Publications

Aerts, M, Geys, H, Molenberghs, G & Ryan, LM 2002, Topics in modelling of clustered data.
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© 2002 by Chapman & Hall/CRC. Many methods for analyzing clustered data exist, all with advantages and limitations in particular applications. Compiled from the contributions of leading specialists in the field, Topics in Modelling of Clustered Data describes the tools and techniques for modelling the clustered data often encountered in medical, biological, environmental, and social science studies. It focuses on providing a comprehensive treatment of marginal, conditional, and random effects models using, among others, likelihood, pseudo-likelihood, and generalized estimating equations methods. The authors motivate and illustrate all aspects of these models in a variety of real applications. They discuss several variations and extensions, including individual-level covariates and combined continuous and discrete outcomes. Flexible modelling with fractional and local polynomials, omnibus lack-of-fit tests, robustification against misspecification, exact, and bootstrap inferential procedures all receive extensive treatment. The applications discussed center primarily, but not exclusively, on developmental toxicity, which leads naturally to discussion of other methodologies, including risk assessment and dose-response modelling. Clearly written, Topics in Modelling of Clustered Data offers a practical, easily accessible survey of important modelling issues. Overview models give structure to a multitude of approaches, figures help readers visualize model characteristics, and a generous use of examples illustrates all aspects of the modelling process.

Movchan, AB, Movchan, NV & Poulton, CG 2002, Asymptotic models of fields in dilute and densely packed composites, 1, Imperial College Press, London, UK.
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This monograph provides a systematic study of asymptotic models of continuum mechanics for composite structures, which are either dilute (for example, two-phase composite structures with small inclusions) or densely packed (in this case inclusions may be close to touching). It is based on the results of recent research and includes a comprehensive analysis of dipole and multipole fields associated with defects in solids. The text covers static problems of elasticity in dilute composites as well as spectral problems. Applications of the mathematical models included in the book are in damage mechanics and in problems of design of composite structures that can be used as filters or polarisers of elastic waves.

Wilson, M, Kanangara, Raguse, B, Simmons, M & Smith, GB 2002, Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies, UNSW CRS Press.

Corcoran, C & Ryan, LM 2002, 'Exact dose-response inference' in Topics in Modelling of Clustered Data, pp. 195-205.
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Methods for analyzing correlated binary data have been well established in recent decades.P endergast et al. (1992) offer a review of methods for correlated binary data, with a focus on cluster-correlated observations.Some of these methods, including marginal, random effects, and Markovian or conditional models, have been introduced in Chapter 4 and studied in subsequent chapters.Ho wever, the justification of inferences thatrely on such methods usually rests upon the approximate normality of the statistics of interest. Such a distributional assumption may be untenablewhen samples are small or sparse.If a normal approximation is not accurate, the result might be tests that do not preserve the a priori testing level established by the investigator. Likewise, actual coverage probabilities for confidence intervals may be much lower or higher than the nominalconfidence level.Moreo ver, where likelihood or quasi-likelihood methods are applied, inference can be further complicated when parameter estimates lie at or near the boundary of the parameter space. The following two examples illustrate these perils of approximate unconditional inference for cluster-correlated binary data. In this chapter, we will use the examples introduced in Sections 2.7 and 2.8.

Duggin, IG & Wake, RG 2002, 'Termination of Chromosome Replication' in Sonenshein, AL (ed), Bacillus subtilisand Its Closest Relatives, ASM Press, USA, pp. 87-95.
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Geys, H, Molenberghs, G & Ryan, LM 2002, 'Generalized estimating equations' in Topics in Modelling of Clustered Data, pp. 77-87.
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Generalized estimating equations play an important role in the analysis of repeated or clustered outcomes of a non-normally distributed type. In this work, it will be used, together with pseudo-likelihood methodology, as nonlikelihood based method for the analysis of clustered binary data. A comparison between both will be made in Chapter 6. Also, the use of generalized estimating equations will be illustrated in the contexts of individual-level covariates and combined continuous and discrete outcomes, in Chapters 13 and 14, respectively. Further applications of the GEE technology can be found in Section 9.2.6 and Chapter 11. When we are mainly interested in first order marginal mean parameters and pairwise interactions, a full likelihood procedure can be replaced by quasilikelihood methods (McCullagh and Nelder 1989). In quasi-likelihood, the mean response is expressed as a parametric function of covariates; the variance is assumed to be a function of the mean up to possibly unknown scale parameters. Wedderburn (1974) first noted that likelihood and quasi-likelihood theories coincide for exponential families and that the quasi-likelihood “estimating equations” provide consistent estimates of the regression parameters β in any generalized linear model, even for choices of link and variance functions that do not correspond to exponential families.

Geys, H, Molenberghs, G & Ryan, LM 2002, 'Pseudo-likelihood estimation' in Topics in Modelling of Clustered Data, pp. 89-114.
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It is well known that full maximum likelihood estimation can become prohibitive for many models. For example, in the framework of a marginally specified odds ratio model (Lipsitz, Laird and Harrington 1991, Dale 1986, Molenberghs and Lesaffre 1994, Glonek and McCullagh 1995, Lang and Agresti 1994) for multivariate, clustered binary data, full maximum likelihood estimation is prohibitive, especially with large within-unit representation. Conditional models such as the Molenberghs and Ryan (1999) models, introduced in Section 4.2, are based on an exponential family model for multivariate binary data and exhibit a high flexibility to capture different patterns of non-linear dependencies of the marginal probabilities on the cluster size. Like most exponential family models, the Molenberghs and Ryan (1999) model enjoys well known properties, such as linearity of the log-likelihood in the minimal sufficient statistics, unimodality, etc. This implies a high numerical stability of iterative procedures to determine maximum likelihood estimators. In multivariate settings (with 3 or more outcomes), however, where the normalizing constant takes a complicated form, all of these advantages can be lost as this leads to excessive computational requirements. This is especially true for clusters of variable length, because the normalizing constant depends on the cluster size. Hence, alternative estimation methods, which do not require the explicit calculation of the normalizing constant, are in demand.

Heath, DP & Platen, E 2002, 'Pricing and hedging of index derivatives under an alternative asset price model with endogenous stochastic volatility' in Yong, J (ed), Recent Developments in Mathematical Finance, World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 117-126.

Kühl, M & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'The Microenvironment and Photosynthetic Performance of Prochloron SP. in Symbiosis with Didemnid Ascidians' in Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp. 273-290.
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Morin, B, Fu, S, Wang, H, Davies, MJ & Dean, RT 2002, 'Analysis of Aliphatic Amino Acid Alcohols in Oxidized Proteins' in Donald Armstrong (ed), Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Antioxidant Protocols, Humana Press, United States, pp. 101-110.
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Ryan, LM 2002, 'Issues in modeling clustered data' in Topics in Modelling of Clustered Data, pp. 37-45.
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In Figure 1.4, the complexity of developmental toxicity studies is clearly illustrated. This, of course, implies there are a number of non-trivial challenges for model development (Molenberghs et al. 1998, Zhu and Fung 1996). Let us list the most important ones.

