSM cell proliferation and migration and suggest that the activation of PI3K may play an important role in vascular remodeling.

Gore, RB, Hadi, EA, Craven, M, Smillie, FI, O'Meara, TJ, Tovey, ER, Woodcock, A & Custovic, A 2002, 'Personal exposure to house dust mite allergen in bed: nasal air sampling and reservoir allergen levels', Clinical & Experimental Allergy, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 856-859.
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BACKGROUND:Assessment of personal exposure to dust mite allergen has relied on proxy measures. Only recently has a means to directly measure inhaled allergen particle number become available (the intra-nasal air sampler). OBJECTIVE:To quantify inspired dust mite group 1 and group 2 allergen-bearing particles in bed in undisturbed conditions prior to sleep by nasal air sampling and to investigate the relationship between inhaled particles and reservoir allergen levels. METHODS:Twelve volunteers wore nasal samplers in bed for 6 evenings, nose-breathing in undisturbed conditions. Allergen-bearing particles ('halos') were detected by immunostaining for Der p 1, Der p 2, or Der p 1 and Der p 2 together, and counted by light microscopy. Count data were square root transformed for analysis of variance. Mattress dust samples were assayed for Der p 1 and Der p 2 concentrations. RESULTS:Square root detransformed mean particle counts per 30-min sample were: Der p 1, 4.22; Der p 2, 5.9; Der p 1 + Der p 2, 4.87; and for all samples, 5.01, with no difference between the groups. With replicate samples, halo number correlated significantly with mattress allergen concentrations (Der p 1 r = 0.80, P < 0.01; Der p 2 r = 0.68, P < 0.02). CONCLUSION:Nasal air sampling can be used to quantify nocturnal Der p exposure in undisturbed conditions in an area with moderate exposure to mite allergen and can provide a direct measure of inhaled mite allergen. The choice of either Der p 1 or Der p 2 is appropriate for this purpose.

Gorkunov, M, Lapine, M, Shamonina, E & Ringhofer, KH 2002, 'Effective magnetic properties of a composite material with circular conductive elements', The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 263-269.
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Gorrie, C, Oakes, S, Duflou, J, Blumbergs, P & Waite, PME 2002, 'Axonal Injury in Children after Motor Vehicle Crashes: Extent, Distribution, and Size of Axonal Swellings Using β-APP Immunohistochemistry', Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 1171-1182.
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The brains of 32 children (3 months to 16 years) who died as a result of motor vehicle collisions were examined for axonal injury using,beta-APP immunohistochemistry. The extent and distribution of axonal injury was assessed and quantified throughout the

Greene, RW, Beszterczey, SK, Katzenstein, T, Park, K & Goring, J 2002, 'Are Students with ADHD More Stressful to Teach?', Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 79-89.
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The inattentive and/or hyperactive—impulsive behaviors that typify attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been associated with increased stress in parents of children who are so diagnosed and are known to adversely affect the quality of parent—child interactions. Far less is known, however, about the effects of ADHD on interactions between students with the disorder and their teachers and on levels of teacher stress. Using the Index of Teaching Stress, an instrument assessing a teacher's subjective level of stress and frustration in response to teaching and interacting with a particular student, we found that general education elementary school teachers rated students with ADHD as significantly more stressful to teach than their classmates withoutADHD. However, we found that the stress reported by teachers was highly individualized.Students with ADHD who evidenced oppositional/aggressive behavior or severe social impairment were rated as significantly more stressful to teach than students with ADHD who did not evidence these associated difficulties.

Greene, RW, Biederman, J, Zerwas, S, Monuteaux, MC, Goring, JC & Faraone, SV 2002, 'Psychiatric Comorbidity, Family Dysfunction, and Social Impairment in Referred Youth With Oppositional Defiant Disorder', American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 159, no. 7, pp. 1214-1224.
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Objective: The authors sought to achieve an improved understanding of the diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder indeendent of its association with conduct disorder. Method: Family interactions, social functioning, and psychiatric comorbidity were compared in clinically referred male and female subjects with oppositional defiant disorder alone (N=643) or with comorbid conduct disorder (N=262) and a psychiatic comparison group with neither oppositional defiant disorder nor conduct disorder (N=695). Results: Oppositional defiant disorder youth with or without conduct disorder were found to have significantly higher rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders and significantly greater family and social dysfunction relative to psychiatric comparison subjects. Differences between subjects with oppositional defiant disorder alone and those with comorbid conduct disorder were seen primarily in rates of mood disorders and social impairment. Oppositional defiant disorder was a significant correlate of adverse family and social outcomes when comorbid disorders (including conduct disorder) were controlled. Conclusions: These results support the validity of the oppositional defiant disorder diagnosis as a meaningful clinical entity independent of conduct disorder and highlight the extremely detrimental effects of oppositional defiant disorder on multiple domains of functioning in children and adolescents.

Grills, AE & Ollendick, TH 2002, 'Issues in parent-child agreement: The case of structured diagnostic interviews', Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 57-83.
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There are three primary purposes of this review. First, the review distinguishes among three types of reliability and describes the importance of evaluating the reliability of child psychopathology assessment instruments for clinical practice and research. Second, parent-child reliability findings from 5 of the more carefully studied and frequently used Structured (semi and highly) diagnostic interviews (The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-age Children, The Child Assessment Scale, The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children. The Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents, and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children) are examined. Finally, this review explores factors that have been implicated in terms of their potential effect on parent-child agreement. In addition, future directions for research and clinical practice within this area are identified and potential resolutions to the conundrum of parent-child discordance are discussed.

Grills, AE & Ollendick, TH 2002, 'Peer Victimization, Global Self-Worth, and Anxiety in Middle School Children', Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 59-68.
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Examined relations among peer victimization, global self-worth, and anxiety, with particular interest in the potential mediating and moderating effects of global self-worth in the anticipated relations between peer victimization and anxiety. Sixth-grade children (N = 279) from a public middle school in southwestern Virginia participated. Reported levels of peer victimization were similar to those reported in previous studies, as were levels of anxiety. Sex differences were noted on measures of peer victimization and anxiety with boys reporting more victimization but less anxiety than girls. All subsequent analyses were conducted separately by sex. Significant relations were found among all variables of interest. For girls, global self-worth was found to mediate the peer victimization-anxiety relation, suggesting that victimization experiences negatively influenced girls' views of themselves and helped explain elevated levels of anxiety reported by them. For boys, global self-worth moderated the peer victimization-anxiety relation. Boys with higher global self-worth reported fewer anxiety symptoms than boys with lower global self-worth. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Guenneau, S, Poulton, C & Movchan, A 2002, 'Problème spectral pour la propagation conique des ondes élastiques dans un réseau de galeries', Comptes Rendus Mécanique, vol. 330, no. 7, pp. 491-497.
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Guenneau, S, Poulton, CG & Movchan, AB 2002, 'Probleme spectral pour la propagation conique des ondes elastiques dans un reseau de fibres', Comptes Rendus Mathematique, vol. 330, pp. 491-497.
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This Note is devoted to the analysis of elastic waves conically propagating through a doubly periodic array of cylindrical channels. A new method, based on a multiple scattering approach, has been proposed to reduce the problem to an algebraic system of the Rayleigh type. We obtain an eigenvalue problem formulation that enables us to construct the high-order dispersion curves and to study phononic band gap structures in oblique propagation. We note an effect of singular perturbation associated with a small angle of conical propagation

Guo, ZP, Wang, GX, Konstantinov, K, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2002, 'Electrochemical properties of orthorhombic LiMnO2 prepared by one-step middle-temperature solid-state reaction', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 346, no. 1-2, pp. 255-259.
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Ha, E, Cho, SI, Chen, DF, Chen, CZ, Ryan, L, Smith, TJ, Xu, XP & Christiani, DC 2002, 'Parental exposure to organic solvents and reduced birth weight', ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 207-214.
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The authors investigated the association of birth weight with maternal and paternal exposure to organic solvents in 1,222 couples employed in a large petrochemical corporation in Beijing, China, during the period between 1994 and 1998. A trained interviewer assessed parental exposures to organic solvents. The authors used generalized additive models to examine the association between birth weight and parental exposure to organic solvents. After the authors adjusted for potential confounders, maternal exposure to solvents was significantly associated with reduced birth weight (-81.7 gm, 95% confidence interval = -106.3, -3.1), and reduced birth weights of female babies and of younger mothers' babies were statistically significant. Maternal exposure to organic solvents was associated with reduced birth weight in this population, but paternal exposure to organic solvents was not similarly associated.

Hauser, R, Altshul, L, Chen, ZY, Ryan, L, Overstreet, J, Schiff, I & Christiani, DC 2002, 'Environmental organochlorines and semen quality: Results of a pilot study', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 110, no. 3, pp. 229-233.
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There have been numerous studies that suggest that sperm concentrations (sperm counts) are declining in men. However, other studies suggest that sperm counts are not declining or may be increasing in some areas. Although there is disagreement on whether there is a downward temporal trend in sperm counts, the studies provide evidence that sperm counts vary by geographic location. It has been hypothesized that the geographic variation in sperm concentrations may be due to environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, or some unknown causes. To determine whether contemporary ambient levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p'-DDE are associated with altered semen quantity and quality, we selected a study population without specific exposure to PCBs or p,p'-DDE. The present study presents the results from a pilot study on the relationship between serum PCBs and p,p'-DDE and semen quality in 29 subjects recruited from the Massachusetts General Hospital Andrology Laboratory. Of the 29 subjects, 3 had sperm concentrations < 20 million/mL, 7 had < 50% motile sperm, 9 had < 4% normal morphology, and 6 were below normal in more than one semen parameter. The 18 subjects with normal spermatozoa concentration, motility, and morphology were used as comparison subjects. The mean (SE) concentration of the sum of PCBs and p,p'-DDE was 242 ng/g lipids (34.0) and 354 ng/g lipids (120), respectively, for men with below normal motility as compared to 202 ng/g lipids (16.6) and 240 ng/g lipids (31-1), respectively, for the comparison subjects. The data showed general trends that were suggestive of an association between PCBs and p,p'-DDE and abnormal motility, as well as with sperm concentration and morphology. A full-scale study is currently in progress.

Heath, D & Platen, E 2002, 'A Variance Reduction Technique Based on Integral Representations', Quantative Finance, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 362-369.
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Standard Monte Carlo methods can often be significantly improved with the addition of appropriate variance reduction techniques. In this paper a new and powerful variance reduction technique is presented. The method is based directly on the Ito calculus and is used to find unbiased variance reduced estimators for the expectation of functionals of Ito diffusion processes. The approach considered has wide applicability, for instance, it can be used as a means of approximating solutions of parabolic partial differential equations or applied to valuation problems that arise in mathematical finance. We illustrate how the method can be applied by considering the pricing of European style derivative securities for a class of stochastic volatility models, including the Heston model.

Heath, D & Platen, E 2002, 'Consistent Pricing and Hedging for a Modified Constant Elasticity of Variance Model', Quantitative Finance, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 459-467.
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This paper considers a modification of the well-known constant elasticity of variance model where it is used to model the growth optimal portfolio. It is shown taht, for this application, there is no equivalent risk neutral pricing methodology fails. However, a consistent pricing and hedging framework can be established by application of the benchmark approach. Perfect hedging strategies can be constructed for European style contingent claims, where the underlying risky asset is the growth optimal portfolio. In this framework, fair prices for contingent claims are the minimal prices that permit perfect replication of the claims. Numerical examples show that these prices may differ significantly from the corresponding 'risk neutral' prices. In cases where these prices are different, arbitrage amounts can be generated.

HEATH, D & PLATEN, E 2002, 'PERFECT HEDGING OF INDEX DERIVATIVES UNDER A MINIMAL MARKET MODEL', International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance, vol. 05, no. 07, pp. 757-774.
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The paper presents a financial market model that generates stochastic volatility using a minimal set of factors. These factors, formed by transformations of square root processes, model the dynamics of different denominations of a benchmark portfolio. Benchmarked prices are assumed to be local martingales. Numerical results for the pricing and hedging of basic derivatives on indices are described for the minimal market model. This includes cases where the standard risk neutral pricing methodology fails because of the presence of a strict local martingale measure. However, payoffs can be perfectly hedged using self-financing strategies and a form of arbitrage exists. This is illustrated by hedge simulations. The different term structure of implied volatilities is documented for calls and puts on an index.

Helliwell, CA, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2002, 'Isolation and functional characterization of cytochrome P450s in gibberellin biosynthesis pathway', CYTOCHROME P450, PT C, vol. 357, pp. 381-388.

Hentzer, M, Riedel, K, Rasmussen, TB, Heydorn, A, Andersen, JB, Parsek, MR, Rice, SA, Eberl, L, Molin, S, Høiby, N, Kjelleberg, S & Givskov, M 2002, 'Inhibition of quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm bacteria by a halogenated furanone compound', Microbiology, vol. 148, no. 1, pp. 87-102.
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HEYNE, D, KING, NJ, TONGE, BJ, ROLLINGS, S, YOUNG, D, PRITCHARD, M & OLLENDICK, TH 2002, 'Evaluation of Child Therapy and Caregiver Training in the Treatment of School Refusal', Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 687-695.
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Objective: To evaluate the relative efficacy of (1) child therapy, (2) parent/teacher training, and (3) the combination of child therapy and parent/teacher training in the treatment of anxiety-based school refusal. Method: Sixty-one school-refusing children (aged 7-14 years) from throughout Melbourne, Australia, were randomized to a child therapy program, a parent and teacher training program, or a combination of the two. Children were assessed before and after treatment, and at 4.5-month follow-up, by means of attendance records, self-report of emotional distress and self-efficacy, parent and teacher reports of emotional distress, and clinician ratings of overall functioning. Results: Statistically and clinically significant pretreatment-posttreatment change occurred for each group. Immediately posttreatment, child therapy appeared to be the least effective in increasing attendance. By follow-up, the attendance and adjustment of those in the child therapy group equalled that of children whose parents and teachers were involved in treatment, whether on their own (parent/teacher training) or together with their children (combined child therapy and parent/teacher training). Conclusion: Contrary to expectations, combined child therapy and parent/teacher training did not produce better outcomes at posttreatment or follow-up.

Hodgkinson, IJ, Wu, QH, Arnold, M, McCall, MW & Lakhtakia, A 2002, 'Chiral mirror and optical resonator designs for circularly polarized light: suppression of cross-polarized reflectances and transmittances', OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 210, no. 3-6, pp. 201-211.
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A left-handed chiral sculptured thin film (STF) that reflects strongly at the wavelength of the circular Bragg resonance tends to partially convert the handedness of incident LCP (left-circularly-polarized) light to RCP (right-circularly-polarized). We show that the cross-polarized component of the reflected RCP beam can be eliminated by interference with an additional RCP beam that is reflected at the interface of an isotropic cover and an AR (antireflecting) layer. For best results the refractive index and thickness of the AR layer need to accommodate a phase change on reflection that occurs at the chiral film. Effective suppression of the reflectances RRR, RRL, RLR and the transmittances TRL, TLR can be achieved by sandwiching the chiral reflector between such amplitude and phase-matched AR coatings. Co-polarized chiral reflectors of this type may form efficient handed optical resonators. For LCP light the optical properties of such a handed resonator are formally the same as the properties of the isotropic passive or active FabryPerot resonators, but the handed resonator is transparent to RCP light.

Hong, MY 2002, 'Fish oil increases mitochondrial phospholipid unsaturation, upregulating reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in rat colonocytes', Carcinogenesis, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 1919-1926.
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Hornitzky, MA, Vanselow, BA, Walker, K, Bettelheim, KA, Corney, B, Gill, P, Bailey, G & Djordjevic, SP 2002, 'Virulence Properties and Serotypes of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from Healthy Australian Cattle', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 68, no. 12, pp. 6439-6445.
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ABSTRACT The virulence properties and serotypes of complex Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (cSTEC) were determined in two studies of healthy cattle in eastern Australia. In the first, a snapshot study, 84 cSTEC isolates were recovered from 37 of 1,692 (2.2%) fecal samples collected from slaughter-age cattle from 72 commercial properties. The second, a longitudinal study of three feedlots and five pasture beef properties, resulted in the recovery of 118 cSTEC isolates from 104 animals. Of the 70 serotypes identified, 38 had not previously been reported.