Zalipaev, VV, Movchan, AB, Poulton, CG & McPhedran, RC 2002, 'Phononic band structures for arrays of circular cavities in an elastic medium' in Abrahams, ID, Martin, PA & Simon, MJ (eds), IUTAM Symposium on Diffraction and Scattering in Fluid Mechanics and Elasticity, SPRINGER, Netherlands, pp. 95-104.
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We study the propagation of elastic waves in a two-dimensional solid containing a doubly periodic array of circular holes. The method of multipoles expansions is employed here, so that it takes into account a coupling between shear and dilatational waves (this coupling occurs via the traction bou~dary conditions). As a result, we obtain an infinite system of linear algebraic equations, which can be truncated and solved numerically in order to determine the frequencies of the propagating modes. The algorithm has been implemented as a computer code used to construct the dispersion diagrams and analyse the filtering properties of the composite structure.

Zinder, Y & Shkurba, V 2002, 'Scheduling Theory' in Michiel Hazewinkel (ed), Encyclopaedia of Mathematics, Springer, Amsterdam, pp. 209-210.

Adcock, GJ, Dennis, ES, Easteal, S, Huttley, GA, Jermiin, LS, Peacock, WJ & Thorne, A 2002, 'Erratum: 'Mitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians: Implications for modern human origins,' (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2001) 98:2 (537-542))', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 99, no. 1, p. 541.

Adcock, GJ, Dennis, ES, Easteal, S, Huttley, GA, Jermiin, LS, Peacock, WJ & Thorne, A 2002, 'Mitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians: Implications for modern human origins (vol 98, pg 537, 2001)', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 541-541.

Aerts, M, Claeskens, G & Wand, MP 2002, 'Some theory for penalized spline generalized additive models', Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, vol. 103, no. 1-2, pp. 455-470.
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Ahn, J-H, Kim, Y-J, Wang, G, Lindsay, M, Liu, HNK & Dou, S 2002, 'Lithium Storage Properties of Ball Milled Ni-57 mass%Sn Alloy', MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 63-66.
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Ni-57 mass%Sn alloy has been examined as a new anode material for Li-ion batteries. Li ions can reversibly intercalate and de-intercalate in this alloy. Ball milled nanocrystalline and subsequently annealed microcrystalline Ni-57 mass%Sn alloy showed very high initial discharge capacity. The cell capacity decayed rapidly after the first discharge. The capacity of the ball milled Ni-57 mass%Sn alloy faded continuously on cycling, while the annealed alloy exhibited good cyclic properties. Therefore, Ni-57 mass%Sn alloy is an attractive intercalation host for Li.

Al-Qassab, S, Lee, WJ, Murray, S, Simpson, AGB & Patterson, DJ 2002, 'Flagellates from stromatolites and surrounding sediments in Shark Bay, Western Australia', ACTA PROTOZOOLOGICA, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 91-144.

Ammit, AJ, Lazaar, AL, Irani, C, O'Neill, GM, Gordon, ND, Amrani, Y, Penn, RB & Panettieri, RA 2002, 'Tumor Necrosis Factor- α –Induced Secretion of RANTES and Interleukin-6 from Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells', American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 465-474.
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Andrew, SD, Capes-Davis, A, Delhanty, PJD, Marsh, DJ, Mulligan, LM & Robinson, BG 2002, 'Transcriptional repression of the RET proto-oncogene by a mitogen activated protein kinase-dependent signalling pathway', Gene, vol. 298, no. 1, pp. 9-19.
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Ashmore, J, Bishop, R, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2002, 'The effect of chlorine substitution on the inclusion properties of a diquinoline host molecule', CrystEngComm, vol. 4, no. 34, pp. 194-194.
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Asvadi, P, Fletcher, A & Raison, RL 2002, 'Expression and functional analysis of recombinant scFv and diabody fragments with specificity for human RhD', Journal of Molecular Recognition, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 321-330.
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AbstractIn an attempt to generate recombinant anti‐D reagents for possible diagnostic and therapeutic use we cloned the genes encoding the variable (V) domains of a human anti‐D antibody secreted by the lymphoblastoid cell line BTSN4. A single‐chain Fv (scFv) fragment was constructed using a 21 amino acid linker to join the genes encoding the variable domains of the BTSN4 heavy (VH) and light chains (VL). A diabody construct was also generated by reducing the length of the scFv linker from 21 to 10 residues. The scFv and diabody constructs were cloned into the pFLAG‐CTS vector, expressed in E. coli host cells and the recombinant proteins were affinity‐isolated from bacterial culture medium. Analysis of the recombinant proteins indicated that they retained the D antigen binding specificity of the parental BTSN4 IgG. Furthermore, both fragments mediated agglutination of papain‐treated D positive erythrocytes in the absence of a cross‐linking second antibody. While the agglutinating property of BTSN4 diabody was readily explained by the non‐covalent association of this protein as a bivalent dimer, oligomeric forms of BTSN4 scFv were not detected when the protein was analysed by size exclusion chromatography. Thus, the agglutinating property of the scFv is not the result of the formation of non‐covalently associated multimeric forms of the antibody fragment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Bai, L, Tuch, BE, Hering, B & Simpson, AM 2002, 'Fetal pig ?? cells are resistant to the toxic effects of human cytokines1', Transplantation, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 714-722.
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Bai, L, Tuch, BE, Hering, B & Simpson, AM 2002, 'Fetal pig beta cells are resistant to the toxic effects of human cytokines.', Transplantation, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 714-722.
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BACKGROUND: The cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is thought to be responsible for primary nonfunction of islets when transplanted. This, and two other cytokines, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) are also implicated in the autoimmune destruction of beta cells. It is unknown if the fetal pig beta cell, which is being transplanted as a treatment for type 1 diabetes, is affected by these cytokines. METHODS: We compared the effects of the cytokines on the function and viability of adult and fetal pig beta cells. The cells were cultured for up to 3 days in the presence of 2000 pg/ml of human IL-1beta, 1000 U/ml of TNF-alpha, and 1000 U/ml of IFN-gamma, as well as 1000 U/ml of porcine IFN-gamma. Cumulative insulin levels, insulin content, metabolic activity, and viability of these cells were examined. Additionally, nitric oxide production and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in these cells were also determined. RESULTS: TNF-alpha and the combination of the three human cytokines caused a transient increase in cumulative insulin levels. TNF-alpha alone enhanced insulin content on day 3. There was no effect of these human cytokines on mitochondrial function and viability. In contrast, porcine IFN-gamma inhibited fetal pig beta cell function and also caused their death. Adult pig islets are sensitive to the toxic effects of human TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, the combination of the three cytokines, and porcine IFN-gamma. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were significantly higher in fetal pig beta cells than in adult islets, implying that this may be the reason for the lack of adverse effects of the cytokines on the fetal beta cell. CONCLUSION: Fetal pig beta cells are resistant to the toxic effect of the human cytokines, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, in vitro. This resistance suggests that fetal, but not adult beta cells, when transplanted into humans with type 1 di...

Bandyopadhyay, M 2002, 'Some Global Properties of quasi Einstein manifolds Mahuya', Bulletin of Calcutta Mathematical Society, vol. 94, no. 6, pp. 483-486.
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In this paper, some global properties of a compact, orientable Quasi-Einstein manifold without boundary are obtained.