Huete, A, Didan, K, Miura, T, Rodriguez, EP, Gao, X & Ferreira, LG 2002, 'Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices', REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 83, no. 1-2, pp. 195-213.
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We evaluated the initial 12 months of vegetation index product availability from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the Earth Observing System-Terra platform. Two MODIS vegetation indices (VI), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI), are produced at 1-km and 500-m resolutions and 16-day compositing periods. This paper presents an initial analysis of the MODIS NDVI and EVI performance from both radiometric and biophysical perspectives. We utilize a combination of site-intensive and regionally extensive approaches to demonstrate the performance and validity of the two indices. Our results showed a good correspondence between airborne-measured, top-of-canopy reflectances and VI values with those from the MODIS sensor at four intensively measured test sites representing semi-arid grass/shrub, savanna, and tropical forest biomes. Simultaneously derived field biophysical measures also demonstrated the scientific utility of the MODIS VI. Multitemporal profiles of the MODIS VIs over numerous biome types in North and South America well represented their seasonal phenologies. Comparisons of the MODIS-NDVI with the NOAA-14, 1-km AVHRR-NDVI temporal profiles showed that the MODIS-based index performed with higher fidelity. The dynamic range of the MODIS VIs are presented and their sensitivities in discriminating vegetation differences are evaluated in sparse and dense vegetation areas. We found the NDVI to asymptotically saturate in high biomass regions such as in the Amazon while the EVI remained sensitive to canopy variations.

Hunt, PW, Klok, EJ, Trevaskis, B, Watts, RA, Ellis, MH, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2002, 'Increased level of hemoglobin 1 enhances survival of hypoxic stress and promotes early growth in Arabidopsis thaliana', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 99, no. 26, pp. 17197-17202.
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Huntriss, J 2002, 'Isolation, characterization and expression of the human Factor In the Germline alpha (FIGLA) gene in ovarian follicles and oocytes', Molecular Human Reproduction, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1087-1095.
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Hurst, SK, Cifuentes, MP, McDonagh, AM, Humphrey, MG, Samoc, M, Luther-Davies, B, Asselberghs, I & Persoons, A 2002, 'Organometallic complexes for nonlinear optics', Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 642, no. 1-2, pp. 259-267.
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Hurst, SK, Cifuentes, MP, McDonagh, AM, Humphrey, MG, Samoc, M, Luther-Davies, B, Asselberghs, I & Persoons, A 2002, 'Organometallic complexes for nonlinear optics: Part 25. Quadratic and cubic hyperpolarizabilities of some dipolar and quadrupolar gold and ruthenium complexes', Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 642, no. NA, pp. 259-267.
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A range of dipolar and quadrupolar gold and ruthenium acetylides have been prepared and their electrochemical (Ru complexes) and nonlinear optical properties assessed; electronic communication between the metal centers diminishes as the ?-delocalizable bridge is lengthened and quadratic NLO merit increases on replacing triarylphosphine by trialkylphosphine. One diruthenium example has the largest two-photon absorption cross-section/molecular weight value observed thus far for an organometallic complex.

Hyde, GJ, Davies, D, Cole, L & Ashford, AE 2002, 'Regulators of GTP-binding proteins cause morphological changes in the vacuole system of the filamentous fungus,Pisolithus tinctorius', Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 133-146.
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Johnston, MB, Corchia, A, Dowd, A, Linfield, EH, Davies, AG, McLaughlin, R, Arnone, DD & Pepper, M 2002, 'Magnetic-field-induced enhancement of terahertz emission from III-V semiconductor surfaces', PHYSICA E-LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS & NANOSTRUCTURES, vol. 13, no. 2-4, pp. 896-899.
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We discuss the origins of the magnetic-field-induced enhancement of terahertz (THz) emission from bulk semiconductor surfaces. The principal effect of the magnetic field is to rotate the THz dipole and hence dramatically increase the THz power radiated through the semiconductor surface. It also significantly affects the ability of the photo-created carriers to screen surface electric fields. The sensitivity of THz emission to the motion of photo-created carriers makes this an ideal probe of hot carrier dynamics both in bulk semiconductors and sophisticated heterostructures.

Johnston, MB, Whittaker, DM, Dowd, A, Davies, AG, Linfield, EH, Li, X & Ritchie, DA 2002, 'Generation of high-power terahertz pulses in a prism', OPTICS LETTERS, vol. 27, no. 21, pp. 1935-1937.
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A compact, high-power emitter of half-cycle terahertz (THz) radiation is demonstrated. The device consists of an epitaxial InAs emitter upon a GaAs prism and produces THz pulses that are 20 times more powerful than those from conventional planar InAs emitters. This improvement is a direct result of reorienting the transient THz dipole such that its axis is not perpendicular to the emitting surface. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America.

Jones, PM & George, AM 2002, 'Mechanism of ABC transporters: A molecular dynamics simulation of a well characterized nucleotide-binding subunit', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 99, no. 20, pp. 12639-12644.
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ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are membrane-bound molecular pumps that form one of the largest of all protein families. Several of them are central to phenomena of biomedical interest, including cystic fibrosis and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. ABC transporters share a common architecture comprising two hydrophilic nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) and two hydrophobic transmembrane domains (TMDs) that form the substrate pathway across the membrane. The conformational changes in the NBDs induced by ATP hydrolysis and the means by which they are transmitted to the TMDs to effect substrate translocation remain largely unknown. We have performed a molecular dynamics simulation of HisP, the well studied NBD of the bacterial histidine permease, to identify hinges and switches of the NBD conformational transitions and subunit–subunit interfaces. This analysis reveals that the TMDs regulate ATP hydrolysis by controlling conformational transitions of the NBD helical domains, and identifies the conformational changes and the crucial TMD:NBD interface, by which the energy of ATP hydrolysis is transmitted to the TMDs. We also define the conformational transitions of the Q-loop, a key element of the NBD mechanism, and identify pathways by which Q-loop switching is coordinated with TMD and NBD conformational changes. We propose a model for the catalytic cycle of ABC transporters that shows how substrate-binding and transport by the TMDs may be coordinated and coupled with ATP binding and hydrolysis in the NBDs.

Keppel-Benson, JM, Ollendick, TH & Benson, MJ 2002, 'Post-traumatic stress in children following motor vehicle accidents', Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 203-212.
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Background: This study examined children's experiences following a motor vehicle accident (MVA). Methods: Approximately 9 months following the accident, children (n=50) and their parents (n=50) participated in extensive interviews about the accident and in comprehensive, structured diagnostic interviews concerning overall psychological functioning. Additional assessments included post-traumatic stress questionnaires, archival police report records, and emergency treatment medical records. Results: Of the 50 children, 7 children (14%) met criteria for PTSD diagnosis, and an additional 5 children met criteria for specific phobia (10%) related to the automobile accident on the structured diagnostic interview (DICA-R-C; total of 24%). Degree of physical injury predicted more PTSD symptoms, and previous accident experiences predicted fewer symptoms, before and after controlling for other variables. Holding degree of physical injury and age constant revealed that social support predicted fewer PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: Findings suggest the possible inoculating role of previous accidents and the importance of social support following MVA injury.

Kim, E-Y, Zeng, Q, Rawn, J, Wand, M, Young, AJ, Milford, E, Mentzer, SJ & Greenes, RA 2002, 'Using a neural network with flow cytometry histograms to recognize cell surface protein binding patterns.', Proc AMIA Symp, pp. 380-384.
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Flow cytometric systems are being used increasingly in all branches of biological science including medicine. To develop analytic tools for identifying unknown molecules such as the antibodies that recognize different structure in the identical antigens, we explored use of a neural network in flow cytometry data comparison. Peak locations were extracted from flow cytometry histograms and we used the Marquardt backpropagation neural networks to recognize identical or similar binding patterns between antibodies and antigens based on the peak locations. The neural network showed 93.8% to 99.6% correct classification rates for identical or similar molecules. This suggests that the neural network technique can be useful in flow cytometry histogram data analysis.

Kim, I 2002, 'Effect Heterogeneity by a Matching Covariate in Matched Case-Control Studies: A Method for Graphs-based Representation', American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 156, no. 5, pp. 463-470.
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King, E, Cobbin, DM, Walsh, S & Ryan, D 2002, 'The Reliable Measurement of Radial Pulse Characteristics', Acupuncture in Medicine, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 150-159.
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The use of the radial pulse as a diagnostic tool is an integral part of the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) patient evaluation. In spite of its long history of use, there is little systematic information available to support the many claims about the relationship between pulse qualities and physiological condition contained in the ancient Chinese texts and echoed in modern pulse terminology. This study reports the development of a reliable means of measuring and recording pulse characteristics. This was achieved by reporting on the physical sensations that are detected under the fingertips when the radial pulse is palpated, rather than attempting to translate these into the complex and typically ambiguously defined TCM pulse qualities. The study involved development of a standardised pulse taking procedure and development of concrete operational definitions for each of the characteristics of the pulse being measured. The inter-rater reliability of the pulse taking procedure and operational definitions was assessed by determining agreement levels between two independent pulse assessors for each characteristic. Inter-rater agreement averaged 80% between the two assessors in both the initial data collection (66 subjects) and in a replication collection (30 subjects) completed two months later. Demonstrating reliability of the procedure represents an essential first step for examining the validity of TCM pulse diagnosis assumptions.

Klok, EJ, Wilson, IW, Wilson, D, Chapman, SC, Ewing, RM, Somerville, SC, Peacock, WJ, Dolferus, R & Dennis, ES 2002, 'Expression profile analysis of the low-oxygen response in Arabidopsis root cultures', PLANT CELL, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 2481-2494.
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Kohonen-Corish, MRJ, Daniel, JJ, te Riele, H, Buffinton, GD & Dahlstrom, JE 2002, 'Susceptibility of Msh2-deficient mice to inflammation-associated colorectal tumors.', Cancer Res, vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 2092-2097.
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Patients with longstanding extensive ulcerative colitis have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). There are significant differences in the early pathogenesis of colitis-associated tumors compared with common CRC, whereas the frequency, degree, and significance of microsatellite instability (MSI) as a marker of mismatch repair deficiency in colitis tumors remain unclear. Here we describe the application of the DSS model of chronic colitis to mice with a defect in the Msh2 mismatch repair gene to discern these early events. These mice do not develop CRC spontaneously without an external trigger. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the Msh2 defect on the frequency and grade of colitis-associated colorectal dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in Msh2-/-, Msh2+/-, and wild-type (Msh2+/+) mice and on the MSI status of the tumors. We show that in mice with chronic colitis, 60% of the Msh2-/- and 29% of the wild-type mice developed high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma, but heterozygosity for the Msh2 defect did not increase tumor susceptibility over wild-type genotype. The largest difference between genotypes was in the frequency of high-grade dysplasia, with 46.7, 8, and 12.5% in Msh2-/-, Msh2+/-, and Msh2+/+ mice, respectively. The Msh2-/- mice developed MSI-high tumors, whereas the majority of the Msh2+/- and wild-type tumors had no MSI. In the Msh2-/- mice, MSI appeared early in non-neoplastic colon tissue, presumably as a result of markedly increased epithelial cell proliferation associated with inflammation. These observations suggest that a homozygous mismatch repair defect predisposes to tumors triggered by chronic inflammation but is not the only factor involved because tumors also developed in the wild-type mice. This model of colitis offers opportunities to characterize the different molecular pathways of carcinogenesis operating in chronic colitis.

Kohonen-Corish, MRJ, Qin, H, Daniel, JJ, Cooper, WA, Rivory, L, McCaughan, B, Millward, MJ & Trent, RJA 2002, 'Lack of ?-tubulin gene mutations in early stage lung cancer', International Journal of Cancer, vol. 101, no. 4, pp. 398-399.
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Kucheyev, SO, Toth, M, Phillips, MR, Williams, JS, Jagadish, C & Li, G 2002, 'Chemical origin of the yellow luminescence in GaN', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 91, no. 9, pp. 5867-5874.
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The influence of ion-beam-produced lattice defects as well as H, B, C, N, O, and Si, introduced by ion implantation, on the luminescence properties of wurtzite GaN is studied by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. Results indicate that intrinsic lattice defects produced by ion bombardment mainly act as nonradiative recombination centers and do not give rise to the yellow luminescence (YL) of GaN. Experimental data unequivocally shows that C is involved in the defect-impurity complex responsible for YL. In addition, C-related complexes appear to act as efficient nonradiative recombination centers. Implantation of H produces a broad luminescent peak which is slightly blueshifted with respect to the C-related YL band in the case of high excitation densities. The position of this H-related YL peak exhibits a blueshift with increasing excitation density. Based on this experimental data and results reported previously, the chemical origin of the YL band is discussed

Kucheyev, SO, Toth, M, Phillips, MR, Williams, JS, Jagadish, C & Li, G 2002, 'X-ray spectrometry investigation of electrical isolation in GaN', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 91, no. 6, pp. 3940-3942.
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Electrical isolation of n-type GaN epilayers bombarded with MeV light ions is studied by energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS). We show that the maximum bremsstrahlung x-ray energy (the Duane-Hunt limit) can be used to monitor the isolation process in GaN. This method allows the dose region above the threshold dose for isolation to be conveniently studied, whereas the application of conventional (low-voltage) electrical techniques in this dose range with large sheet resistances of the material (>~1011 ?/sq) is often impossible due to comparable parasitic resistances of the experimental setup. A correlation of EDS and resistance measurements of GaN strongly suggests that the magnitude of sample charging scales with the number of ion-beam-produced deep electron traps which are empty at equilibrium. The results presented demonstrate the utility of EDS as a powerful and simple technique to study electrical isolation in wide band-gap semiconductors.

Kuchler, U & Platen, E 2002, 'Weak discrete time approximation of stochastic differential equations with time delay', MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTERS IN SIMULATION, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 497-507.
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Kuhlmey, BT, White, TP, Renversez, G, Maystre, D, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM & McPhedran, RC 2002, 'Multipole method for microstructured optical fibers. II. Implementation and results', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 2331-2340.
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We describe the numerical verifications of a multipole formulation for calculating the electromagnetic properties of the modes that propagate in microstructured optical fibers. We illustrate the application of this formulation to calculating both the real and the imaginary parts of the propagation constant. We compare its predictions with the results of recent measurements of a low-loss microstructured fiber and investigate the variations in fiber dispersion with geometrical parameters. We also show that the formulation obeys appropriate symmetry rules and that these rules may be used to improve computational speed.

Lambropoulos, NA, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2002, 'Binding to gold(0): Accurate computational methods with application to AuNH3', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 116, no. 23, pp. 10277-10286.
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Lampson, BC, Xu, C, Rice, SA & Inouye, S 2002, 'A partial copy of msDNA from a new retron element is likely a retrotransposed DNA found in the myxobacterium Nannocystis exedens', Gene, vol. 299, no. 1-2, pp. 251-261.
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Langford, SJ, Lau, V-L, Lee, MAP & Lygris, E 2002, 'Porphyrin-based supermolecules and supramolecular arrays', Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, vol. 06, no. 12, pp. 748-756.
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This article reviews our recent work in constructing discrete multiporphyrin assemblies and supramolecular arrays through the application of two organising principles - crown ethers and tin(IV)porphyrin phenolates. The role of the crown ethers is illustrated by two examples: (a) the cation-induced control of the reduction potentials within a model 18 C 6 bearing naphthalene and naphthoquinone chromophores antipodally displaced on the crown ether in the presence of alkali metal cations and (b) in the complexation of dialkylammonium salt within the cavity of a 24 C 8 bischlorin system. Tin(IV)porphyrin phenolates provide a means of efficiently constructing multiporphyrin assemblies without the use of covalent bond formation. Their potential is illustrated through the formation of discrete trimers, using a “one pot” self-assembly strategy, as well as the generation of supramolecular arrays with sieve like networks.

Laroussi, M, Dobbs, FC, Wei, Z, Doblin, MA, Ball, LG, Moreira, KR, Dyer, FF & Richardson, JP 2002, 'Decontamination of water by excimer UV radiation', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 1501-1503.
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Water is one of the most important substances on which life depends. However, water may also serve as a medium by which disease is spread to humans, animals, and plants. Therefore, the biological decontamination of this vital substance is of paramount im

Le Marshall, JF, Leslie, LM & Smith, WL 2002, 'Initialisation using high spatial, temporal and spectral resolution satellite observations', Advances in Space Research, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 2441-2446.
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Le Marshall, JF, Leslie, LM, Abbey Jr., RF & Qi, L 2002, 'Tropical cyclone track and intensity prediction: The generation and assimilation of high-density, satellite-derived data', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 80, no. 1-4, pp. 43-57.
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Lee, B, Bhuta, T, Craig, J & Simpson, J 2002, 'Methenamine hippurate for preventing urinary tract infections', Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online), no. 1.
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BACKGROUND: Methenamine salts are often used for the prevention of urinary tract infection (UTI). OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of methenamine hippurate in preventing UTI. SEARCH STRATEGY: Published and unpublished randomised controlled trials were identified from the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Current Contents, reference lists of review articles and retrieved trials. The manufacturers' of methenamine salts were contacted for unpublished studies and contact was made with known investigators in the area. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials of methenamine hippurate used for the prevention of UTIs in all population groups were eligible for inclusion. A comparison with a control (no treatment) group was a prerequisite to selection. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers (BL and TB) performed independent assessment and data extraction using a standardised format. Discrepancies, methodological and interpretative issues were discussed with JS or JC. An exploration of heterogeneity as well as a detailed description of results grouped by population was conducted. MAIN RESULTS: Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. All trials were included in a descriptive analysis. Seven trials were included in meta-analyses. Four trials (199 patients) studied symptomatic bacteriuria and six trials (341 patients) studied bacteriuria as an outcome measure. Overall, trial quality was poor. The direction of six of the pooled trials was towards a favourable treatment effect from methenamine hippurate. Interpretation of the pooled estimates was not done in view of underlying heterogeneity. The study by Pettersson 1989 explained some, but not all, of the underlying heterogeneity. This study differed from all others by including patients with known upper renal tract abnormalities. Adverse reactions were mentioned by 10 studies. The rate of adverse events was low. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is not enough evidence to ...

Leon, R, Marcinkecius, S, Siegert, J, Cechavicius, B, Magness, B, Taylor, W & Lobo, C 2002, 'Effects of proton irradiation on luminescence emission and carrier dynamics of self-assembled III-V quantum dots', IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 2844-2851.
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Leslie, LM, Abbey Jr., RF, Speer, MS & Skinner, TCL 2002, 'Intense tropical cyclogenesis over the northwest Australian region in 1998/1999: Causal factors', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 80, no. 1-4, pp. 89-101.
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Leslie, LM, Le Marshall, JF & Smith, WL 2002, 'Mesoscale initialisation using advanced sounder data', Advances in Space Research, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 2479-2484.
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Leslie, LM, Speer, MS & Qi, L 2002, 'Editorial: Special issue on atmosphere-surface interactions', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 80, no. 1-4, pp. V-V.
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Levey, FC, Cortie, MB & Cornish, LA 2002, 'A 500 degrees C isothermal section for the Al-Au-Cu system', METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 987-993.
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The Al-Au-Cu system and its associated ternary alloys and intermetallic compounds is surprisingly poorly known, and the authors could find no phase diagram for it in the literature. This article addresses this omission by presenting an isothermal section at 500 °C, derived with the aid of X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), metallography, and hardness measurements. The samples studied had generally received an anneal of 2 hours at 500 °C, primarily in order to complete any transformations that occurred during solidification and cooling of the castings. The possibility of further changes on protracted annealing at 500 °C is not ruled out, and the diagram presented is, therefore, applicable only to material prepared by thermal processing of an industrial nature. The presence of a ternary ? phase with a nominal stoichiometry of AlAu2-x Cu1-x (0?x?1) was confirmed, and its phase field at 500 °C was determined. A number of the binary intermetallic phases were found to exhibit some solid solubility of the ternary element. In particular, the ?-Al4Cu9 phase extends deep into the ternary and, in the vicinity of the commercially interesting 18-carat line, appears to exist in a ternary ordered form, designated here as ? 2

Levey, FC, Cortie, MB & Cornish, LA 2002, 'Hardness and colour trends along the 76 wt.% Au (18.2 carat) line of the Au-Cu-Al system', SCRIPTA MATERIALIA, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 95-100.
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Colour and hardness were measured on a series of alloys along the 76 wt.% Au line of the AuCuAl system. Complex, non-monotonic behaviour was observed, which is shown to be correlated with microstructural changes. The available colours include reddish, yellow, `apricot', white and purple. The hardness of as-cast material varies from 150 to 500 Vickers.

Lew, AE, Dluzewski, AR, Johnson, AM & Pinder, JC 2002, 'Myosins ofBabesia bovis: Molecular characterisation, erythrocyte invasion, and phylogeny', Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 202-220.
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Using degenerate primers, three putative myosin sequences were amplified from Australian isolates of Babesa bovis and confirmed as myosins (termed Bbmyo-A, Bbmyo-B, and Bbmyo-C) from in vitro cultures of the W strain of B. bovis. Comprehensive analysis of 15 apicomplexan myosins suggests that members of Class XIV be defined as those with greater than 35% myosin head sequence identity and that these be further subclassed into groups bearing above 50-60% identity. Bbmyo-A protein bears a strong similarity with other apicomplexan myosin-A type proteins (subclass XIVa), the Bbmyo-B myosin head protein sequence exhibits low identity (35-39%) with all members of Class XIV, and 5′-sequence of Bbmyo-C shows strong identity (60%) with P. falciparum myosin-C protein. Domain analysis revealed five divergent IQ domains within the neck of Pfmyo-C, and a myosin-N terminal domain as well as a classical IQ sequence unusually located within the head converter domain of Bbmyo-B. A cross-reacting antibody directed against P. falciparum myosin-A (Pfmyo-A) revealed a zone of approximately 85 kDa in immunoblots prepared with B. bovis total protein, and immunofluorescence inferred stage-specific myosin-A expression since only 25% of infected erythrocytes with mostly paired B. bovis were immuno-positive. Multiplication of B. bovis in in vitro culture was inhibited by myosin- and actin-binding drugs at concentrations lower than those that inhibit P. falciparum. This study identifies and classifies three myosin genes and an actin gene in B. bovis, and provides the first evidence for the participation of an actomyosin-based motor in erythrocyte invasion in this species of apicomplexan parasite. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Li, L, Chen, J & Gu, HY 2002, 'Insertion heuristic in multi-vehicle pickup and delivery problem with time window', Shanghai Jiaotong Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, vol. 36, no. SUPPL., pp. 99-101.
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This paper foucsed on the insertion heuristics which are commonly used for the tour construction in multi-vehicle pickup and delivery problem with time window (m-PDPTW). It analyzed the factors that may impact the quality of solution from several aspects and put forward three criteria to direct the process of insertion. Based on it, an improved insertion heuristic was advanced, which is an extension of the Solomon's VRPTW insertion heuristic. The computational results prove that the improved insertion heuristic can eliminate the disadvantage of simple insertion heuristics and improve the quality of initial solution greatly.

Li, Y & Ryan, L 2002, 'Modeling spatial survival data using semiparametric frailty models', BIOMETRICS, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 287-297.
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We propose a new class of semiparametric frailty models for spatially correlated survival data. Specifically, we extend the ordinary frailty models by allowing random effects accommodating spatial correlations to enter into the baseline hazard function multiplicatively. We prove identifiability of the models and give sufficient regularity conditions. We propose drawing inference based on a marginal rank likelihood. No parametric forms of the baseline hazard need to be assumed in this semiparametric approach. Monte Carlo simulations and the Laplace approach are used to tackle the intractable integral in the likelihood function. Different spatial covariance structures are explored in simulations and the proposed methods are applied to the East Boston Asthma Study to detect prognostic factors leading to childhood asthma.

Litonjua, AA, Milton, DK, Celedon, JC, Ryan, L, Weiss, ST & Gold, DR 2002, 'A longitudinal analysis of wheezing in young children: The independent effects of early life exposure to house dust endotoxin, allergens, and pets', JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 110, no. 5, pp. 736-742.
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Background: It has been postulated that exposure to bacterial endotoxins and animals early in life might confer protection against the development of asthma and allergies. Objective: We investigated the longitudinal effects of exposure to house dust endotoxin (HDE), allergen levels, and the presence of a dog in the home on wheezing in young children over a 4-year period. Methods: Two hundred twenty-six children younger than 5 years were followed for 4 years. Endotoxin and allergen levels were measured from house dust collected at baseline. Longitudinal associations were investigated by using a proportional hazards technique that allowed for multiple outcomes per subject. Results: Exposure to high concentrations of HDE of greater than the median level was associated with an increased risk for wheezing over the period of observation (multivariate relative risk, 1.52; 95 % CI, 1.07-2.14), but this risk rapidly decreased over time (P for trend = .005). Exposure to cockroach allergen was associated with increased risk for wheezing, whereas exposure to cat allergen and the presence of a dog in the home were both associated with decreased risk for wheezing. The risks associated with cockroach allergen, cat allergen, and dog did not change over the period of observation. Conclusion: The negative associations between exposures to dogs and cat allergen and wheeze appear to be independent of the effects of endotoxin and suggest that separate mechanisms might mediate the effects of HDE exposure and pet exposure on the developing immune system.

Longstaff, BJ, Kildea, T, Runcie, JW, Cheshire, A, Dennison, WC, Hurd, C, Kana, T, Raven, JA & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'An in situ study of photosynthetic oxygen exchange and electron transport rate in the marine macroalga Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta)', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 281-293.
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Lovas, JM, Craig, AR, Segal, YD, Raison, RL, Weston, KM & Markus, MR 2002, 'The effects of massage therapy on the human immune response in healthy adults', Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 143-150.
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MacPherson, H, Sherman, K, Hammerschlag, R, Birch, S, Lao, L & Zaslawski, C 2002, 'The clinical evaluation of traditional East Asian systems of medicine', Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 16-19.
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MacPherson, H, Sherman, K, Hammerschlag, R, Birch, S, Lao, L & Zaslawski, CJ 2002, 'The clinical evaluation of traditional East Asian systems of medicine', Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 15-19.

MacPherson, H, White, A, Cummings, M, Jobst, K, Rose, K & Niemtzow, R 2002, 'Standards for reporting interventions in controlled trials of acupuncture: the STRICTA recommendations', Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 6-9.
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Acupuncture treatment and control group interventions in parallel-group randomized trials of acupuncture are not always precisely reported. In an attempt to improve standards, an international group of experienced acupuncturists and researchers devised a set of recommendations, designating them STRICTA: STandards for Reporting Interventions in Controlled Trials of Acupuncture. In a further consensus-building round, the editors of several journals helped redraft the recommendations. These follow the CONSORT format, acting as an extension of the CONSORT guidelines for the specific requirements of acupuncture studies. Participating journals are publishing the STRICTA recommendations and requesting prospective authors to adhere to them when preparing reports for publication. Other journals are invited to adopt these recommendations. The intended outcome is that interventions in controlled trials of acupuncture will be more adequately reported, thereby facilitating an improvement in critical appraisal, analysis and replication of trials. © 2002, Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mallick, B, Hoffman, FO & Carroll, RJ 2002, 'Semiparametric Regression Modeling with Mixtures of Berkson and Classical Error, with Application to Fallout from the Nevada Test Site', Biometrics, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 13-20.
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Marsh, DJ & Zori, RT 2002, 'Genetic insights into familial cancers – update and recent discoveries', Cancer Letters, vol. 181, no. 2, pp. 125-164.
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Mattis, SG & Ollendick, TH 2002, 'Nonclinical panic attacks in late adolescence prevalence and associated psychopathology', Journal of Anxiety Disorders, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 351-367.
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This study investigated the prevalence of nonclinical panic attacks and associated psychopathology in 576 older adolescents. Nonclinical panic attacks are defined as panic occurring in individuals not seeking treatment. In this study, recent panickers (those reporting at least one nonclinical panic attack in the past month) comprised 12.2% of the sample. Nonpanickers and past panickers comprised 71.4 and 16.5% of the sample, respectively. Recent panickers evidenced significantly higher levels of trait anxiety, state anxiety, and depression, with a trend toward higher levels of anxiety sensitivity and internal negative attributions. This group also reported lower life experiences ratings suggesting higher levels of negative life stress. Finally, 46 recent panickers were administered a structured diagnostic interview, and 31 received a clinical diagnosis. The most common diagnoses were generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and specific phobia. Comorbidity rates were high in this sample: 24 of the 31 who received a diagnosis were comorbid with at least one other disorder. Implications of these findings for assessment and treatment are discussed. Copyright © 2002 Elsevier Science Inc.

Mazzanti, M, Warton, K, Tonini, R, Lorenzi, G, Fairlie, WD, Matthews, J, Valenzuela, S, Qiu, M, Wu, W, Pankhurst, S, Bauskin, AR, Campbell, TJ, Curmi, PM & Breit, SN 2002, 'Ncc27 (clic1) Interacts With Artifical Bylayer In A Ph Dependent Manner To Form Chloride Ion Channels', Biophysical Journal, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 1-1.
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McDougald, D, Gong, L, Srinivasan, S, Hild, E, Thompson, L, Takayama, K, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2002, 'Defences against oxidative stress during starvation in bacteria', Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, vol. 81, no. 1/4, pp. 3-13.
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Menz, RI, Cinquin, O & Christopherson, RI 2002, 'The identification, cloning and functional expression of the gene encoding orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) decarboxylase fromPlasmodium falciparum', Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, vol. 96, no. 5, pp. 469-476.
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Migocki, MD, Freeman, MK, Wake, RG & Harry, EJ 2002, 'The Min system is not required for precise placement of the midcell Z ring in Bacillus subtilis', EMBO reports, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 1163-1167.
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In bacteria, the Min system plays a role in positioning the midcell division site by inhibiting the formation of the earliest precursor of cell division, the Z ring, at the cell poles. However, whether the Min system also contributes to establishing the precise placement of the midcell Z ring is unresolved. We show that the Z ring is positioned at midcell with a high degree of precision in Bacillus subtilis, and this is completely maintained in the absence of the Min system. Min is therefore not required for correct midcell Z ring placement in B. subtilis. Our results strongly support the idea that the primary role of the Min system is to block Z ring formation at the cell poles and that a separate mechanism must exist to ensure cell division occurs precisely at midcell.

Mikajlo, EA, Nixon, KL, Coleman, VA & Ford, MJ 2002, 'The electronic band structure of Li2O: testing theoretical predictions using electron momentum spectroscopy', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 14, no. 13, pp. 3587-3598.
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Using the technique of electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS) we have measured the oxygen 2p- and 2s-derived valence bands and lithium 1s-derived core level in lithium oxide. All three sets of bands have been measured in a single experiment allowing the energy gap between the bands to be determined. At the point the O(2p)-O(2s) band gap is measured to be 16.1?0.2 eV, and the O(2s)-Li(1s) band gap is 34.3?0.2 eV. We can also determine bandwidths since EMS measures the full band structure directly, resolved both in energy and momentum. As expected, the O(2s) and Li(1s) bands are essentially non-dispersing, while the O(2p) has an observed width of 1.6?0.2 eV. The experiment is compared with calculations using the linear combination of atomic orbitals approach. At the Hartree-Fock (HF) level these calculations overestimate the gap between the valence bands and the width of the O(2p) band. The three density functional methods used give a reduced intervalence band gap and bandwidth. The hybrid gradient corrected method, PBE0 (where PBE stands for `Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof'), gives the closest agreement for the band gap at 16.7 eV, while the gradient corrected method, PBE, gives the best value for the bandwidth at 2.0 eV. At all levels the O(2s)-Li(1s) gap is underestimated; HF gives the closest agreement at 31.8 eV.

Miller, CMD, Quinn, HE, Windsor, PA & Ellis, JT 2002, 'Characterisation of the first Australian isolate of Neospora caninum from cattle', AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, vol. 80, no. 10, pp. 620-625.
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Miyahara, Y & Novikov, A 2002, 'Geometric Levy Process Pricing Model', Proceedings of the Stekov Institute of Mathematics, vol. 237, no. 2, pp. 185-200.