Beatson, SA, Whitchurch, CB, Sargent, JL, Levesque, RC & Mattick, JS 2002, 'Differential regulation of twitching motility and elastase production by Vfr in Pseudomonas aeruginosa', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 184, no. 13, pp. 3605-3613.
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Vfr, a homolog of Escherichia coli cyclic AMP (cAMP) receptor protein, has been shown to regulate quorum sensing, exotoxin A production, and regA transcription in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We identified a twitching motility-defective mutant that carries a transposon insertion in vfr and confirmed that vfr is required for twitching motility by construction of an independent allelic deletion-replacement mutant of vfr that exhibited the same phenotype, as well as by the restoration of normal twitching motility by complementation of these mutants with wild-type vfr. Vfr-null mutants exhibited severely reduced twitching motility with barely detectable levels of type IV pili, as well as loss of elastase production and altered pyocyanin production. We also identified reduced-twitching variants of quorum-sensing mutants (PAK lasI::Tc) with a spontaneous deletion in vfr (S. A. Beatson, C. B. Whitchurch, A. B. T. Semmler, and J. S. Mattick, J. Bacteriol., 184:3598-3604, 2002), the net result of which was the loss of five residues (EQERS) from the putative cAMP-binding pocket of Vfr. This allele (VfrΔEQERS) was capable of restoring elastase and pyocyanin production to wild-type levels in vfr-null mutants but not their defects in twitching motility. Furthermore, structural analysis of Vfr and VfrΔEQERS in relation to E. coli CRP suggests that Vfr is capable of binding both cAMP and cyclic GMP whereas VfrΔEQERS is only capable of responding to cAMP. We suggest that Vfr controls twitching motility and quorum sensing via independent pathways in response to these different signals, bound by the same cyclic nucleotide monophosphate-binding pocket.

Beatson, SA, Whitchurch, CB, Semmler, ABT & Mattick, JS 2002, 'Quorum sensing is not required for twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 184, no. 13, pp. 3598-3604.
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It has been reported that mutations in the quorum-sensing genes lasI and rhlI in Pseudomonas aeruginosa result in, among many other things, loss of twitching motility (A. Glessner, R. S. Smith, B. H. Iglewski, and J. B. Robinson, J. Bacteriol. 181:1623-1629, 1999). We constructed knockouts of lasI and rhlI and the corresponding regulatory genes lasR and rhlR and found no effect on twitching motility. However, twitching-defective variants accumulated during culturing of lasI and rhlI mutants. Further analysis showed that the stable twitching-defective variants of lasI and rhlI mutants had arisen as a consequence of secondary mutations in vfr and algR, respectively, both of which encode key regulators affecting a variety of phenotypes, including twitching motility. In addition, when grown in shaking broth culture, lasI and rhlI mutants, but not the wild-type parent, also accumulated unstable variants that lacked both twitching motility and swimming motility and appeared to be identical in phenotype to the S1 and S2 variants that were recently reported to occur at high frequencies in P. aeruginosa strains grown as a biofilm or in static broth culture (E. Deziel, Y. Comeau, and R. Villemur, J. Bacteriol. 183:1195-1204, 2001). These results indicate that mutations in one regulatory system may create distortions that select during subsequent culturing for compensatory mutations in other regulatory genes within the cellular network. This problem may have compromised some past studies of regulatory hierarchies controlled by quorum sensing and of bacterial regulatory systems in general.

Bell, TDM, Ghiggino, KP, Jolliffe, KA, Ranasinghe, MG, Langford, SJ, Shephard, MJ & Paddon-Row, MN 2002, 'Photoinduced Energy and Electron Transfer in a Giant Zinc Porphyrin−Bridge−C₆₀ System', The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol. 106, no. 43, pp. 10079-10088.
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Benn, DE, Marsh, DJ & Robinson, BG 2002, 'Genetics of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma', Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 79-86.
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During the past 10 years susceptibility genes have been identified for inherited cancer syndromes involving pheochromocytomas including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, caused by germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene and von Hippel-Lindau disease, caused by germline mutations of the tumor suppressor gene VHL. More recently, the role of the mitochondrial complex II peptides in the tumorigenesis of paragangliomas has unfolded. The challenge for the future is to further clarify the normal functions of the genes involved in the tumorigenesis of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas and the mechanisms by which their activation or inactivation leads to the tumorigenic phenotype. This review focuses on recent developments in the genetics of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas and the significance of these genetic changes to understanding the disease phenotype, not only in familial but also in sporadic disease. © 2002 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.

BEN-NISSAN, B & PEZZOTTI, G 2002, 'Bioceramics: Processing Routes and Mechanical Evaluation.', Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, vol. 110, no. 1283, pp. 601-608.
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Berry, SM, Carroll, RJ & Ruppert, D 2002, 'Bayesian Smoothing and Regression Splines for Measurement Error Problems', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 97, no. 457, pp. 160-169.
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Betensky, RA, Lindsey, JC, Ryan, LM & Wand, MP 2002, 'A local likelihood proportional hazards model for interval censored data', STATISTICS IN MEDICINE, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 263-275.
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We discuss the use of local likelihood methods to fit proportional hazards regression models to right and interval censored data. The assumed model allows for an arbitrary, smoothed baseline hazard on which a vector of covariates operates in a proportional manner, and thus produces an interpretable baseline hazard function along with estimates of global covariate effects. For estimation, we extend the modified EM algorithm suggested by Betensky, Lindsey, Ryan and Wand. We illustrate the method with data on times to deterioration of breast cosmeses and HIV-1 infection rates among haemophiliacs

Bilic, A, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2002, 'Adsorption of pyridine on the gold(111) surface: Implications for 'alligator clips' for molecular wires', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, vol. 106, no. 26, pp. 6740-6747.
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Bilic, A, Reimers, JR, Hush, NS & Hafner, J 2002, 'Adsorption of ammonia on the gold(111) surface', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 116, no. 20, pp. 8981-8987.
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Birch, S, Hammerschlag, R, Trinh, K & Zaslawski, C 2002, 'The non-specific effects of acupuncture treatment: When and how to control for them', Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 20-25.
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Bishop, R, Rahman, ANMM, Ashmore, J, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2002, 'Preparation of solvent-free clathrand structures by the exclusion of an unwelcome guest', CrystEngComm, vol. 4, no. 101, pp. 605-605.
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Bolger, AP, Sharma, R, von Haehling, S, Doehner, W, Oliver, B, Rauchhaus, M, Coats, AJS, Adcock, IM & Anker, SD 2002, 'Effect of interleukin-10 on the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with chronic heart failure', The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 384-389.
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Bondy, CR, Gale, PA & Loeb, SJ 2002, 'Amido complexes of platinum(II) as receptors for the nitrate ion', Journal of Supramolecular Chemistry, vol. 2, no. 1-3, pp. 93-96.
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Booth, D & Alquezar, R 2002, 'Food supplementation increases larval growth, condition and survival of Acanthochromis polyacanthus', Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 1126-1133.
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Supplementary feeding to damselfish Acanthochromis polyacanthus larvae, at One Tree Island on the southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia, led to increased growth in length and enhanced condition relative to unfed control larvae, although both groups dropped in body condition (measured as total lipids) over the experimental period. Survival of fry was enhanced in fed broods, with on average 60% survival over 20 days, compared to 46% survival in unfed broods. Growth, condition and survival were neither density‐dependent nor body‐size dependent within broods. This study suggests variation in food supply may strongly influence persistence of larvae to juvenile stages, and thus influence cohort size.