Morison, RP, Leslie, LM & Speer, MS 2002, 'Atmospheric modelling of air pollution as a tool for environmental prediction and management', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 80, no. 1-4, pp. 141-151.
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Morris, JS 2002, 'A Bayesian analysis of colonic crypt structure and coordinated response to carcinogen exposure incorporating missing crypts', Biostatistics, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 529-546.
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Muris, P & Ollendick, TH 2002, 'The assessment of contemporary fears in adolescents using a modified version of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children–Revised', Journal of Anxiety Disorders, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 567-584.
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The FSSC-Hawaii (FSSC-HI; Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12, 437-461) is a modified version of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSC-R; Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 685-692) that includes a number of contemporary fear stimuli and situations (e.g., "drugs", "being raped", "AIDS"). The psychometric properties of the FSSC-HI were examined in a large sample of Belgium adolescents (n=551) aged 12-19 years. Results showed that a five- and seven-factor model both provided satisfactory fits for the structure of the FSSC-HI. Furthermore, the internal consistency of the scale was good and this appeared to be true for the five-factor as well as the seven-factor solution. Support was found for the convergent validity of the FSSC-HI. That is, FSSC-HI scores correlated in a meaningful way with scores on alternative measures of childhood anxiety. Finally, a considerable number of the "new" fear items were found to rank high in the top 10 of most common fears. The implications for the assessment of fears in children and adolescents are briefly discussed. © 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

Muris, P, Merckelbach, H, de Jong, PJ & Ollendick, TH 2002, 'The etiology of specific fears and phobias in children: a critique of the non-associative account', Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 185-195.
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The non-associative account of phobic etiology assumes that a number of specific fears (e.g., fear of heights, water, spiders, strangers, and separation) have an evolutionary background and may occur in the absence of learning experiences (e.g., conditioning). By this view, these specific fears pertain to stimuli that once posed a challenge to the survival of our prehistoric ancestors. Accordingly, they would emerge spontaneously during the course of normal development and only in a minority of individuals, these specific fears would persist into adulthood. While the non-associative approach has generated interesting findings, several critical points can be raised. First, it capitalizes on negative findings, i.e., the failure to document learning experiences (e.g., conditioning, modeling) in the history of phobic children. Second, it largely ignores factors that have been found to be crucial for the acquisition of early childhood fears (e.g., the developmental level of the child, stimulus characteristics such as novelty, aversiveness, and unpredictability, and early experience with uncontrollable events). As an alternative to the non-associative account, we briefly describe a multifactorial model of childhood fears and phobias. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Muris, P, Merckelbach, H, Ollendick, T, King, N & Bogie, N 2002, 'Three traditional and three new childhood anxiety questionnaires: their reliability and validity in a normal adolescent sample', Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 753-772.
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Muris, P, Merckelbach, H, Ollendick, TH, King, NJ, Meesters, C & van Kessel, C 2002, 'What is the Revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children measuring?', Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 1317-1326.
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The Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSC-R) is a widely used self-report questionnaire that purports to measure the number of fears and the overall level of fearfulness in children. A number of studies have shown that the ten most common childhood fears can be found on the Danger and Death subscale of the FSSC-R, with upwards of 50% of children endorsing such fears. However, some researchers (e.g., H. McCathie & S.H. Spence, 1991; Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 495-502) have questioned the validity of these findings, suggesting that these items do not reflect actual childhood fears that children have or experience on a daily or regular basis. Rather, they suggest that children are responding to these fear items as if they were actually occuring to them in the here and now. The current study examined the occurrence of five Danger and Death fears from the FSSC-R (i.e., "Not being able to breathe", "Being hit by a car or truck", "Falling from high places", "Bombing attacks or being invaded", and "Fire or getting burned") in a sample of normal school children aged eight to 12 years (N=102). More specifically, we used three different methods to asses these fears: (1) prevalence as determined by the standard FSSC-R procedure, (2) prevalence as determined by a fear list procedure, and (3) actual occurrence or prevalence of these fears in the past week, as determined by a diary method. Results indicated that while these fears ranked high when using the standard FSSC-R procedure, they were considerably less common when using the fear list procedure, and had a low probability of actual occurrence on a daily basis, as well as possessing a short duration and low intensity. Implications for the assessment of fears and the use of self-report measures like the FSSC-R are briefly discussed. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Murray, BR, Thrall, PH & Lepschi, BJ 2002, 'Relating species rarity to life history in plants of eastern Australia', EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY RESEARCH, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 937-950.

Murray, BR, Thrall, PH, Gill, AM & Nicotra, AB 2002, 'How plant life-history and ecological traits relate to species rarity and commonness at varying spatial scales', AUSTRAL ECOLOGY, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 291-310.
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Murray, S & Patterson, DJ 2002, 'Amphidiniopsis korewalensis sp nov., a new heterotrophic benthic dinoflagellate', PHYCOLOGIA, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 382-388.
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Murray, S & Patterson, DJ 2002, 'The benthic dinoflagellate genus Amphidinium in south-eastern Australian waters, including three new species', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 279-298.
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Nguyen, DV, Bulak Arpat, A, Wang, N & Carroll, RJ 2002, 'DNA Microarray Experiments: Biological and Technological Aspects', Biometrics, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 701-717.
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Noyes, H, Pratlong, F, Chance, M, Ellis, J, Lanotte, G & Dedet, JP 2002, 'A previously unclassified trypanosomatid responsible for human cutaneous lesions in Martinique (French West Indies) is the most divergent member of the genus Leishmania ss.', Parasitology, vol. 124, no. Pt 1, pp. 17-24.
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Two cases of skin lesions similar to those caused by Leishmania parasites have been reported from Martinique. Parasites isolated from these lesions were unlike Leishmania reference strains by isoenzyme analysis and electron microscopy and were assumed to be monoxenous trypanosomatids which normally only infect invertebrates. Both strains have now been retyped by isoenzyme analysis and found to be identical to each other and distantly related to all other Leishmania species. The sequence of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene and partial sequences of the DNA polymerase alpha and RNA polymerase II largest subunit genes were obtained. These sequences indicated that the Martinique parasites clustered with L. enriettii and were basal to all other euleishmania. However, support for both the position basal to all euleishmania and the clustering with L. enriettii was low. The Martinique parasites may cluster with L. (Leishmania) or L. (Viannia) or form a novel clade within the euleishmania either with or without L. enriettii.

O’Brien, BA, Huang, Y, Geng, X, Dutz, JP & Finegood, DT 2002, 'Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells by Macrophages From NOD Mice Is Reduced', Diabetes, vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 2481-2488.
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Macrophages limit inflammatory responses by clearing apoptotic cells. Deficiencies in apoptotic cell phagocytosis have been linked to autoimmunity. In this study, we determined the efficiency with which macrophages from diabetes-prone NOD and diabetes-resistant NOR, Idd5, Balb/c, and C57BL/6 mice phagocytose apoptotic thymocytes and NIT-1 insulinoma cells. Peritoneal and bone marrow-derived macrophages from NOD mice engulfed fewer apoptotic thymocytes than macrophages from Balb/c mice (P &lt; 0.05). Peritoneal macrophages from NOR and Idd5 NOD congenic mice were more proficient at engulfment than their NOD counterparts. Annexin V blockade diminished apoptotic thymocyte clearance and heat-labile serum factors augmented clearance. Binding of apoptotic thymocytes to NOD macrophages was also reduced, suggesting that the deficiency in phagocytosis may be partly attributable to a recognition defect. Peritoneal macrophages from female Balb/c and NOD mice were equally efficient in the engulfment of microspheres, suggesting that the phagocytic deficiency observed in NOD mice was specific for apoptotic cells. In summary, we have demonstrated a deficiency in phagocytic function of macrophages from NOD mice. Normal and diabetes-prone neonatal rodents have a wave of β-cell apoptosis coincident with the onset of target organ inflammation. A constitutive defect in the clearance of apoptotic β-cells may be contributory to the initiation of autoimmunity.

O'Brien, BA, Fieldus, WE, Field, CJ & Finegood, DT 2002, 'Clearance of apoptotic β-cells is reduced in neonatal autoimmune diabetes-prone rats', Cell Death & Differentiation, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 457-464.
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The kinetics of ß-cell death in neonatal diabetes-prone (BBdp) and diabetes-resistant (BBdr) BioBreeding rats was investigated using both direct (histochemical) and indirect (mathematical modelling) techniques. In both BBdp and BBdr rats, the incidence of TUNEL positive ß-cells increased until 10 days of age before declining. The number of apoptotic ß-cells was significantly higher in BBdp as compared to BBdr neonates from birth until 20 days of age (P < 0.05). Using a mathematical model applied to the time course of ß-cell mass and replication rate, a wave of net ß-cell loss was detected between 10 and 20 days of age in both strains. In contrast to the observed difference in the incidence of TUNEL positive ßcells, with the model-based approach we found no difference in the rate of ß-cell apoptosis between BBdp and BBdr rats prior to weaning. As the number of apoptotic cells present in a tissue depends on the rate at which cells die and the rate at which the apoptotic cell debris is cleared, we compared in vitro phagocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes by peritoneal macrophages from 2-week-old BBdp and BBdr rats. Macrophages from BBdp neonates engulfed significantly less apoptotic cells as compared to BBdr neonates (P < 0.0005). Taken together, these findings suggest that there is impaired clearance of apoptotic ß-cells in diabetes-prone BB rats during the neonatal period

Ollendick, TH & Hirshfeld-Becker, DR 2002, 'The developmental psychopathology of social anxiety disorder', Biological Psychiatry, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 44-58.
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The role of developmental theory and developmental psychopathology in understanding the development, maintenance, and course of social anxiety disorder (SAD) is explored in this article. Following a brief examination of the phenomenology of SAD in youth, we provide an overview of the tenets of developmental psychology and developmental psychopathology, including the principles of equifinality (i.e., the same outcome can result from diverse developmental pathways) and multifinality (i.e., the same risk factor can lead to or result in different outcomes). We review various pathways for the acquisition and maintenance of SAD (e.g., genetic and temperamental influences, parental factors, conditioning or learning experiences, peer influences, and cognitive styles) and conclude, consistent with a developmental psychopathology perspective, that multiple pathways to SAD exist and that the various precursors to SAD do not invariably lead to SAD. We suggest that specificity in outcome is afforded by the combination, timing, and circumstances surrounding these various risk factors. Finally, we propose studies to test the viability of the developmental psychopathology model in understanding SAD. © 2002 Society of Biological Psychiatry.

Peacock, J 2002, 'How I Started in Science', Plant Physiology, vol. 129, no. 1, pp. 3-4.
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Platen, E 2002, 'Arbitrage in continuous complete markets', ADVANCES IN APPLIED PROBABILITY, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 540-558.
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Potischman, N, Coates, RJ, Swanson, CA, Carroll, RJ, Daling, JR, Brogan, DR, Gammon, MD, Midthune, D, Curtin, J & Brinton, LA 2002, 'Increased risk of early-stage breast cancer related to consumption of sweet foods among women less than age 45 in the United States', Cancer Causes and Control, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 937-946.
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Poulos, LM, O'Meara, TJ, Hamilton, RG & Tovey, ER 2002, 'Inhaled latex allergen (Hev b 1)', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 109, no. 4, pp. 701-706.
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BACKGROUND:IgE-mediated responses to natural rubber latex allergens have become a major health problem among recognized risk groups. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this investigation was to measure the amounts of Hevea brasiliensis latex allergen (Hev b 1) inhaled and deposited on surfaces when latex or vinyl gloves were worn and compare the results with the conventional measures (breathing zone samplers) of occupational exposure. METHODS:Hev b 1 exposure was measured by nasal sampling and breathing zone sampling. Latex allergen exposure was generated by having each subject don a pair of powdered latex examination gloves and continuing his or her normal daily activity for 30 minutes. By means of adhesive tape, surface dust samples were collected from the surfaces of gloves, the subject's hands, and work areas. Sampling was performed with subjects wearing no gloves, subjects wearing powdered vinyl gloves, subjects wearing powdered latex gloves, and nearby colleagues wearing latex gloves. All samples were assayed through use of the HALOgen assay (Inhalix, Sydney, Australia) with a Hev b 1-specific mAb. Particles transporting latex allergen were identified by a surrounding immunostain halo, and these were quantified and reported as total numbers of particles inhaled, airborne, or found on surface areas evaluated. RESULTS:Study subjects inhaled 26 times more allergen when powdered latex gloves were worn than under the "no glove" and powdered vinyl glove conditions. During the same period, Hev b 1 particle levels measured in the ambient air through use of the breathing zone sampler increased by 24-fold. The median numbers of particles carrying Hev b 1 allergen per square centimeter on the surface of the hands after the wearing of latex and vinyl gloves were 1964 and 5, respectively. Latex allergen was physically associated both with cornstarch granules and with larger dust particles having a darker, more irregular appearance. CONCLUSION:In a laboratory where gloves are worn...

Quinn, HE, Ellis, JT & Smith, NC 2002, 'Neospora caninum: a cause of immune-mediated failure of pregnancy?', TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 391-394.
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Quinn, HE, Miller, CMD, Ryce, C, Windsor, PA & Ellis, JT 2002, 'Characterization of an outbred pregnant mouse model of Neospora caninum infection', JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 691-696.
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Radchik and, VS, Ben-Nissan, B & Mu¨ller, WH 2002, 'Theoretical Modeling of Surface Asperity Depression Into an Elastic Foundation Under Static Loading', Journal of Tribology, vol. 124, no. 4, pp. 852-856.
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A theoretical analysis is carried out in closed-form to quantitatively describe the pressing of an individual surface asperity into its elastic bulk when subjected to normal loads. To this end, a single asperity is simulated by a paraboloid of revolution of an arbitrary even power. The investigation is based on theory of elastic contact as originally developed by Shtaerman. It is shown that additional pressing of an individual asperity into the elastic bulk essentially depends upon four parameters: the elastic compression of its apex, the initial magnitude of the height of the asperity, a constant that characterizes the shape of the asperity peak, and the elastic properties of the materials involved in the contact. The analysis shows that the impression of the asperity into the elastic bulk increases for decreasing smoothness of the paraboloid. It will be demonstrated that the impression of the asperity into the elastic bulk, if both are made of the same material, typically reaches 50 percent of the value of elastic compression of the asperity peak.

Raison, RL & Jorgensen, TO 2002, 'Immunology and sustainable aquaculture', DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 129-130.
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The contribution by aquaculture to total fisheries production has increased significantly over the last decade. Indeed the increase in production of approximately 20 million tonnes over that period has been almost entirely the result of increased aquaculture-based production. Furthermore, impacts of global climate change together with overfishing of capture-based fisheries mean the contribution of aquaculture to this important area of food production will increase in the future.

Ralph, PJ & Short, FT 2002, 'Impact of the wasting disease pathogen, Labyrinthula zosterae, on the photobiology of eelgrass Zostera marina', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 226, no. N/A, pp. 265-271.
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Labyrinthula zosterae is clearly shown to be a primary pathogen of eelgrass Zostera marina L., not merely a secondary infection of senescent leaves or an indication of decomposition, The results of this investigation using a Diving-PAM fluorometer indicate that the regions of tissue photosynthetically compromised by Labyrinthula are substantially larger than previously thought. Labyrinthula moves through Zostera marine tissue at a rate of up to 0.8 h-1 during daylight periods. The photosynthetic efficiency of apparently healthy green leaf tissue can be reduced by almost 50% in areas up to 3 mm from a necrotic region infected with Labyrinthula. Once a necrotic spot expands to bisect the eelgrass leaf, the condition of all acropertal tissue diminished; lead tissue up to 5 cm away has severely reduced photosynthetic activity.

Ralph, PJ, Gademann, R, Larkum, AWD & Kuhl, M 2002, 'Spatial heterogeneity in active chlorophyll fluorescence and PSII activity of coral tissues', MARINE BIOLOGY, vol. 141, no. 4, pp. 639-646.
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Ralph, PJ, Polk, SM, Moore, KA, Orth, RJ & Smith, WO 2002, 'Operation of the xanthophyll cycle in the seagrass Zostera marina in response to variable irradiance', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, vol. 271, no. 2, pp. 189-207.
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Changes in the photobiology and photosynthetic pigments of the seagrass Zostera marina from Chesapeake Bay (USA) were examined under a range of natural and manipulated irradiance regimes. Photosynthetic activity was assessed using chlorophyll-a fluorescence, and photosynthetic pigments were measured by HPLC. Large changes in the violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, and antheraxanthin content were concomitant with the modulation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Photokinetics (Fv/Fm, rapid light curves (RLC), and non-photochemical quenching) varied as a result of oscillating irradiance and were highly correlated to xanthophyll pigment content. Zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin concentrations increased under elevated light conditions, while violaxanthin increased in darkened conditions. Unusually high concentrations of antheraxanthin were found in Z. marina under a wide range of light conditions, and this was associated with the partial conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin. These results support the idea that xanthophyll intermediate pigments induce a photoprotective response during exposure to high irradiances in this seagrass.

Ralph, TC, Langford, NK, Bell, TB & White, AG 2002, 'Linear optical controlled-NOT gate in the coincidence basis', Physical Review A, vol. 65, no. 6.
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Ralph, TC, Langford, NK, Bell, TB & White, AG 2002, 'Linear optical controlled-NOT gate in the coincidence basis', Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, vol. 65, no. 6 A, pp. 623241-623245.
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A nondeterministic quantum controlled-NOT gate that operated with one-ninth efficiency was described. It was constructed from linear optical elements and required only a two-photon source for its demonstration. Behavior of the gate with variations in both the beam splitter and mode match values was investigated. It was concluded that the demonstration was feasible with current optical technology.

Rathouz, PJ 2002, 'Semiparametric inference in matched case-control studies with missing covariate data', Biometrika, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 905-916.
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Reichel, MP & Ellis, JT 2002, 'Control options for Neospora caninum infections in cattle - current state of knowledge', NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY JOURNAL, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 86-92.
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Reimers, JR, Hush, NS & Crossley, MJ 2002, 'Inter-porphyrin coupling: how strong should it be for molecular electronics applications?', Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, vol. 06, no. 12, pp. 795-805.
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Porphyrins and phthalocyanines have now been assembled in a multitude of different architectures, each of which may be identified with a different scenario of the coupling acting between the porphyrins. The synthetic flexibility of these compounds makes possible the design of particular molecules for specific applications in molecular electronics, both in naturally occurring and synthetic devices. Here, we form an overview of these features and focus on the coupling strength, considering what values are appropriate for different molecular electronics applications. In particular, we focus on model compounds that have been prepared as mimics of naturally occurring photosynthetic functional units, oligoporphyrins molecular wires, and stacked systems in which small changes in geometry can affect significant changes in the inter-porphyrin coupling and hence produce dramatic changes in device properties.

Reimers, JR, Hush, NS & Crossley, MJ 2002, 'Inter-porphyrin coupling: how strong should it be for molecular electronics applications?', JOURNAL OF PORPHYRINS AND PHTHALOCYANINES, vol. 6, no. 11-12, pp. 795-805.
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Reimers, JR, Shapley, WA, Lambropoulos, N & Hush, NS 2002, 'An atomistic approach to conduction between nanoelectrodes through a single molecule', MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS II, vol. 960, pp. 100-130.

Remond, G, Myklebust, R, Fialin, M, Nockolds, C, Phillips, M & Roques-Carmes, C 2002, 'Decomposition of wavelength dispersive x-ray spectra', Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 509-509.
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Remond, G, Nockolds, C, Phillips, M & Roques-Carmes, C 2002, 'Implications of polishing techniques in quantitative x-ray microanalysi', Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 639-639.
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Robson, SA, Michie, KA, Mackay, JP, Harry, E & King, GF 2002, 'The Bacillus subtilis cell division proteins FtsL and DivIC are intrinsically unstable and do not interact with one another in the absence of other septasomal components', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 663-674.
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The bacterial septum appears to comprise a macromolecular assembly of essential cell division proteins (the 'septasome') that are responsible for physically dividing the cell during cytokinesis. FtsL and DivIC are essential components of this division machinery in Bacillus subtilis. We used yeast two-hybrid analysis as well as a variety of biochemical and biophysical methods to examine the proposed interaction between Bacillus subtilis FtsL and DivIC. We show that FtsL and DivIC are thermodynamically unstable proteins that are likely to be unfolded and therefore targeted for degradation unless stabilized by interactions with other components of the septasome. However, we show that this stabilization does not result from a direct interaction between FtsL and DivIC. We propose that the observed interdependence of DivIC and FtsL stability is a result of indirect interactions that are mediated by other septasomal proteins.

Rodgers, KJ, Wang, HJ, Fu, SL & Dean, RT 2002, 'Biosynthetic incorporation of oxidized amino acids into proteins and their cellular proteolysis', FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 766-775.
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We demonstrate that oxidized amino acids can be incorporated into proteins by protein synthesis. The level of incorporation into protein was dependent on the concentration of oxidized amino acid supplied to the cells. At low levels of incorporation, the oxidized amino acids examined increased the degradation rate of the cell proteins. Degradation of certain proteins containing high levels of DOPA (but not ortho or meta tyrosine) was decreased to below the basal degradation rates suggesting that DOPA may contribute to proteins becoming resistant to proteolysis. Changes in the degradation rates of the oxidized amino acid-containing proteins was shown to have no impact on the degradation rates of native proteins, indicating that the activity of the degradative machinery was not affected. We demonstrate that oxidized proteins are selectively degraded by the proteasomes and provide evidence to suggest that the proteasomes and the endosomal-lysosomal systems may act in sequence as well as in parallel. The incorporation approach, unlike cell studies in which an exogenous oxidant is used, allows the degradation rates of the oxidatively modified proteins to be selectively measured, offering a greater sensitivity as well as greatly reducing toxicity to the cell and avoiding oxidative modification of other cell components.

Rouse, DT, Sheldon, CC, Bagnall, DJ, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2002, 'FLC, a repressor of flowering, is regulated by genes in different inductive pathways', PLANT JOURNAL, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 183-191.
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Rungis, D, Llewellyn, D, Dennis, ES & Lyon, BR 2002, 'Investigation of the chromosomal location of the bacterial blight resistance gene present in an Australian cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 551-560.
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Sabatier, F, Darmon, P, Hugel, B, Combes, V, Sanmarco, M, Velut, J-G, Arnoux, D, Charpiot, P, Freyssinet, J-M, Oliver, C, Sampol, J & Dignat-George, F 2002, 'Type 1 And Type 2 Diabetic Patients Display Different Patterns of Cellular Microparticles', Diabetes, vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 2840-2845.
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The development of vasculopathies in diabetes involves multifactorial processes including pathological activation of vascular cells. Release of microparticles by activated cells has been reported in diseases associated with thrombotic risk, but few data are available in diabetes. The aim of the present work was to explore the number and the procoagulant activity of cell-derived microparticles in type 1 and 2 diabetic patients. Compared with age-matched control subjects, type 1 diabetic patients presented significantly higher numbers of platelet and endothelial microparticles (PMP and EMP), total annexin V-positive blood cell microparticles (TMP), and increased levels of TMP-associated procoagulant activity. In type 2 diabetic patients, only TMP levels were significantly higher without concomitant increase of their procoagulant activity. Interestingly, in type 1 diabetic patients, TMP procoagulant activity was correlated with HbA1c, suggesting that procoagulant activity is associated with glucose imbalance. These results showed that a wide vesiculation process, resulting from activation or apoptosis of several cell types, occurs in diabetes. However, diabetic patients differ by the procoagulant activity and the cellular origin of microparticles. In type 1 diabetic patients, TMP-procoagulant activity could be involved in vascular complications. Moreover, its correlation with HbA1c reinforces the importance of an optimal glycemic control in type 1 diabetes.

Saunders, BM, Dane, A, Briscoe, H & Britton, WJ 2002, 'Characterization of immune responses during infection withMycobacterium aviumstrains 100, 101 and the recently sequenced 104', Immunology and Cell Biology, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 544-549.
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Saunders, BM, Frank, AA, Orme, IM & Cooper, AM 2002, 'CD4 is required for the development of a protective granulomatous response to pulmonary tuberculosis', Cellular Immunology, vol. 216, no. 1-2, pp. 65-72.
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Schreiber, U, Gademann, R, Bird, P, Ralph, PJ, Larkum, AWD & Kuhl, M 2002, 'Apparent light requirement for activation of photosynthesis upon rehydration of desiccated beachrock microbial mats', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 125-134.
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Sedger, LM, Hou, S, Osvath, SR, Glaccum, MB, Peschon, JJ, van Rooijen, N & Hyland, L 2002, 'Bone marrow B cell apoptosis during in vivo influenza virus infection requires TNF-alpha and lymphotoxin-alpha', JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 169, no. 11, pp. 6193-6201.
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Suppression of bone marrow myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells occurs after infection with a variety of different viruses. In this study, we characterize the alterations in bone marrow (BM) lymphocytes after influenza virus infection in mice. We found a severe loss of BM B cells, particularly CD43(low/-)B220(+) pre-B and immature B cells, in influenza virus-infected mice. Depletion of BM B lineage cells resulted primarily from cell cycle arrest and most likely apoptosis within the BM environment, rather than from increased trafficking of BM emigrants to peripheral lymphoid tissues. Use of gene-knockout mice indicates that depletion of BM B cells is dependent on TNF-alpha, lymphotoxin-alpha, and both TNF receptors, TNFR1-p55 and TNFR2-p75. Thus, TNF-alpha and lymphotoxin-alpha are required for loss of BM B lineage cells during respiratory infection with influenza virus.

Sendt, K, Johnston, LA, Hough, WA, Crossley, MJ, Hush, NS & Reimers, JR 2002, 'Switchable electronic coupling in model oligoporphyrin molecular wires examined through the measurement and assignment of electronic absorption spectra', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 124, no. 31, pp. 9299-9309.
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Shao, Y, Jung, E & Leslie, LM 2002, 'Numerical prediction of northeast Asian dust storms using an integrated wind erosion modeling system', Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 107, no. D24.
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Shapley, WA, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2002, 'INDO/S parameters for gold', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 424-438.
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Shapter, JG, Ford, MJ, Maddox, LM & Waclawik, ER 2002, 'Teaching undergraduates nanotechnology', International Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 18, no. 5 SPEC., pp. 512-518.
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The first nanotechnology undergraduate degree in Australia was established at Flinders University two years ago. In this paper we present our experience of developing and delivering this degree in a climate where 'traditional' physical sciences are under considerable strain. We will discuss the motivation for this initiative, structure of the established course, and educational issues relating to its development.

Shapter, JG, Ford, MJ, Maddox, LM & Waclawik, ER 2002, 'Teaching undergraduates nanotechnology', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 512-518.
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The first nanotechnology undergraduate degree in Australia was established at Flinders University two years ago. In this paper we present our experience of developing and delivering this degree in a climate where `traditional' physical sciences are under considerable strain. We will discuss the motivation for this initiative, structure of the established course, and educational issues relating to its development.

Sheldon, CC, Conn, AB, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 2002, 'Different regulatory regions are required for the vernalization-induced repression of FLOWERING LOCUS C and for the epigenetic maintenance of repression', PLANT CELL, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 2527-2537.
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Shiao, TI, Ellis, MH, Dolferus, R, Dennis, ES & Doran, PM 2002, 'Overexpression of alcohol dehydrogenase or pyruvate decarboxylase improves growth of hairy roots at reduced oxygen concentrations', BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 455-461.
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Singarayar, S, Singleton, C, Tie, H, Wyse, K, Bursill, J, Bauskin, A, Wu, W, Valenzuela, S, Breit, S & Campbell, T 2002, 'Effects of Components of Ischemia on the Kv4.3 Current Stably Expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells', Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 197-207.
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We investigated the effects of three components of ischemia: external acidosis (pH=6.0), extracellular hyperkalemia ([K+]=20 mmol/l), and resting membrane depolarization to -60 mV, on Kv4.3 current stably expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. We used single electrode whole cell patch clamp techniques to study changes in the current elicited. External acidosis caused a positive shift in the steady state activation curve from -13.4±2.1 mV to -3.3±1.5 mV (n=8, P=0.004) and the steady state inactivation curve from -56.5±0.4 mV to -46.7±0.5 mV (n=14, P<0.0001). Acidosis also caused an acceleration of recovery from inactivation with the t1/2 decreasing from 306 ms (95% CI 287327 ms) to 194 ms (95% CI 182207 ms), (n=14, P<0.05). Hyperkalemia did not affect any of these parameters. Combined acidosis and hyperkalemia produced effects similar to those seen with acidosis. Changing the holding potential from -90 mV to -60 mV with test potentials of +5 and +85 mV decreased the peak currents by 34.1% and 32.4% respectively (n=14). However, in the presence of external acidosis the decrease in peak currents induced by changing the holding potential was less marked. In acidotic bath the peak current at -60 mV was reduced by only 13.6% at a test potential of +5 mV and 12.3% at a test potential of +85 mV (n=14). Taken together our data suggest that the membrane depolarization and changes in pH which occur under ischemic conditions would be accompanied by relative preservation of Kv4.3 currents and provide a molecular basis for the observation of preserved epicardial Ito and epicardial action potential duration (APD) shortening in ischemia.

Smith, G 2002, 'Nanoparticle physics for energy, lighting and environmental control technologies', Materials Forum, vol. 26, pp. 20-28.
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Performance of everyday systems such as windows, skylights, painted car panels, roofs and walls and lighting installations, can be improved markedly using nanoparticles, nanocoated micro-particles and nanocomposites. Additional functionality such as self cleaning and power generation is also possible. Properties and applications using polymer and conductor nano- and micro-particles, metal coated particles and nano-voids in metals are covered. Engineering of novel optical and thermal properties based on surface plasmons and surface plasmon polaritons is outlined. The diversity of responses and technical opportunities demands modelling. Empirical exploration by itself is time consuming and risky. Representing an inhomogeneous nanocomposite optically by an 'effective' homogeneous medium is shown to be useful when correctly applied, but is seen to be prone to misuse. The current controversy about negative refractive index nanostructures is a recent example. Opportunities in solar cells, thermal-to-electric conversion and refrigeration, separation, energy storage and power management systems are outlined, along with new decorative and display options.

Smith, G, Deller, CA, Swift, PD, Gentle, AR, Garrett, PD & Fisher, WK 2002, 'Nanoparticle-doped polymer foils for use in solar control glazing', Journal of nanoparticle Research, vol. 4, no. N/A, pp. 157-165.

Smith, GB & Pustovit, VN 2002, 'Coupled multipolar interactions in clusters of nanoparticles with metal shells', OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 211, no. 1-6, pp. 197-204.
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Coupled multipolar interactions between spherical nanoparticles coated with metal nanoshells are shown to yield very different optical behaviour to those between all metal nanoparticles in the same configurations. Controlled spectral tuning of absorption bands in metal shell nano-systems is shown to be easier than with all metal particles because strong localised fields between particles and the associated high order multipoles are much weaker. In the touching limit differences in field distributions mean that whereas all metal clusters are far from convergent when 300 pole-terms are included in the calculation, the metal nanoshells give full convergence after less than 10 poles, even for metal volume fractions over 50%. Extinction bands are also far less sensitive to particle spacing in the shell case.

Smith, GB, Deller, CA, Swift, PD, Gentle, A, Garrett, PD & Fisher, WK 2002, 'Nanoparticle-doped polymer foils for use in solar control glazing', JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH, vol. 4, no. 1-2, pp. 157-165.
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Smith, GH, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC & Nicorovici, NA 2002, 'Cylinder gratings in conical incidence with application to modes of air-cored photonic crystal fibers', Physical Review E, vol. 66, no. N/A.

Smith, GH, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC & Nicorovici, NA 2002, 'Cylinder gratings in conical incidence with applications to modes of air-cored photonic crystal fibers', Physical Review E, vol. 66, no. 5.
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Southon, PD, Bartlett, JR, Woolfrey, JL & Ben-Nissan, B 2002, 'Formation and Characterization of an Aqueous Zirconium Hydroxide Colloid', Chemistry of Materials, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 4313-4319.
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Among the wide variety of routes reported for the chemical synthesis of zirconia, the development of simple, aqueous sol-gel technology is of considerable interest for industrial-scale applications. In this study, zirconium hydroxide nanoparticles were produced by the controlled hydrolysis of zirconium carbonate in nitric acid, followed by gentle heating at 70 °C. Transparent, colorless gels were subsequently produced from the concentrated sols (500 g/L, oxide basis) by drying at ambient temperature. The nanoparticle sols and gels were characterized using a range of techniques, including EXAFS, Raman spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and SAXS, which revealed the presence of platelike particles of width 2.8 ± 0.4 nm and thickness 0.5 ± 0.1 nm. The platelets exhibit a surprisingly high degree of short-range ordering, and it is demonstrated that they are composed of stacked layers of two-dimensional [Zr(OH)4]n sheets, as proposed (but not established) in earlier studies. The speciation of the nitrate anions in the sols was also investigated by Raman and 14N NMR, which revealed that the majority of anions were closely associated with the nanoparticles (i.e., separated from the surface by several layers of coordinated water molecules), rather than coordinated directly to the surface. The role of such species in maintaining the stability of the nanoparticle sols is discussed.