Booth, DJ 2002, 'Distribution changes after settlement in six species of damselfish (Pomacentridae) in One Tree Island lagoon, Great Barrier Reef', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 226, no. N/A, pp. 157-164.
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While larval supply patterns play a major role in determining the distribution and abundance of reef fishes at a range of spatial and temporal scales, events occurring in the weeks after settlement may also significantly alter the demography of a juvenile population. I monitored over 2 summers the arrival of new recruits of 6 species of benthic damselfish onto continuous and patch reef habitat in One Tree Island lagoon. Each species had specific habitat preferences, and most showed some form of patchiness in spatial and temporal distribution at settlement; however, this was most likely a result of group settlement rather than habitat patchiness. Tagged recruits of Pomacentrus amboinensis remained within 1 m of their settlement site for at least the first 36 d on continuous reef, while known individuals of other species also moved little during this period, suggesting that disappearances were likely to be due to mortality. Mortality of recruits varied among species, years and habitats (patch vs continuous reef), and consequently spatial distributions of fish changed after settlement at the scale of 10s of metres (within-site) and several kilometres (among 8 sites). The spatial patchiness in distributions was not consistent among species, sites or years, suggesting that spatial variation in substrate did not have a major effect on settlement variation at this scale. These results show that the settlement signal may be obscured in the first few weeks post-settlement, and that less-frequent censuses, commonly used as proxies for high-frequency monitoring of settlement, may not accurately hindcast spatial or temporal patterns of settlement.

Booth, DJ & Beretta, GA 2002, 'Changes in a fish assemblage after a coral bleaching event', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 245, no. N/A, pp. 205-212.
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Large-scale bleaching events are major disturbances to coral health and community structure, but may also affect other coral reef taxa, such as fishes. In 1997-1998, wide-spread coral bleaching and mortality occurred across the Great Barrier Reef, caused by increases in sea surface temperatures resulting from El Niño Southern Oscillation. As part of this event, in February-March 1998, there was extensive bleaching within One Tree Island lagoon (southern Great Barrier Reef), such that almost 12 mo later there was a significant reduction of live coral cover at some sites. We monitored the distribution of adults and recruitment of damselfishes (Pomacentridae) to sites within One Tree Island in 1993-1995 and in 1999. Fish species that normally associate with live corals showed relatively lower recruitment at bleached sites compared to the same sites pre-bleaching or to recovered sites and, as a result, species diversity and assemblage structure of recruits changed. Compared to 1993/1995 densities, adult Pomacentrus wardi, P. moluccensis and Chrysiptera rollandi densities dropped at bleached sites, but not at unbleached sites. While P. moluccensis directly associate with live corals, the other 2 species do not. This study has demonstrated that indirect effects of bleaching can include changes in-assemblage structure of reef fish adults and recruits.

Borovkov, K & Novikov, A 2002, 'On a new approach to calculating expectations for option pricing', Journal of Applied Probability, vol. 39, no. 04, pp. 889-895.
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We discuss a simple new approach to calculating expectations of a specific form used for the pricing of derivative assets in financial mathematics. We show that in the ‘vanilla case’, the expectations can be found by simply integrating the respective moment generating function with a certain weight. In situations corresponding to barrier-type options, we just need to carry out one more integration. The suggested approach appears to be the first (and, apart from Monte Carlo simulation, the only) one to allow the pricing of discretely monitored exotic options when the underlying asset is modelled by a general Lévy process. We illustrate the method numerically by calculating the price of a discretely monitored lookback call option in the cases when the underlying follows the geometric Brownian and variance-gamma processes.

Borovkov, K & Novikov, A 2002, 'On a new approach to calculating expectations for option pricing', Journal of Applied Probability, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 889-895.
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We discuss a simple new approach to calculating expectations of a specific form used for the pricing of derivative assets in financial mathematics. We show that in the ‘vanilla case’, the expectations can be found by simply integrating the respective moment generating function with a certain weight. In situations corresponding to barrier-type options, we just need to carry out one more integration. The suggested approach appears to be the first (and, apart from Monte Carlo simulation, the only) one to allow the pricing of discretely monitored exotic options when the underlying asset is modelled by a general Lévy process. We illustrate the method numerically by calculating the price of a discretely monitored lookback call option in the cases when the underlying follows the geometric Brownian and variance-gamma processes.

Bradby, JE, Kucheyev, SO, Williams, JS, Jagadish, C, Swain, MV, Munroe, P & Phillips, MR 2002, 'Contact-induced defect propagation in ZnO', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 80, no. 24, pp. 4537-4539.
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Contact-induced damage has been studied in single-crystal (wurtzite) ZnO by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) and scanning cathodoluminescence (CL) monochromatic imaging. XTEM reveals that the prime deformation mechanism in ZnO is the nucleation of slip on both the basal and pyramidal planes. Some indication of dislocation pinning was observed on the basal slip planes. No evidence of either a phase transformation or cracking was observed by XTEM in samples loaded up to 50 mN with an ∼4.2 μm radius spherical indenter. CL imaging reveals a quenching of near-gap emission by deformation-produced defects.Both XTEM and CL show that this comparatively soft material exhibits extensive deformation damage and that defects can propagate well beyond the deformed volume under contact. Results of this study have significant implications for the extent of contact-induced damage during fabrication of ZnO-based (opto)electronic devices. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Bradby, JE, Kucheyev, SO, Williams, JS, Wong-Leung, J, Swain, MV, Munroe, P, Li, G & Phillips, MR 2002, 'Indentation-induced damage in GaN epilayers', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 383-385.
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The mechanical deformation of wurtzite GaN epilayers grown on sapphire substrates is studied by spherical indentation, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM), and scanning cathodoluminescence (CL) monochromatic imaging. CL imaging of indents which exhibit plastic deformation (based on indentation data) shows an observable 'footprint' of deformation-produced defects that result in a strong reduction in the intensity of CL emission. Multiple discontinuities are observed during loading when the maximum load is above the elastic-plastic threshold, and such a behavior can be correlated with multiple slip bands revealed by XTEM. No evidence of pressure-induced phase transformations is found from within the mechanically damaged regions using selected-area diffraction patterns. The main deformation mechanism appears to be the nucleation of slip on the basal planes, with dislocations being nucleated on additional planes on further loading. XTEM reveals no cracking or delamination in any of the samples studied for loads of up to 250 mN. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Bradley, DM, Mapitse, R, Thomson, NM & Hayes, CJ 2002, 'Enantioselective Synthesis of the Excitatory Amino Acid (1S,3R)-1-Aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic Acid', The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 67, no. 22, pp. 7613-7617.
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Burnett, TA, Hornitzky, MA, Kuhnert, P & Djordjevic, SP 2002, 'SpeciatingCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter coliisolates from poultry and humans using six PCR-based assays', FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 216, no. 2, pp. 201-209.
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Butt, AJ, Fraley, KA, Firth, SM & Baxter, RC 2002, 'IGF-Binding Protein-3-Induced Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis Do Not Require Cell Surface Binding and Nuclear Translocation in Human Breast Cancer Cells', Endocrinology, vol. 143, no. 7, pp. 2693-2699.
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Cai, T, Hyndman, RJ & Wand, MP 2002, 'Mixed Model-Based Hazard Estimation', Journal of Computational & Graphical Statistics, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 784-798.
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Cai, T, Hyndman, RJ & Wand, MP 2002, 'Mixed model-based hazard estimation', JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL AND GRAPHICAL STATISTICS, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 784-798.
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Cai, T, Hyndman, RJ & Wand, MP 2002, 'Mixed Model-Based Hazard Estimation', Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 784-798.
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This article proposes a new method for estimation of the hazard function from a set of censored failure time data, with a view to extending the general approach to more complicated models. The approach is based on a mixed model representation of penalized spline hazard estimators. One payoff is the automation of the smoothing parameter choice through restricted maximum likelihood. Another is the option to use standard mixed model software for automatic hazard estimation. © 2002 American Statistical Association, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and Interface Foundation of North America.