Speer, MS & Leslie, LM 2002, 'The prediction of two cases of severe convection: implications for forecast guidance', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 80, no. 1-4, pp. 165-175.
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Steele, F, Brown, J & Chambers, R 2002, 'A controlled donor imputation system for a one-number census', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), vol. 165, no. 3, pp. 495-522.
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The 2001 UK census was a one-number census. An integral part of such a process has been the creation of a transport census debate that has been adjusted for the undernumeration in the 2001 census. The methodology for creating this database is based on a controlled donor imputation system that imputes individuals and households estimated to have been missed in the census. This paper describes this methodology and provided results from a statistical assessment of its performance using data that realistically simulate the census process.

Stoler, JM, Ryan, LM & Holmes, LB 2002, 'Alcohol dehydrogenase 2 genotypes, maternal alcohol use, and infant outcome', JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS, vol. 141, no. 6, pp. 780-785.
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Objective: To determine whether different alleles of the ADH2 gene (ADH2-1, ADH2-2 and ADH2-3) with differing levels of enzymatic activity can alter the risk of fetal alcohol effects. Study design: ADH2 genotypes were performed on 404 pregnant high-risk women and 139 infants as part of a larger study of alcohol use in pregnancy. Mothers were interviewed about alcohol use during pregnancy, and their infants were examined for alcohol-related features without knowledge of the exposure status. Results: The ADH2-1/3 genotype was more prevalent among black women (46%) than expected (33%); the rate among white women was low as expected (2%). More black women who reported high alcohol use during the pregnancy had the ADH2-1/3 genotype compared with those who reported no alcohol use (70% vs 44%). Sixty percent of the affected black infants had the ADH2-1/3 genotype compared with 29% of the unaffected infants (P < .045). The maternal genotype correlated with her chance of having an infant with alcohol-related physical features (odds ratio = 2.49). This association remained significant after accounting for confounders, such as smoking and maternal weight gain. Alcohol exposure was not significantly associated with infant outcome in black infants after accounting for genotype, smoking, and maternal weight gain, but this association could only be tested in 10 infants of mothers with high exposure. Conclusion: Women with the ADH2-1/3 genotype may be at greater risk for having an affected infant, which may be the result of greater ingestion of alcohol.

Thomson, CC, Roberts, K, Curran, A, Ryan, L & Wright, RJ 2002, 'Caretaker-child concordance for child's exposure to violence in a preadolescent inner-city population', ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE, vol. 156, no. 8, pp. 818-823.
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Background: Effective screening for exposure to violence (ETV) in the pediatric setting depends on informant reliability and recognition of patients at increased risk. Pediatricians screening for children's ETV often rely on parent reporting. Hypothesis: That there would be poor caretaker-child concordance given that children would report events occurring outside the home not witnessed by the caretaker and that ETV would be higher among immigrant families. Objectives: To examine concordance between caretaker and child self-report of the child's ETV in a preadolescent population and to explore factors related to increased risk. Design: Community-based survey. Setting: Urban community health center. Participants: One hundred sixty-five caretaker-child pairs. Methods: The ETV was assessed by means of a standardized interview questionnaire on location and frequency of ETV. A Rasch model was used to develop summary scores of ETV (frequency and severity). Results: Caretaker-child concordance on reports of child's ETV was poor. The K statistics ranged from-0.04 for seeing someone knifed to 0.39 for witnessing a shooting. Children reported ETV more often in their neighborhood or at school, whereas caretakers reported more events near or at home. Univariate predictors of child's self-reported ETV were female sex (beta +/- SE, -10.1 +/- 4.6; P=.03) and caretaker being divorced (beta +/- SE, 12.6 +/- 6.0; P=.04). In multivariate analyses, country of origin predicted child's ETV, adjusting for child's age and sex, and caretaker educational status and marital status. Conclusions: Caretakers and their children have poor agreement on reports of the child's ETV. Intervention strategies around ETV should include assessment of the child independent of caretaker report for preadolescents. Screening may be more effective if pediatricians are aware of factors related to increased risk, including immigration status and caretaker marital status.

Ton-That, C, Shard, AG & Bradley, RH 2002, 'Surface feature size of spin cast PS/PMMA blends', POLYMER, vol. 43, no. 18, pp. 4973-4977.
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Thin films of polystyrene (PS)/polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) blends have been spin cast on mica from chloroform solutions. When the concentration of PMMA in the casting solution is less than that of PS a pitted morphology is formed. The average sizes of the pits are shown to increase with both the total concentration of the casting solution and the relative concentration of PMMA. The change in pit size is explained in terms of incomplete dewetting of a PMMA solution from an underlying PS solution. For a given ratio of PMMA/PS the average pit diameters appear to increase linearly with the square of the film thickness, the gradient of which is dependent on the film composition.

Torres, AM, Menz, I, Alewood, PF, Bansal, P, Lahnstein, J, Gallagher, CH & Kuchel, PW 2002, 'D-Amino acid residue in the C-type natriuretic peptide from the venom of the mammal,Ornithorhynchus anatinus, the Australian platypus', FEBS Letters, vol. 524, no. 1-3, pp. 172-176.
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Toth, M, Daniels, DR, Thiel, BL & Donald, AM 2002, 'Quantification of electron-ion recombination in an electron-beam-irradiated gas capacitor', Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 35, no. 14, pp. 1796-1804.
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Toth, M, Phillips, MR, Craven, JP, Thiel, BL & Donald, AM 2002, 'Electric fields produced by electron irradiation of insulators in a low vacuum environment', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 91, no. 7, pp. 4492-4499.
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We report on the properties of electric fields generated as a result of electron irradiation of dielectrics in a low vacuum scanning electron microscope. Individual field components produced by (i) ionized gas molecules located outside the sample surface and (ii) subsurface trapped charge were detected by measurements of changes in (i) primary electron landing energy and (ii) secondary electron (SE) emission current, respectively. The results provide experimental evidence for a recently proposed model of field-enhanced SE emission from electron irradiated insulators in a low vacuum environment [Toth et al., J. Appl. Phys. 91, 4479 (2002)]. Errors introduced into x-ray microanalysis by the electric fields generated by ionized gas molecules can be alleviated by minimizing the steady state ion concentration by the provision of efficient ion neutralization routes. It is demonstrated how this can be achieved using simple sample-electrode geometries.

Toth, M, Phillips, MR, Thiel, BL & Donald, AM 2002, 'Electron imaging of dielectrics under simultaneous electron-ion irradiation', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 91, no. 7, pp. 4479-4491.
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We demonstrate that if charging caused by electron irradiation of an insulator is controlled by a defocused flux of soft-landing positive ions, secondary electron (SE) images can contain contrast due to lateral variations in (i) changes in the SE yield caused by subsurface trapped charge and (ii) the SE-ion recombination rate. Both contrast mechanisms can provide information on microscopic variations in dielectric properties. We present a model of SE contrast formation that accounts for localized charging and the effects of gas ions on the SE emission process, emitted electrons above the sample surface, and subsurface trapped charge. The model explains the ion flux dependence of charge-induced SE contrast, an increase in the sensitivity to surface contrast observed in SE images of charged dielectrics, and yields procedures for identification of contrast produced by localized sample charging.

Toth, M, Thiel, BL & Donald, AM 2002, 'On the role of electron-ion recombination in low vacuum scanning electron microscopy', Journal of Microscopy, vol. 205, no. 1, pp. 86-95.
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Trautman, DA, Hinde, R, Cole, L, Grant, A & Quinnell, R 2002, 'Visualisation of the symbiosome membrane surrounding cnidarian algal cells', Symbiosis, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 133-145.
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Virtually nothing is known of the role of the cnidarian symbiosome, primarily due to the difficulty in visualising its membrane. We used the fluorescent dye MDY-64 to stain symbiosome membranes surrounding algae of the anthozoan Zoanthus robustus. MDY-64 did not stain cultured symbiotic dinoflagellates, confirming that this dye binds to a membrane of host cell origin. Another fluorescent dye, amino-chloromethylcoumarin (CMAC) stained the cytoplasm of both endoderm cells and algal cells from the zoanthid, a coral and an anemone. By drawing a suspension of endoderm cells from Z. robustus back and forth (5-7 times) through a hypodermic needle, we obtained approximately 73% of the algae in intact symbiosomes, with only 6% of the algae remaining in intact endoderm cells, and 21% free of both endoderm cell and symbiosome. About 15 additional passages of the cells through the needle removed the symbiosome membranes, leaving approximately 85% of the algae free of all host cell material. Use of detergents to remove the endoderm cell plasma membrane damaged both the symbiosome and algal membranes. Transmission electron microscopy showed variable numbers of membranes surrounding the algae. The ability to isolate dinoflagellate cells with and without symbiosome membranes will allow studies of the role of this membrane.

Ung, AT, Schafer, K, Lindsay, KB, Pyne, SG, Amornraksa, K, Wouters, R, Van der Linden, I, Biesmans, I, Lesage, ASJ, Skelton, BW & White, AH 2002, 'Synthesis and biological activities of conformationally restricted cyclopentenyl-glutamate analogues', JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 227-233.
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Upadhyaya, NM, Zhou, XR, Zhu, QH, Ramm, K, Wu, LM, Eamens, A, Sivakumar, R, Kato, T, Yun, DW, Santhoshkumar, C, Narayanan, KK, Peacock, JW & Dennis, ES 2002, 'An iAc/Ds gene and enhancer trapping system for insertional mutagenesis in rice', FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 547-559.
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Upadhyaya, NM, Zhu, Q, Eamens, A & Dennis, ES 2002, 'Rice Gene Machine: A Vehicle for Finding Functions of Cereal Genes', Asia-Pacific Biotech News, vol. 06, no. 24, pp. 936-942.
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Identifying functions for the predicted 25 000 to 40 000 plant genes is the new focus of genomic research following the sequencing of genomes from model plants like Arabidopsis and rice. It is important that researchers and plant breeders especially from Asian countries access the techniques and resources of plant functional genomics, not only to remain competitive globally in rice research and development activities, but also to increase yields by alleviating some of the rice production constraints. These newly identified genes and gene control sequences can be used in transformation breeding and as molecular markers in classical plant breeding. At CSIRO Plant Industry we are using an insertional mutagenesis approach in rice to relate genes to their functions. With national and international collaboration we hope to create a substantial 'Rice Gene Machine' comprised of many thousands of rice insertion lines with their associated phenotypes and the gene sequences flanking insertion sites identified. This Rice Gene Machine will allow the identification of gene functions, which will benefit rice research and the rice industry for years to come.

Wallman, JF 2002, 'Corrigendum', Medical and Veterinary Entomology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 223-223.
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Wallman, JF 2002, 'Winged Evidence: Forensic Identification of Blowflies', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 73-79.
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The detection of carrion-breeding blowflies provides valuable forensic indicators of time, place and manner of death. Their correct identification is crucial to their successful use in this way. A particular challenge to blowfly identification lies in the morphology, or structure, of blowfly larvae. Detailed study reveals features that can be used to recognise most species reliably. © 2002 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Wand, MP 2002, 'Vector Differential Calculus in Statistics', The American Statistician, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 55-62.
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Wang, GX, Yao, J, Lindsay, M, Chen, Y, Liu, HK, Ryu, SH & Ahn, JH 2002, 'Li Storage Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Prepared by Chemical Vapour Deposition', Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials, vol. 12, pp. 18-26.
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Warton, K, Tonini, R, Fairlie, WD, Matthews, JM, Valenzuela, SM, Qiu, MR, Wu, WM, Pankhurst, S, Bauskin, AR, Harrop, SJ, Campbell, TJ, Curmi, PMG, Breit, SN & Mazzanti, M 2002, 'Recombinant CLIC1 (NCC27) Assembles in Lipid Bilayers via a pH-dependent Two-state Process to Form Chloride Ion Channels with Identical Characteristics to Those Observed in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Expressing CLIC1', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 277, no. 29, pp. 26003-26011.
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CLIC1 (NCC27) is an unusual, largely intracellular, ion channel that exists in both soluble and membrane-associated forms. The soluble recombinant protein can be expressed in Escherichia coli, a property that has made possible both detailed electrophysiological studies in lipid bilayers and an examination of the mechanism of membrane integration. Soluble E. coli-derived CLIC1 moves from solution into artificial bilayers and forms chloride-selective ion channels with essentially identical conductance, pharmacology, and opening and closing kinetics to those observed in CLIC1-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. The process of membrane integration of CLIC1 is pH-dependent. Following addition of protein to the trans solution, small conductance channels with slow kinetics (SCSK) appear in the bilayer. These SCSK modules then appear to undergo a transition to form a high conductance channel with fast kinetics. This has four times the conductance of the SCSK and fast kinetics that characterize the native channel. This suggests that the CLIC1 ion channel is likely to consist of a tetrameric assembly of subunits and indicates that despite its size and unusual properties, it is able to form a completely functional ion channel in the absence of any other ancillary proteins.

Webb, JK, Brook, BW & Shine, R 2002, 'Collectors endanger Australia's most threatened snake, the broad-headed snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides', ORYX, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 170-181.
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The collection of reptiles for the pet trade is often cited as a potential problem for threatened species, but quantitative data on the effects of this trade on wild populations are lacking. In south-eastern Australia the decline of the threatened broad-headed snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides has been blamed on habitat destruction and the collection of snakes for pets, but there was little evidence to support the latter hypothesis. During 1992-2000 we studied one of the last extant southern populations of broad-headed snakes in Morton National Park, New South Wales, where <600 individuals remain on an isolated plateau. Analysis of 9 years of mark-recapture data reveal that the activities of snake collectors seriously endanger the viability of this species. The study population of H. bungaroides was stable over 1992-1996, but declined dramatically in 1997, coincident with evidence of illegal collecting, possibly stimulated by a government amnesty that allowed pet owners to obtain permit,, for illegally held reptiles. Survivorship analyses revealed that 85% of adult females disappeared from the population in 1997. There was no such effect on male survivorship, suggesting that snake collectors, selectively removed adult females, which are the largest snakes in the population. Humans caused significant damage to fragile rock outcrops in three of the 9 years of the study, and a second bout of habitat disturbance in 1999 coincided with a second decline in the H. bungaroides, population, We recommend that locked gates be placed on fire trails to protect existing populations of broad-headed snakes.

Webb, JK, Brook, BW & Shine, R 2002, 'What makes a species vulnerable to extinction? Comparative life-history traits of two sympatric snakes', ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 59-67.
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Although it is well known that species vary in their vulnerability to extinction, the reasons are poorly understood. Theory predicts that long-lived species with 'slow' life histories (small litters, slow growth, late maturation) should be at greater risk than short-lived species with high potential rates of increase. This hypothesis was tested by comparing life-history traits of two species of sympatric, elapid snakes: the endangered broad-headed snake, Hoplocephalus bungaroides, and common small-eyed snake, Cryptophis nigrescens. From 1992 to 2000 a mark-recapture study of both species was undertaken in Morton National Park, south-eastern Australia, and this information was used to construct transition matrices for each species. The endangered H. bungaroides was found to mature late (6 years of age), had a high juvenile (54.7%) and adult (81.6%) survival rate, and a long generation length (10.4 years). In striking contrast, the common C. nigrescens matured early (within 3 years), had a lower juvenile (30.4%) and adult (74.4%) survival rate (but higher recruitment rate), and a substantially shorter generation length (5.9 years). Elasticity analyses revealed that H. bungaroides was considerably more sensitive to survival past the age of 2 years (68.6%) than C. nigrescens (37.4%). These results provide support for the hypothesis that species with slow life histories are more vulnerable to extinction.