Cai, ZL & Reimers, JR 2002, 'The first singlet (n,pi*) and (pi,pi*) excited states of the hydrogen-bonded complex between water and pyridine', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A, vol. 106, no. 37, pp. 8769-8778.
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Cai, ZL, Sendt, K & Reimers, JR 2002, 'Failure of density-functional theory and time-dependent density-functional theory for large extended pi systems', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 117, no. 12, pp. 5543-5549.
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Cai, Z-L, Zeng, H, Chen, M & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'Raman spectroscopy of chlorophyll d from Acaryochloris marina', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, vol. 1556, no. 2-3, pp. 89-91.
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Cain, K 2002, 'Antibody–antigen kinetics following immunization of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with a T-cell dependent antigen', Developmental & Comparative Immunology, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 181-190.
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Enhancement of the immune response through affinity maturation of the antibody response is a feature of the mammalian immune system and has important implications with respect to development of vaccination strategies. However, an absence of germinal centres and apparent lack of somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin V genes suggests that this phenomenon does not occur in fish. We investigated the question of affinity maturation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by measuring antibody-antigen binding kinetics using a BIAcore biosensor. Following immunization with a T-cell dependent antigen (FITC-KLH), relative binding affinities of serum and mucosal antibodies were assessed based on their dissociation rate constants (kdiss.). A detectable serum anti-FITC response developed by 4weeks post-immunization, and a consistent shift to higher affinity antibody production (i.e. a decrease in kdiss.) was observed over the ensuing course of the immune response. An average kdiss. of 3.5×10-4±0.27×10-4sec-1 was observed during early stages of the response (4weeks), while by 6weeks this decreased significantly (p<0.05). Further reduction in kdiss. was observed, with a low of 1.2×10-4±0.06×10-4sec-1 being observed by week 12. Analysis of the anti-FITC response in skin-derived mucus revealed a similar pattern of decreasing kdiss. as the immune response progressed. While these data clearly demonstrate a 2-3 fold increase in antibody-antigen binding during the course of the immune response in trout, the magnitude of this increase is much less than that seen in the mammalian immune response. This may reflect differences in the mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon in divergent species. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Cain, KD, Jones, D & Raison, RL 2002, 'Antibody-antigen kinetics following immunization of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with a T-cell dependent antigen', Developmental & Comparative Immunology, vol. 26, no. N/A, pp. 181-190.

Camiolo, S, Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB & Light, ME 2002, 'Confirmation of a ‘cleft-mode’ of binding in a 2,5-diamidopyrrole anion receptor in the solid state', Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 43, no. 39, pp. 6995-6996.
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Camiolo, S, Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB, Light, ME & Shi, AJ 2002, 'Solution and solid-state studies of 3,4-dichloro-2,5-diamidopyrroles: formation of an unusual anionic narcissistic dimerElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: synthesis and characterisation of compounds 3 and 4. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b2/b200980c/', Chemical Communications, no. 7, pp. 758-759.
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Caprarelli, G & Leitch, EC 2002, 'MORB-like rocks in a Palaeozoic convergent margin setting, northeast New South Wales', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 367-374.
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The Devonian mafic rocks from the Folly Basalt, northeast New South Wales, were emplaced in the forearc section of the DevonianCarboniferous magmatic arc preserved in the western part of the New England Fold Belt. Trace-element abundances in fractionated metadolerites (maximum concentration of Ni = 85 ppm) from the Folly Basalt outcropping near Nundle demonstrate that these rocks have MORB affinity. Chondrite-normalised rare-earth element patterns are smooth and quasi-horizontal; Ce/Yb ratios are 3.347.98; (La/Yb)N ratios range from 0.69 to 2.23; (La/Sm)N ratios of the rocks range from 0.63 to 1.55. The data are compatible with an origin of the melts from large degrees (>15%) of partial melting of mantle peridotite. A plausible mechanism for the production and emplacement of depleted magmas in the forearc zone of the Middle Palaeozoic eastern Australian magmatic arc involves the subduction of a hot oceanic spreading centre, which could cause the presence of a region of asthenospheric temperatures below the upper plate. It is also suggested that sustained high-temperature conditions may have prevailed in the eastern Australian mantle for at least the last 400 million years.

Carroll, RJ, Härdle, W & Mammen, E 2002, 'ESTIMATION IN AN ADDITIVE MODEL WHEN THE COMPONENTS ARE LINKED PARAMETRICALLY', Econometric Theory, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 886-912.
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Motivated by a nonparametric GARCH model we consider nonparametric additive autoregression models in the special case that the additive components are linked parametrically. We show that the parameter can be estimated with parametric rate and give the normal limit. Our procedure is based on two steps. In the first step nonparametric smoothers are used for the estimation of each additive component without taking into account the parametric link of the functions. In a second step the parameter is estimated by using the parametric restriction between the additive components. Interestingly, our method needs no undersmoothing in the first step.

Celedon, JC, Litonjua, AA, Ryan, L, Platts-Mills, T, Weiss, ST & Gold, DR 2002, 'Exposure to cat allergen, maternal history of asthma, and wheezing in first 5 years of life', LANCET, vol. 360, no. 9335, pp. 781-782.
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We looked for an association between early exposure to pets and asthma and wheezing in children whose mothers or fathers did or did not have a history of asthma. We followed up 448 children, who had at least one parent with a history of atopy, from birth to 5 years. Among children whose mothers had no history of asthma, exposure to a cat or a Fel d 1 concentration of at least 8 μg/g at the age of 2-3 months was associated with a reduced risk of wheezing between the ages of 1 and 5 years. However, among children whose mothers did have a history of asthma, such exposures were associated with an increased risk of wheezing at or after the age of 3 years. There was no association between wheezing and exposure to dog or dog allergen, and the father's allergy status had no effect on the relation between childhood wheezing and cat exposure.

Celedon, JC, Litonjua, AA, Ryan, L, Weiss, ST & Gold, DR 2002, 'Bottle feeding in the bed or crib before sleep time and wheezing in early childhood', PEDIATRICS, vol. 110, no. 6, p. e77.
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OBJECTIVE: Bottle feeding in the bed or crib before sleep time has been associated with an increased risk of wheezing in the first year of life. We examined whether bottle feeding in the bed or crib before sleep time in the first year of life is associated with wheezing in the first 5 years of life. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study of 448 children with parental history of atopy followed from birth, we examined the relation between the number of bimonthly parental reports of bottle feeding in the bed or crib before sleep time in the first year of life (range: 0-6 reports) and parental report of wheezing in the first 5 years of life. Additional outcome measures included recurrent wheezing (> or =2 episodes of wheezing in the previous year) and asthma (physician-diagnosed asthma and > or =1 episode of wheezing in the previous year) at the age of 5 years. RESULTS: The risk of recurrent wheezing and asthma at 5 years of age increased significantly with each additional report of bottle feeding in the bed or crib before sleep time in the first year of life. The risk of wheezing between the ages of 1 and 5 years increased with each additional report of bottle feeding in the bed or crib before sleep time in the first year of life. As an example, a child whose parents reported bottle feeding in the bed or crib before sleep time on 3 occasions in the first year of life had 1.5 times higher risk of wheezing between the ages of 1 and 5 years than a child whose parents did not report bottle feeding in the bed or crib before sleep time in the first year of life (95% confidence interval for relative risk: 1.12-2.12). CONCLUSIONS: Among children with parental history of atopy, bottle feeding in the bed or crib before sleep time in the first year of life is a risk factor for recurrent wheezing and asthma at 5 years of age and a risk factor for wheezing between the ages of 1 and 5 years.