Webb, JK, Christian, KA & Fisher, P 2002, 'Fast growth and early maturation in a viviparous sit-and-wait predator, the northern death adder (Acanthophis praelongus), from tropical Australia', JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 505-509.
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Welsh, AH, Lin, X & Carroll, RJ 2002, 'Marginal Longitudinal Nonparametric Regression', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 97, no. 458, pp. 482-493.
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Werneck, GL, Costa, CHN, Walker, AM, David, JR, Wand, M & Maguire, JH 2002, 'The Urban Spread of Visceral Leishmaniasis: Clues from Spatial Analysis', Epidemiology, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 364-367.
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Background. The pattern of spread of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazilian cities is poorly understood. Methods. We used geographic information systems and spatial statistics to evaluate the distribution of 1061 cases of visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Brazil, in 1993 through 1996. Results. A locally weighted (LOESS) regression model, which was fit as a smoothed function of spatial coordinates, demonstrated large-scale variation, with high incidence rates in pe- ripheral neighborhoods that bordered forest land and pastures. Moran's I indicated small-scale variation and clustering up to 300 m, roughly the flight range of the sand fly vector. Conclusions. Spatial analytical techniques can identify high- risk areas for targeting control interventions

Whitchurch, CB, Erova, TE, Emery, JA, Sargent, JL, Harris, JM, Semmler, ABT, Young, MD, Mattick, JS & Wozniak, DJ 2002, 'Phosphorylation of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa response regulator AlgR is essential for type IV fimbria-mediated twitching motility', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 184, no. 16, pp. 4544-4554.
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The response regulator AlgR is required for both alginate biosynthesis and type IV fimbria-mediated twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this study, the roles of AlgR signal transduction and phosphorylation in twitching motility and biofilm f

Whitchurch, CB, Tolker-Nielsen, T, Ragas, PC & Mattick, JS 2002, 'Extracellular DNA required for bacterial biofilm formation', SCIENCE, vol. 295, no. 5559, pp. 1487-1487.
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Bacterial biofilms are structured communities of cells enclosed in self-produced hydrated polymeric matrix adherent to an inert or living surface (1). Formation of these sessile communities and their inherent resistance to antibiotics and host immune attack are at the root of many persistent and chronic bacterial infections (1), including those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which has been intensively studied as a model for biofilm formation (2, 3). The matrix, which holds bacterial biofilms together, is a complex mixture of macromolecules including exopolysaccharides, proteins, and DNA (4). The latter has been presumed to be derived from lysed cells and has not been thought to represent an important component of biofilm structure. However, it has been known for many years that some bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, produce substantial quantities of extracellular DNA through a mechanism that is thought to be independent of cellular lysis and that appears to involve the release of small vesicles from the outer membrane

White, TP, Kuhlmey, BT, McPhedran, RC, Maystre, D, Renversez, G, de Sterke, CM & Botten, LC 2002, 'Multipole method for microstructured optical fibers. I. Formulation', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 2322-2330.
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We describe a multipole method for calculating the modes of microstructured optical fibers. The method uses a multipole expansion centered on each hole to enforce boundary conditions accurately and matches expansions with different origins by use of addition theorems. We also validate the method and give representative results.

Williams, DBG, Blann, K, Caddy, J & Holzapfel, CW 2002, 'ARYL γ-KETOESTERS AS PRECURSORS FOR γ-BUTYROLACTONE DIMERS IN SAMARIUM(II) IODIDE-MEDIATED REACTIONS', Synthetic Communications, vol. 32, no. 24, pp. 3755-3762.
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Williams, DBG, Lombard, H, van Niekerk, M, Coetzee, PP & Holzapfel, CW 2002, 'Deprotection Techniques for Phosphine-Borane Complexes: Methods and Extraction Coefficients', Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements, vol. 177, no. 12, pp. 2799-2803.
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Triarylphosphine-, diarylalkylphosphine-, and trialkylphosphine-borane complexes were deprotected using various amines and acids. After deprotection, the resulting borane species were extracted from the free phosphines using various solvent systems. The aqueous layers were analyzed for borane making use of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy; and extraction coefficients were then calculated from the analytical data.

Wood, RA, Orwell, RL, Tarran, J, Torpy, F & Burchett, M 2002, 'Potted-plant/growth media interactions and capacities for removal of volatiles from indoor air', JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 120-129.

Wood, RA, Orwell, RL, Tarran, J, Torpy, F & Burchett, M 2002, 'Potted-plant/growth media interactions and capacities for removal of volatiles from indoor air', The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 120-129.
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Wu, YR, Llewellyn, DJ & Dennis, ES 2002, 'A quick and easy method for isolating good-quality RNA from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) tissues', PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 213-218.
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Zalipaev, VV, Movchan, AB, Poulton, CG & McPhedran, RC 2002, 'Elastic waves and homogenization in oblique periodic structures', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 458, no. 2024, pp. 1887-1912.
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A mathematical model has been constructed to describe elastic waves propagating in a twodimensional solid containing a doubly periodic parallelogram array of circular holes. A multipole expansion method is employed which takes into account a coupling between shear and dilatational waves via the traction boundary conditions and determines the structure of the propagating modes. It is important that the homogenized elastic structure be anisotropic; this follows from analysis presented here. The algorithm has been implemented into a computer code, which was used to construct the dispersion diagrams and analyse the filtering properties of the composite structure. It is of particular interest to study the hexagonal and rhombic types of parallelogram lattices, which can be shown to exhibit phononic bandgaps.

Zeng, Q, Wand, M, Young, AJ, Rawn, J, Milford, EL, Mentzer, SJ & Greenes, RA 2002, 'Matching of flow-cytometry histograms using information theory in feature space.', Proc AMIA Symp, pp. 929-933.
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Flow cytometry is a widely available technique for analyzing cell-surface protein expression. Data obtained from flow cytometry is frequently used to produce fluorescence intensity histograms. Comparison of histograms can be useful in the identification of unknown molecules and in the analysis of protein expression. In this study, we examined the combination of a new smoothing technique called SiZer with information theory to measure the difference between cytometry histograms. SiZer provides cross-bandwidth smoothing and allowed analysis in feature space. The new methods were tested on a panel of monoclonal antibodies raised against proteins expressed on peripheral blood lymphocytes and compared with previous methods. The findings suggest that comparing information content of histograms in feature space is effective and efficient for identifying antibodies with similar cell-surface binding patterns.

Zhang, YQ, O'Brien, B, Trudeau, J, Tan, RS, Santamaria, P & Dutz, JP 2002, 'In situ beta cell death promotes priming of diabetogenic CD8 T lymphocytes', JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 168, no. 3, pp. 1466-1472.
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This paper was the first to report that increased beta cell death can lead to the priming of diabetogenic T cells, and hence, the initiation of autoimmunity in Type 1 diabetes. The Journal of Immunology is the top-ranked immunology journal.

Zhong, S, Howes, A, Wang, GX, Bradhurst, DH, Wang, C, Dou, SX & Liu, HK 2002, 'A new process for fabrication of metal-hydride electrodes for nickel–metal hydride batteries', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 330-332, pp. 760-765.
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Asatryan, AA, McPhedran, RC, De Sterke, CM, Langtry, TN & Botten, LC 1970, 'Analysis of waveguides in finite photonic crystals', Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science (QELS) - Technical Digest Series, p. 124.
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The design of a high-quality waveguide in a photonic crystal is outlined. This design requires careful considerations of the end effects, as these may lead to significant Fabry-Perot like interference. The problem can be alleviated by introducing tapers at the ends of the guide.

Asatryan, AA, McPhedran, RC, Martijn de Sterke, C, Langtry, TN & Botten, LC 1970, 'Analysis of waveguides in finite photonic crystals', Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO - Technical Digest, pp. 308-309.
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Waveguides in finite photonic crystals (PC) were analyzed. The transmission through a PC of length 11d, with a line defect of width h=d, driven by a line antenna situated on the waveguide's central axis, at a distance d from the structure was shown. The density plot of the internal field intensity in the channel centre versus k for a guide of length 20d was presented.

Aubin, A-S, Drouin, D & Phillips, MR 1970, 'ESEM Beam Current Measuring Device based on a Planar Schottky Diode', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 1538-1539.
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Belli, S, Witcombe, D, Teasdale, C, Gleeson, M, Wallach, M & Smith, NC 1970, 'Development of a recombinant subunit vaccine against coccidiosis in poultry incorporating asexual and sexual stage antigens from Eimeria maxima', Proceedings of World Poultry Science Association Asian Pacific Federation Conference, Proceedings of World Poultry Science Association Asian Pacific Federation Conference, pp. 561-564.

Berry, SM, Carroll, RJ & Ruppert, D 1970, 'Bayesian Smoothing for Measurement Error Problems', TOTAL LEAST SQUARES AND ERRORS-IN-VARIABLES MODELING, 3rd International Workshop on Total Least Squares and Errors-in-Variables Modeling, Springer Netherlands, LEUVEN, BELGIUM, pp. 121-130.
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Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, Langtry, T, de Sterke, CM & McPhedran, RC 1970, 'Propagation of Photonic Crystal Waveguides', Proceedings of the Australian Institute of Physics 15th Biennial Congress 2002., Congress of the Australian Institute of Physics, Australian Institute of Physics, Sydney, Australia, pp. 289-291.

Bouwman, P 1970, 'Structure-related intercalation behaviour of LiCoO2 films', Solid State Ionics, Elsevier BV, pp. 181-188.
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Submicron films of LiCoO2 have been deposited on silicon and stainless steel substrates using RF sputtering and pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Both films show preferred orientation. RF films have their Li diffusion plane oriented favourably, that is, perpendicular to the surface, while PLD films show a parallel, c-axis orientation. Electrochemical experiments indicate a strong dependence of the intercalation rate on the alignment of the host structure toward the electrolyte solution. Lithographic patterning enhances the inferior intercalation properties of the PLD film on silicon, as does the utilisation of stainless steel substrates. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Brunger, MJ, Adcock, W, Mackenzie-Ross, H, Drury, W, Nixon, K, Ford, MJ, Campbell, L, Shaw, R, Lawrance, WD, Winkler, DA & Wang, F 1970, 'High-resolution electron momentum spectroscopy of molecules', PHOTONIC, ELECTRONIC AND ATOMIC COLLISIONS, Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions: XXII International Conference, Rinton Press, Santa Fe, USA, pp. 369-380.

Chakam, GA, Freude, W, Poulton, C, von Freymann, G, Wegener, M & Fujii, M 1970, 'Polarisation dependent coupling in ring resonator filters', 2002 IEEE/LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2, 15th Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Lasers-and-Electro-Optics-Society, IEEE, GLASGOW, SCOTLAND, pp. 748-749.

Chiarella, C, Craddock, MJ & El-Hassan, N 1970, 'A short time expansion of the volatility function for the calibration of option pricing models', Society of Computational Economics Conference, Society of Computational Economics Conference, Aix-en-Provence, France.

de Jongh, P 1970, 'Effect of current pulses on lithium intercalation batteries', Solid State Ionics, Elsevier BV, pp. 259-268.
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The effect of (dis)charge pulses on lithium-ion batteries is evaluated using an electronic network model. Simulations give insight into the effect of the pulses on the internal processes such as diffusion, migration, electrochemical reactions, heat generation, etc. on time scales from microseconds to hundreds of seconds. The simulated results are verified by experimental measurements on a commercial lithium-ion battery. The relevance of the results for battery charging with short pulses and for the occurrence of short circuit is discussed. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Deller, CA, Smith, G, Franklin, J & Joseph, EK 1970, 'The integration of forward light transport and lateral illumination of polymer optical fibre', Proceedings of the Australian Institute of Physics 15th Biennial Congress 2002., Congress of the Australian Institute of Physics, Causal Productions Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia, pp. 307-309.

Dowd, A, Johnston, MB, Whittaker, DM, Davies, AG & Linfield, EH 1970, 'Enhancement of THz emission from semiconductor devices', COMMAD 2002 PROCEEDINGS, COMMAD, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 281-284.
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We have studied the emission of coherent terahertz (THz) frequency electromagnetic pulses from semiconductor surfaces. Collimated beams of THz radiation are observed from surface-field emitters and the efficiency of these emitters is shown to be improved by (a) modifying the effective refractive index at the surface of the emitter and (b) reorienting the THz dipole with respect to the surface. A ~ 20 enhancement in emitted THz power was seen in a GaAs/InAs prism emitter

Eisenberg, I, Barash, M, Hochner, H, Kahan, T, Levi, T & Mitrani-Rosenbaum, S 1970, 'Cloning and characterization of two novel human transcripts at the 9p12 13 chromosomal region.', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS, 52nd Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Human-Genetics, UNIV CHICAGO PRESS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, pp. 322-322.

Forbes, SL, Stuart, BH & Dent, BB 1970, 'Identification of pig adipocere', 16th International Symposium on the Forensic Sciences, 16th International Symposium on the Forensic Sciences, Canberra.

Gelhausen, O, Phillips, MR, Klein, HN & Goldys, EM 1970, 'Influence of low-energy electron beam irradiation on defects in activated Mg-doped GaN', MRS Proceedings, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. 653-658.
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ABSTRACTCL spectroscopy studies at varying temperatures and excitation power densities as well as depth-resolved CL imaging were conducted to investigate the impact of low energy electron beam irradiation (LEEBI) on native defects and residual impurities in metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) grown Mg-doped p-type GaN. Due to the dissociation of (Mg-H)0 complexes, LEEBI significantly increases the (e,Mg0) emission (3.26 eV) at 300 K and substantially decreases the H-Mg donor-acceptor-pair (DAP) emission (3.27 eV) at 80 K. In-plane and depth-resolved CL imaging indicates that hydrogen dissociation results from electron-hole recombination at H-defect complexes rather than heating by the electron beam. The dissociated hydrogen atoms associate with nitrogen vacancies, forming a deeper donor, i.e. a (H-VN) complex. The corresponding deeper DAP emission with Mg centered at 3.1 eV is clearly observed between 160 and 220 K. Moreover, a broad yellow luminescence (YL) band centered at 2.2 eV is observed in MOVPE-grown Mg-doped GaN after LEEBI-treatment. It is suggested that a combination of LEEBI-induced Fermi-level downshift due to Mg-acceptor activation and simultaneous dissociation of gallium vacancy-impurity complexes, i.e. (VGa-H), is responsible for the observed YL.

Graudins, A, Sung, K, Hains, PG, Padula, M, Broady, KW & Nicholson, GM 1970, 'Partial protein and DNA sequences of Latrodectus hasselti, L. hesperus and L. mactans latrotoxins: are they homologous?', 6th Asia Pacific Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, Cairns.

Green, DD, Kannangara, GK, Milev, A & Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'P-31 solution state NMR investigation of the hydrolysis of a new alkoxide sol-gel hydroxyapatite', Key Engineering Materials, Bioceramics 14, Trans Tech Publications, California, USA, pp. 75-78.
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Previous work by these authors found that ageing was necessary to convert the starting precursors of calcium diethoxide [Ca(OEt)(2)] and triethyl phosphite [P(OEt)(3)] Sol-gel system to more reactive intermediates, These conclusions provided the impetus to examine an alternative phosphorous precursor that will not entail a 24-hour ageing period. The use of diethyl phosphite [HOP(OEt)(2)] as an alternate precursor it was possible to produce hydroxyapatite which did not require ageing of the Sol. [1]. The solution-state P-31 NMR spectroscopy was successfully applied to monitor the reaction during the ageing period that provided the vital characteristics of the alternate phosphorous precursor. However, no attempts were made to postulate mechanism(s) and identification of the intermediate species formed in these sol-gel systems. This report encompasses both these aspects; mechanism and identification of the reaction intermediates for P(OEt)3 and [HOP(OEt)(2)] sol-gel systems

Griffin, B, Suvorova, A & Phillips, M 1970, 'A review of gas-electron interactions imaging and X-ray analysis in variable pressure SEM', Proceedings of the 15th International Congress on Electron Microscopy, 15th International Congress on Electron Microscopy, Microscopy Society of Southern Africa, Durban, South Africa, pp. 215-216.

Gunning, SJ, Khalife, A, Padula, M, Smith, R, Broady, KW & Nicholson, GM 1970, 'Modulation of sodium channel gating and kinetics by δ missulenatoxin Mb1a from the Australian eastern mouse spider Missulena bradleyi.', 6th Asia Pacific Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, Cairns.

Hanen, C & Zinder, Y 1970, 'The worst-case analysis of the Garey-Johnson algorithm', 8th International Workshop on Project Management and Scheduling, 8th International Workshop on Project Management and Scheduling, The European Journal of Operational Research, Valencia, Spain.
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The Garey-Johnson algorithm is one of only two known polynomial-time algorithms allowing to construct an optimal schedule for the maximum lateness problem with unit execution tasks, two parallel identical processors, precedence constraints and release times. The paper is concerned with the worst-case analysis of a generalisation of the Garey-Johnson algorithm for the case of arbitrary number of processors. We prove that for even number of processors the algorithm is characterised by the best currently known performance guarantee, whereas for odd number of processors it is less competitive.