Celedon, JC, Litonjua, AA, Ryan, L, Weiss, ST & Gold, DR 2002, 'Day care attendance, respiratory tract illnesses, wheezing, asthma, and total serum IgE level in early childhood', ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE, vol. 156, no. 3, pp. 241-245.
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Background: It has been hypothesized that day care-related infections may explain the inverse relation between day care attendance in early life and asthma in childhood. Objective: To examine the relation between day care attendance or respiratory tract illnesses in the first year of life and wheezing and asthma in the first 4 years of life among children with a parental history of atopy who were followed up from birth. Results: Day care attendance in the first year of life was inversely associated with geometric mean total serum IgE level (12.9 [+/- 1 SD = 3.3, 51.4] IU/mL for day care vs 18.5 [+/- 1 SD = 5.3, 64.7] IU/mL for no day cared P=.03) at 2 years of age but not significantly associated with wheezing at or after 2 years of age. Having at least 1 physician-diagnosed lower respiratory tract illness in the first year of life was significantly associated with recurrent wheezing (odds ratio [OR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-4.1) and asthma (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.5) at 4 years of age, but not with any wheezing (infrequent and frequent) at 3 years or older. Illnesses of the upper respiratory tract (greater than or equal to1 physician-diagnosed upper respiratory tract illness or greater than or equal to3 episodes of nasal catarrh) in the first year of life were associated with any wheezing (frequent and infrequent) between the ages of 1 and 4 years, but not with recurrent wheezing or asthma at 4 years of age. Conclusions: Our results suggest that among children with a parental history of atopy the protective effect of day care attendance in early life against the development of atopy has begun by 2 years of age, and that a protective effect of day care attendance in early life against wheezing may not be observed until after 4 years of age.

Celedon, JC, Litonjua, AA, Ryan, L, Weiss, ST & Gold, DR 2002, 'Lack of association between antibiotic use in the first year of life and asthma, allergic rhinitis, or eczema at age 5 years', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE, vol. 166, no. 1, pp. 72-75.
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Five retrospective studies have reported an association between antibiotic use in early life and asthma in childhood. We studied the relationship between the use of oral antibiotics in the first year of life and asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema at age 5 years among 448 children with a parental history of atopy monitored from birth. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found no significant association between antibiotic use in the first year of life and asthma (odds ratio [OR] for one versus no courses of antibiotics, 0.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] for OR, 0.2 to 1.5; OR for two or more versus no courses of antibiotics, 1.0; 95% CI for OR, 0.5 to 2.2), recurrent wheezing, allergic rhinitis, or eczema at age 5 years. There was no significant association between antibiotic use in the first year of life and having at least one of three atopic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis, or eczema) at age 5 years (OR for one versus no courses of antibiotics, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.4 to 1.4, OR for two or more versus no courses of antibiotics, 0.9; 95% Cl, 0.5 to 1.4). Our findings do not support the hypothesis that antibiotic use in early life is associated with the subsequent development of asthma and atopy in childhood.

CHAPKIN, RS, ARRINGTON, JL, APANASOVICH, TV, CARROLL, RJ & MCMURRAY, DN 2002, 'Dietary n-3 PUFA affect TcR-mediated activation of purified murine T cells and accessory cell function in co-cultures', Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 130, no. 1, pp. 12-18.
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SummaryDiets enriched in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) suppress several functions of murine splenic T cells by acting directly on the T cells and/or indirectly on accessory cells. In this study, the relative contribution of highly purified populations of the two cell types to the dietary suppression of T cell function was examined. Mice were fed diets containing different levels of n-3 PUFA; safflower oil (SAF; control containing no n-3 PUFA), fish oil (FO) at 2% and 4%, or 1% purified docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for 2 weeks. Purified (&gt;90%) T cells were obtained from the spleen, and accessory cells (&gt;95% adherent, esterase-positive) were obtained by peritoneal lavage. Purified T cells or accessory cells from each diet group were co-cultured with the alternative cell type from every other diet group, yielding a total of 16 different co-culture combinations. The T cells were stimulated with either concanavalin A (ConA) or antibodies to the T cell receptor (TcR)/CD3 complex and the costimulatory molecule CD28 (αCD3/αCD28), and proliferation was measured after four days. Suppression of T cell proliferation in the co-cultures was dependent upon the dose of dietary n-3 PUFA fed to mice from which the T cells were derived, irrespective of the dietary treatment of accessory cell donors. The greatest dietary effect was seen in mice consuming the DHA diet (P = 0·034 in the anova; P=0·0053 in the Trend Test), and was observed with direct stimulation of the T cell receptor and CD28 costimulatory ligand, but not with ConA. A significant dietary effect was also contributed accessory cells (P = 0·033 in the Trend Test). We conclude that dietary n-3 PUFA affect TcR-mediated by T cell activation by both direct and indirect (accessory cell) mechanisms.

Chapkin, RS, Arrington, JL, Apanasovich, TV, Carroll, RJ & McMurray, DN 2002, 'Erratum: Dietary n-3 PUFA affect TcR-mediated activation of purified murine T cells and accessory cell function in co-cultures (Clinical and Experimental Immunology (2002) 130 (12-18))', Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 130, no. 3, pp. 557-558.
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Chen, M, Quinnell, RG & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'Chlorophylldas the major photopigment inAcaryochloris marina', Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, vol. 06, no. 12, pp. 763-773.
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Chlorophyll (Chl) d is the major pigment in the photosystems (PS) and light-harvesting complex(es) of Acaryochloris marina. Chl a is present in small and variable amounts in PSII and in the light-harvesting complex(es). Isolated PSII complex showed a major fluorescence emission peak at 725 nm and a smaller emission peak due to Chl d at 701 nm, while the PSI complex showed two pools of Chl d, one with emission at 730 nm and the other at 709 nm at 77 K. In PSI and PSII of classical cyanobacteria and of higher plants, where Chl a is the predominant pigment rather than Chl d, these differences are not as pronounced. Light energy absorbed by phycobiliproteins was also active in these Chl d emissions. The major light-harvesting pigment protein is similar to the prochlorophyte Chl-binding protein (pcb) and had a major emission peak at 711 nm. In Cyanobacteria an iron-stress induced Chl-binding protein (isiA) forms a polymeric ring around PSI, and so the effect(s) of iron stress on A. marina where investigated. No clear evidence could be deduced for the formation of an isiA protein under iron stress and no clear changes in the proportion of Chl d :Chl a could be discerned although phycobilins showed a decreased under iron-stress conditions. That Chl d replaces Chl a in all its functions in A. marina is clear; the advantage of this evolutionary development appears to be to enable A. marina to absorb far-red light which occurs in environments where red light is filtered out by other photosynthetic organisms.

Chen, M, Quinnell, RG & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'The major light‐harvesting pigment protein of Acaryochloris marina', FEBS Letters, vol. 514, no. 2-3, pp. 149-152.
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The major light‐harvesting protein complex containing chlorophyll (Chl) d was isolated from Acaryochloris marina thylakoid membranes. Isolation was achieved by detergent solubilisation followed by separation on 6–40% sucrose gradients using ultracentrifugation. The best Chl d yield (70%) used 0.3% dodecyl maltoside, 0.15% octyl glucoside, 0.05% zwittergent 3‐14 with the detergent:total Chl d ratio around 10:1 (w/w). Characterisation of the light‐harvesting pigment protein complex (lhc) involved non‐denaturing electrophoresis, SDS–PAGE, absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy. The main polypeptide in the lhc was shown to be ca. 34 kDa and to contain Chl d and Chl a, indicating that the Acaryochloris lhc is similar to that of prochlorophytes. The Chl a level varied with the culture conditions, which is consistent with previous findings.

Chen, YC, Su, HJJ, Guo, YLL, Hsueh, YM, Smith, TJ, Ryan, LM, Lee, MS & Christani, DC 2002, 'Arsenic methylation and bladder cancer risk', EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. S164-S164.

Cho, SI, Goldman, MB, Ryan, LM, Chen, C, Damokosh, AI, Christiani, DC, Lasley, BL, O'Connor, JF, Wilcox, AJ & Xu, X 2002, 'Reliability of serial urine HCG as a biomarker to detect early pregnancy loss', HUMAN REPRODUCTION, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1060-1066.
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Background: To examine the reliability of HCG as a biomarker for early pregnancy loss, five experienced researchers independently assessed data from 153 menstrual cycles, determining whether each cycle represented,no conception,' a 'continuing conception' or a 'conception lost.' Methods: Urine samples were analysed by immunoradiometric assay using a combination of capture antibodies for the intact heterodimer (B109) and for an epitope common to the beta subunit and the beta core fragment (B204). For each cycle, HCG data were presented as graphs of daily assay results. Summary statistics for HCG assays from 46 women who had undergone bilateral tubal ligation represented baseline values. Results: Pairwise agreement among the assessors for any of the three options ranged from 78-89%. At least three experts agreed for 147 cycles (96%), accounting for 28 conception losses and 19 continuing conceptions. The multi-rater kappa was 0.62 for the conception lost category and 0.68 for continuing conceptions, indicating substantial agreement. Conclusion: The main sources of disagreement involved deciding whether there was sufficient information for assessment, interpreting cycle parameters such as cycle length or bleeding event, and interpreting a distinct HCG rise pattern that does not exceed the baseline value obtained from the sterilized women.

Choo, ABH, Dunn, RD, Broady, KW & Raison, RL 2002, 'Soluble expression of a functional recombinant cytolytic immunotoxin in insect cells', PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND PURIFICATION, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 338-347.
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We have previously described the production of a recombinant melittin-based cytolytic immunotoxin (IT), scFv-mel-FLAG, in bacterial cells. While the IT exhibited specific cytotoxicity for a human lymphoblastoid cell line, HMy2, yields from expression were low. Here, we describe a baculovirus expression system for the overexpression and secretion of scFv-mel-FLAG. A novel snake phospholipase A2 inhibitor signal peptide was used to aid in the secretion of the immunotoxin. Sf21 insect cells infected with the recombinant virus secreted soluble scFv-mel-FLAG into the culture medium from which it was purified directly on an affinity column. The final yield of scFv-mel-FLAG was estimated at 3â5 mg/L, which was an improvement of 30-fold compared to expression in the prokaryotic system. The cell binding characteristics of the recombinant IT were assessed by flow cytometry using the antigen expressing cell line HMy2. ScFv-mel-FLAG bound specifically to HMy2 cells in direct binding assays and this binding was completely inhibited in the presence of an excess of soluble antigen. Significant cytotoxicity for HMy2 cells, measured by leakage of cytosolic LDH, was also observed for the IT at a concentration of 60 pmol/104 cells. Cytotoxicity was concentration dependent and was specific for antigen-positive cells. Thus the baculovirus expression system, under the control of a novel secretion signal, can be used for the production of soluble and functional recombinant cytolytic immunotoxins. To our knowledge, this is the first report of expression of a recombinant immunotoxin in the baculovirus expression vector system.

Claeskens, G, Aerts, M, Molenberghs, G & Ryan, L 2002, 'Robust benchmark dose determination based on profile score methods', ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 357-377.
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Clark, C, Berkman, L, Kawachi, I & Ryan, L 2002, 'Perceptions of neighborhood safety and consequences for mobility in elderly populations.', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 155, no. 11, pp. s74-s74.

Clark, DE & Ryan, LM 2002, 'Concurrent prediction of hospital mortality and length of stay from risk factors on admission', HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 631-645.
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Objective. To develop a method for predicting concurrently both hospital survival and length of stay (LOS) for seriously ill or injured patients, with particular attention to the competing risks of death or discharge alive as determinants of LOS. Data Sources. Previously collected 1995-1996 registry data on 2,646 cases of injured patients from three trauma centers in Maine. Study Design. Time intervals were determined for which the rates of discharge or death were relatively constant. Poisson regression was used to develop a model for each type of terminal event, with risk factors on admission contributing proportionately to the subsequent rates for each outcome in each interval. Mean LOS and cumulative survival were calculated from a combination of the resulting piecewise exponential models. Principal Findings. Age, Glasgow Coma Scale, Abbreviated Injury Scores, and specific mechanisms of injury were significant predictors of the rates of death and discharge, with effects that were variable in different time intervals. Predicted probability of survival and mean LOS from the model were similar to actual values for categorized patient groups. Conclusions. Piecewise exponential models may be useful in predicting LOS, especially if determinants of mortality are separated from determinants of discharge alive.

Davila, YC & Wardle, GM 2002, 'Reproductive ecology of the Australian herb Trachymene incisa subsp incisa (Apiaceae)', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 619-626.
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Death, AK, Nakhla, S, McGrath, KCY, Martell, S, Yue, DK, Jessup, W & Celermajer, DS 2002, 'Nitroglycerin upregulates matrix metalloproteinase expression by human macrophages', Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 1943-1950.
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OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine whether nitroglycerin (NTG) treatment affects matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene expression and activities in human macrophages. BACKGROUND Nitroglycerin is one of the most frequently used therapeutic agents for

Dela-Cruz, J, Ajani, P, Lee, R, Pritchard, T & Suthers, I 2002, 'Temporal abundance patterns of the red tide dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans along the southeast coast of Australia', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 236, pp. 75-88.
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Denuault, G, Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB, Light, ME & Warriner, CN 2002, 'Anion complexation and electrochemical behaviour of ferrocene-appended amido-pyrrole cleftsElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 1 and 2, 1H NMR titrations of 1 and 2 with various putative anionic guests and with chloride following ferrocene CH resonances. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/nj/b2/b202989h/', New Journal of Chemistry, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 811-813.
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Dobbin, CA, Smith, NC & Johnson, AM 2002, 'Heat shock protein 70 is a potential virulence factor in murine Toxoplasma infection via immunomodulation of host NF-kappa B and nitric oxide', JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 169, no. 2, pp. 958-965.
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Dobbin, CA, Smith, NC & Johnson, AM 2002, 'Heat shock protein 70 is a virulence factor in murine Toxoplasma infection via immunomodulation of host nuclear factor kappa B and nitic oxide', Journal of Immunology, vol. 169, no. N/A, pp. 958-965.

Dooley, AH & Golodets, VY 2002, 'The spectrum of completely positive entropy actions of countable amenable groups', JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS, vol. 196, no. 1, pp. 1-18.
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Dooley, AH & Gupta, SK 2002, 'Transferring Fourier multipliers from S2p-1 to Hp-1', ILLINOIS JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 657-677.
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Doyle, C & Lim, RP 2002, 'The effect of 17 beta-estradiol on the gonopodial development and sexual activity of Gambusia holbrooki', Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 21, no. N/A, pp. 2719-2724.