Huete, A, Miura, T, Gao, X, IEEE, IEEE & IEEE 1970, 'Land cover conversion and degradation analyses through coupled soil-plant biophysical parameters derived from hyperspecral EO-1 Hyperion', IGARSS 2002: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM AND 24TH CANADIAN SYMPOSIUM ON REMOTE SENSING, VOLS I-VI, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2002)/24th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing, IEEE, TORONTO, CANADA, pp. 799-801.

Innes, JK, Ben-Nissan, B & Vago, R 1970, 'Biomimetic conversion of Red Sea corraline structures for implant purposes', AUSTCERAM 2002 Proceedings, AUSTCERAM 2002, Australasian Ceramic Society, Perth, Australia, pp. 21-22.

Johnston, MB, Dowd, A, Whittaker, DM, Corchia, A, Davies, AG & Linfield, EH 1970, 'Enhancement of terahertz emission from semiconductor surfaces', THZ 2002: IEEE TENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TERAHERTZ ELECTRONICS PROCEEDINGS, Terra, IEEE, Cambridge, UK, pp. 48-51.
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We have studied the generation of coherent pulses of terahertz (THz) radiation from semiconductor surfaces both experimentally and using a Monte-Carlo carrier dynamics simulation. Collimated THz beams are observed from surface-field THz emitters and three methods of improving the efficiency of these emitters are demonstrated: (i) by applying a magnetic field, (ii) by reducing the effective refractive index of the device and (iii) by altering the geometry of the device. An enhancement of 21 is seen in a prism based GaAs/InAs THz emitter

Kannangara, GK, Green, DD, Milev, AS & Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'Synthesis of non-aged new alkoxide sol-gel hydroxyapatite monitored by solution state 31 P NMR', AUSTCERAM 2002 Proceedings, AUSTCERAM 2002, Australasian Ceramic Society, Perth, Australia, pp. 13-14.

Kipnis, V, Midthune, D, Freedman, L, Bingham, S, Day, NE, Riboli, E, Ferrari, P & Carroll, RJ 1970, 'Bias in dietary-report instruments and its implications for nutritional epidemiology', Public Health Nutrition, 4th International Conference on Dietary Assessment Methods, Cambridge University Press (CUP), TUCSON, ARIZONA, pp. 915-923.
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AbstractObjective:To evaluate measurement error structure in dietary assessment instruments and to investigate its implications for nutritional studies, using urinary nitrogen excretion as a reference biomarker for protein intake.Design:The dietary assessment methods included different food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs) and such conventional dietary-report reference instruments as a series of 24-hour recalls, 4-day weighed food records or 7-day diaries.Setting:Six original pilot validation studies within the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC), and two validation studies conducted by the British Medical Research Council (MRC) within the Norfolk cohort that later joined as a collaborative component cohort of EPIC.Subjects:A sample of approximately 100 to 200 women and men, aged 35–74 years, from each of eight validation studies.Results:In assessing protein intake, all conventional dietary-report reference methods violated the critical requirements for a valid reference instrument for evaluating, and adjusting for, dietary measurement error in an FFQ. They displayed systematic bias that depended partly on true intake and partly was person-specific, correlated with person-specific bias in the FFQ. Using the dietary-report methods as reference instruments produced substantial overestimation (up to 230%) of the FFQ correlation with true usual intake and serious underestimation (up to 240%) of the degree of attenuation of FFQ-based log relative risks.

Kuhlmey, BT, Renversez, G, Maystre, DR, White, T, McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC & de Sterke, M 1970, '<title>Multipole study of dispersion and structural losses of photonic crystal fibers</title>', SPIE Proceedings, Symposium on Integrated Optoelectronic Devices, SPIE, SAN JOSE, CA, pp. 114-123.
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Langtry, T, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, Asatryan, AA & McPhedran, RC 1970, 'Effects of Disorder in Photonic Crystal Waveguides', Proceedings of the Australian Institute of Physics 15th Biennial Congress 2002., Congress of the Australian Institute of Physics, Australian Institute of Physics, Sydney, Australia, pp. 310-312.

Langtry, TN, Botten, LC, De Sterke, CM, Asatryan, AA & McPhedran, RC 1970, 'Disorder in two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides', Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science (QELS) - Technical Digest Series, p. 125.
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The effect of disorder in the photonic crystal on the quality of the waveguide was studied. For this purpose, a two-dimensional photonic crystal and a disordered structure were considered. Evidence was obtained suggesting a similar degree of sensitivity to perturbations of refractive index, but a greater tolerance to perturbations of cylinder position.

Langtry, TN, Botten, LC, Martijn de Sterke, C, Asatryan, AA & McPhedran, RC 1970, 'Disorder in two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides', Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO - Technical Digest, pp. 309-310.
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Effect of disorder in two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides was studied. The waveguide was excited by a light source that was parallel to the cylinders and was located close to an entrance of the waveguide. A disordered structure was achieved by randomizing cylinder positions, refractive indices and radii. Results indicated that disorder in the structure decreased the field intensity by an order of magnitude at far end of the guide.

Leslie, LM, LeMarshall, J, Speer, MS & Abbey, RF 1970, 'The Australian east coast sub-tropical storm of March 8-9, 2001: Synoptic analysis and data assimilation experiments at landfall', SYMPOSIUM ON OBSERVATIONS, DATA ASSIMILATION, AND PROBABILISTIC PREDICTION, Symposium on Observations, Data Assimilation, and Probabilistic Prediction, AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, ORLANDO, FL, pp. 5-5.

Macinnis-Ng, CMO & Ralph, PJ 1970, 'Towards a more ecologically relevant assessment of the impact of heavy metals on the photosynthesis of the seagrass, Zostera capricorni', MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, 3rd International Conference on Marine Pollution and Ecotoxicology, PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, HONG KONG, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 100-106.
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Mikajlo, EA, Nixon, KL, Soule, DBBJ, Dorsett, HE & Ford, M 1970, 'Electron Momentum Spectroscopy of Group I and II Oxides', Proceedings of the 15th National Congress of the AIP, Causal / AIP, Sydney, Australia.

Miller, PF & Peters, BA 1970, 'Comparative field study of a new formulation of Goliath Cockroach Gel against German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) and a Mixed Population of American Cockroach and Australian Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattidae)', Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Urban Pests, South Carolina.

Miller, PF, Peters, BA & Scrivener, AM 1970, 'The efficacy of eight commercial cockroach baits against the American cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattidae)', Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Urban Pests, South Carolina.

Miura, T, Huete, A, Yoshioka, H, Kim, HJ, IEEE, IEEE & IEEE 1970, 'An application of airborne hyperspectral and EO-1 Hyperion data for inter-sensor calibration of vegetation indices for regional-scale monitoring', IGARSS 2002: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM AND 24TH CANADIAN SYMPOSIUM ON REMOTE SENSING, VOLS I-VI, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2002)/24th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing, IEEE, TORONTO, CANADA, pp. 3118-3120.

Nguyen, HT, Mitchell, RA, Thornton, BS, Hung, WT, Lee, W, Rickard, M, IEEE, IEEE & IEEE 1970, 'Detection of masses in digitised mammograms using dendronic image analysis', SECOND JOINT EMBS-BMES CONFERENCE 2002, VOLS 1-3, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, 24th Annual International of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Houston, Texas, USA, pp. 1051-1052.

O'Brien, B 1970, 'In vivo phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages from NOD mice is reduced', Diabetes, Amer Diabetes Assoc, USA, pp. 1167-1167.

Peters, BA, Miller, PF & Scrivener, AM 1970, 'The Efficacy of Eight Commercial Cockroach Baits against the American Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattidae)', Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Urban Pests, South Carolina, USA, pp. 446-446.

Phillips, M & Morgan, SW 1970, 'Time dependent behaviour of positive ions in the variable pressure scanning electron microscope', Proceedings of the 15th International Congress on Electron Microscopy, 15th International Congress on Electron Microscopy, Microscopy Society of Southern Africa, Durban, South Africa, pp. 219-220.

Phillips, MR & Morgan, SW 1970, 'Time Resolved Analysis of the Positive Ion Dynamics in the Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscope', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Canada, pp. 446-447.
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Platen, E 1970, 'A modified constant elasticity of variance model', Quantitative Finance Conference, Quantitative Finance Conference, Singapore.

Platen, E 1970, 'Arbitrage in continuous complete markets', 2nd World Congress of the Bachelier Finance Society, 2nd World Congress of the Bachelier Finance Society, Crete, Greece.

Rémond, G, Fialin, GM, Nockolds, CE, Phillips, MR & Roques-Carmes, C 1970, 'Absorption Correction Of Fe Lα,β Emission From Iron Oxides', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 1496-1497.
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Schlogl, E 1970, 'Arbitrage-free interpolation in models of market observable interest rates', 2nd World Congress of the Bachelier Finance Society.

Schlogl, E 1970, 'Integration of interest rate and currency risk across markets: model calibration, derivatives pricing & risk management', RISK 2002 Conference, RISK 2002 Conference, Sydney, Australia.

Schlogl, E 1970, 'Joint calibration of volatilities & correlations in interest rate and FX markets', Quantitative Methods in Finance 2002 Conference, Quantitative Methods in Finance 2002 Conference, Sydney and Cairns, Australia.

Schubert, M, Kasic, A, Hofmann, T, Gottschalch, V, Off, J, Scholz, F, Schubert, E, Neumann, H, Hodgkinson, I, Arnold, M, Dollase, W & Herzinger, CM 1970, 'Generalized ellipsometry of complex mediums in layered systems', COMPLEX MEDIUMS III: BEYOND LINEAR ISOTROPIC DIELECTRICS, Complex Mediums III: Beyond Linear Isotropic Dielectrics, SPIE, Seattle, USA, pp. 264-276.
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Smith, GB 1970, 'Nanostructured thin films - A critical review', COMPLEX MEDIUMS III: BEYOND LINEAR ISOTROPIC DIELECTRICS, Complex Mediums III : Beyond Linear Isotropic Dielectrics, SPIE, Seattle, USA, pp. 207-221.
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Smith, GH & Botten, LC 1970, 'Electromagnetic modelling of propagation in photonic crystal lattices', Proceedings of the Engineering Mathematics and Applications Conference, Engineering Mathematics and Applications Conference, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Queensland University of Technology, Australia, pp. 199-204.

Thiel, BL & Toth, M 1970, 'Considerations for Secondary Electron Imaging of Dielectric Materials in Low- Vacuum and Environmental SEM', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 448-449.
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Thomas, P & Stuart, BH 1970, 'Crystalline morphology of PEEK in PEEK-PTFE blends', 8th Symposium on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Abstracts Book, 8th Symposium on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Barcelona.

Toth, M, Craven, JP, Phillips, MR, Thiel, BL & Donald, AM 1970, 'X-ray Microanalysis of Insulators in a Variable Pressure Environment', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Quebec, Canada, pp. 1478-1479.
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Williams, DBG, Lombard, H, Van Niekerk, M & Coetzee, PP 1970, 'Deprotection Techniques for Phosphine-Borane Complexes: Methods and Extraction Coefficients', Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements, Informa UK Limited, pp. 2115-2116.
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Yoshioka, H, Miura, T, Yamamoto, H, Huete, A, IEEE, IEEE & IEEE 1970, 'A technique of inter-sensor VI translations using EO-1 hyperion data to minimize systematic differences in spectral band-pass filters', IGARSS 2002: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM AND 24TH CANADIAN SYMPOSIUM ON REMOTE SENSING, VOLS I-VI, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2002)/24th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing, IEEE, TORONTO, CANADA, pp. 2211-2213.

Zhu, H, Thuruthyil, SJ, Rice, S, Kjelleberg, S, Kumar, N, Read, RW, Erickson, P & Willcox, MDP 1970, 'Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors by furanones', INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE, Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology, ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, FT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA, pp. U207-U207.

Schlögl, E 2002, Extracting the Joint Volatility Structure of Foreign Exchange and Interest Rates from Option Prices, no. 79.

Tarran, J, Orwell, RL, Burchett, M, Wood, R & Torpy, FR Horticulture Australia 2002, Quantification of the Capacity of Indoor Plants to Remove Volatile Organic Compounds Under Flow-through Conditions, pp. 1-85, Sydney, Australia.

Ashford, A, Cole, L, Davies, D & Hyde, G 2002, 'Control of motility in tubular vacuole systems in fungi.'.

Blackman, L, Cole, L, Lyon, B & Overall, R 2002, 'Antibodies against phosphorylated threonine label plasmodesmata of Chara corallina.'.

Buhlmann, H & Platen, E 2002, 'A Discrete Time Benchmark Approach for Finance and Insurance'.
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This paper proposes an integrated appraoch to discrete time modelling in finance and insurance. This approach is based on the existence of a specific benchmark portfolio, known as the growth optimal portfolio. When used as numeraire, this portfolio ensures that all benchmarked price processes are super-martingales. A fair market is characterized in terms of the type of maximum that the optimal growth rate attains. In general, arbitrage amounts arise due to supermartingale property of benchmarked traded prices. No measure transformation is needed for the pricing of insurance policies and derivatives in a fair market.

Cole, L, Collings, D, Cantrill, L & Overall, R 2002, 'The endoplasmic reticulum is a pathway for cell-to-cell communication in tobacco plants?'.

Cole, L, Johansson, T, Davies, D, Ashford, A & Alloway, W 2002, 'Localisation and function of a differentially-regulated V-ATPase in an ectomycorrhizal fungus.'.

Heath, D & Platen, E 2002, 'Consistent pricing and hedging for a modified constant elasticity of variance model'.
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This paper considers a modification of the well known constant elasticity of variance model where it is used to model the growth optimal portfolio (GOP). It is shown that, for this application, there is no equivalent risk neutral pricing measure and therefore the classical risk neutral pricing methodology fails. However, a consistent pricing and hedging framework can be established by application of the benchmark approach. Perfect hedging strategies can be constructed for European style contingent claims, where the underlying risky asset is the GOP. In this framework, fair prices for contingent claims are the minimal prices that permit perfect replication of the claims. Numerical examples show that these prices may differ significantly from the corresponding 'risk neutral' prices. © 2002 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.

Heath, DP & Platen, E 2002, 'A variance reduction technique based on integral representations', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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Research Paper Number: 75 Abstract: Standard Monte Carlo methods can often be significantly improved with the addition of appropriate variance reduction techniques. In this paper a new and powerful variance reduction technique is presented. The method is based directly on the Ito calculus and is used to find unbiased variance reduced estimators for the expectation of functionals of Ito diffusion processes. The approach considered has wide applicability, for instance, it can be used as a means of approximating solutions of parabolic partial differential equations or applied to valuation problems that arise in mathematical finance. We illustrate how the method can be applied by considering the pricing of European style derivative securities for a class of stochastic volatility models, including the Heston model.

Murray, B 2002, 'Book review: Introduction to Plant Population Biology', Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd., pp. 201-202.

Platen, E 2002, 'A Benchmark Framework for Integrated Risk Management'.
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The paper describes a consistent, integrated framework for modeling and pricing in finance, insurance and other areas of risk management. The growth optimal portfolio is taken as a benchmark. In the resulting price system expected future benchmarked, nonnegative prices are not greater that the last observed benchmarked price. The resulting benchmark model does not permit the generation of wealth from zero initial capital or the systemtic outperformance of the benchmark. Benchmarked fair price processes are defined as best forecasts of their benchmarked future values. Risk neutral and actuarial pricing formulae are obtained as special cases. Certain arbitrage amounts can still be modeled in this framework.

Platen, E 2002, 'Benchmark Model with Intensity Based Jumps', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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This paper proposes a class of financial market models with security price processes that exhibit intensity based jumps. Primary security account prices, when expressed in units of the benchmark, turn out to be local martingales. The benchmark model exludes, so called, benchmark arbitrage but permits arbitrage amounts, which arise for benchmarked price processes that are strict local martingales. In the proposed framework, generally, an equivalent risk neutral measure does not exist. Benchmarked fair derivative prices are obtained as conditional expectations of future benchmarked prices under the real world probability measure.

Platen, E & Runggaldier, W 2002, 'A Benchmark Approach to Filtering in Finance'.
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The paper proposes the use of the growth optimal portfolio for the construction of financial market models with unobserved factors that have to be filtered. This benchmark approach avoids any measure transformation for the pricing of derivatives. The suggested framework allows to measure the reduction of the variance of derivative prices for increasing degrees of available information.