Doyle, CJ & Lim, RP 2002, 'The effect of 17β‐Estradiol on the gonopodial development and sexual activity of Gambusia holbrooki', Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 2719-2724.
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AbstractMany chemicals have recently been demonstrated to possess estrogenic activity and may potentially interfere with normal sexual development. In the present study, we quantified the effects of waterborne exposure to 17β‐estradiol on the gonopodial development and sexual activity of male eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). Juvenile males were exposed during the period of sexual maturation to nominal concentrations of 20, 100, and 500 ng/L of 17β‐estradiol and a solvent control (0.00003% w/v ethanol) for 84 d under continuous‐flow conditions. Following exposure, significant differences were found among the test treatments with respect to gonopodial length and degree of gonopodial elongation of the fish. Sexual activity, measured as the number of approaches and copulatory attempts made by the exposed males to nonexposed females, also significantly decreased with increasing concentrations of 17β‐estradiol. Because the degree of gonopodial maturation and frequency of sexual activity are important characteristics for the reproductive success of male mosquitofish, it is suggested that these traits provide sensitive and ecologically relevant endpoints for assessing estrogenic activity under both laboratoryand field‐exposure conditions.

Dubey, JP, Barr, BC, Barta, JR, Bjerkas, I, Bjorkman, C, Blagburn, BL, Bowman, DD, Buxton, D, Ellis, JT, Gottstein, B, Hemphill, A, Hill, DE, Howe, DK, Jenkins, MC, Kobayashi, Y, Koudela, B, Marsh, AE, Mattsson, JG, McAllister, MM, Modry, D, Omata, Y, Sibley, LD, Speer, CA, Trees, AJ, Uggla, A, Upton, SJ, Williams, DJL & Lindsay, DS 2002, 'Redescription of Neospora caninum and its differentiation from related coccidia', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 929-946.
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Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite of animals, which before 1984 was misidentified as Toxoplasma gondii. Infection by this parasite is a major cause of abortion in cattle and causes paralysis in dogs. Since the original description of N. caninum in 1988, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of its life cycle, biology, genetics and diagnosis. In this article, the authors redescribe the parasite, distinguish it from related coccidia, and provide accession numbers to its type specimens deposited in museums. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. on behalf of Australian Society for Parasitology Inc.

Dubey, JP, Barr, BC, Barta, JR, Bjerkås, I, Björkman, C, Blagburn, BL, Bowman, DD, Buxton, D, Ellis, JT, Gottstein, B, Hemphill, A, Hill, DE, Howe, DK, Jenkins, MC, Kobayashi, Y, Koudela, B, Marsh, AE, Mattsson, JG, McAllister, MM, Modrý, D, Omata, Y, Sibley, LD, Speer, CA, Trees, AJ, Uggla, A, Upton, SJ, Williams, DJL & Lindsay, DS 2002, 'Redescription of Neospora caninum and its differentiation from related coccidia.', Int J Parasitol, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 929-946.
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Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite of animals, which before 1984 was misidentified as Toxoplasma gondii. Infection by this parasite is a major cause of abortion in cattle and causes paralysis in dogs. Since the original description of N. caninum in 1988, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of its life cycle, biology, genetics and diagnosis. In this article, the authors redescribe the parasite, distinguish it from related coccidia, and provide accession numbers to its type specimens deposited in museums.

Dunlop, RA, Rodgers, KJ & Dean, RT 2002, 'Recent developments in the intracellular degradation of oxidized proteins', FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 894-906.
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The accumulation of oxidized proteins in cells and tissues is a feature of a number of age-related diseases and may also occur as a result of the aging process itself. In this article we review recent advances in our understanding of the cellular degrada

Dusastre, V, Tomlin, S, Bellantone, M & Lobo, C 2002, 'Our changing nature', Nature Materials, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-1.
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Duty, SM, Silva, MJ, Barr, DB, Brock, JW, Ryan, L, Chen, Z, Herrick, RF, Christiani, D & Hauser, R 2002, 'Urinary phthalate monoesters at general population exposure levels are associated with altered semen quality.', EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. S197-S197.

Duty, SM, Singh, NP, Ryan, L, Chen, Z, Lewis, C, Huang, T & Hauser, R 2002, 'Reliability of the comet assay in cryopreserved human sperm', HUMAN REPRODUCTION, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 1274-1280.
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Background: Although the comet assay has potential value for measuring DNA damage in large epidemiological human sperm studies, it is impractical to perform the assay daily on fresh semen samples. Therefore, before its use in epidemiological studies, the reliability of the comet assay in measuring DNA damage in cryopreserved sperm should be compared with that in fresh human sperm. Methods: Semen samples from 16 men were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen (LN) using four methods: flash freezing with and without cryopreservative, and programmable freezing with and without cryopreservative. Neutral microgel electrophoresis was performed and comets were stained with YOYO-1. Comet length was measured using an eyepiece micrometer at × 400 magnification. Results: The highest correlation was between comet assay results obtained from fresh human semen compared with semen flash frozen without cryopreservative (R = 0.88). However, the method of cryopreservation, as compared with other sources of variability, accounted for only 6% of the variability. Inter-individual variability accounted for 20%, and individual sperm-to-sperm variability within an ejaculate accounted for 65%. Conclusions: Flash-freezing in LN without cryopreservative most closely reproduced the results obtained using fresh human semen samples, and thereby represents the most appropriate cryopreservation method for human semen in epidemiological studies utilizing the neutral comet assay.

Dwight, T, Kytola, S, Teh, BT, Theodosopoulos, G, Richardson, AL, Philips, J, Twigg, S, Delbridge, L, Marsh, DJ, Nelson, AE, Larsson, C & Robinson, BG 2002, 'Genetic analysis of lithium-associated parathyroid tumors', European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 146, no. 5, pp. 619-627.
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the primary genetic events that may underlie the formation of parathyroid tumors in patients with lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism (HPT). METHODS: Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 gene (MEN1) mutation analysis were used to analyze twelve parathyroid tumors from nine patients with lithium-associated HPT. For comparison, CGH was also carried out in a non-lithium-associated group of thirteen sporadic parathyroid tumors. RESULTS: A higher prevalence of multiglandular disease in the lithium-associated HPT patients compared with the idiopathic sporadic patients was observed (Fisher's exact test, P=0.02). CGH alterations were detected in four lithium-associated parathyroid tumors, involving loss at 1p, 11, 15q, 22q and gain of the X chromosome. In addition, one of these four cases exhibited LOH at 11q13 and was found to contain a novel somatic MEN1 mutation (c.1193insTAC). Although fewer lithium-associated parathyroid tumors were shown to contain genetic alterations compared with the sporadic parathyroid tumors, the changes detected were those frequently associated with both familial and sporadic parathyroid tumorigenesis. CONCLUSION: This is, to our knowledge, the first genetic analysis of parathyroid tumors in lithium-associated HPT patients. Our data indicated that the majority of lithium-associated parathyroid tumors do not contain gross chromosomal alterations and suggest that in most cases the tumorigenic pathway is independent of MEN1 and genes at 1p34.3-pter and 1q21-q32. It is possible that other discrete genetic alterations or epigenetic changes, not screened for in this study, could also be responsible for parathyroid tumorigenesis in lithium-associated HPT.

Dwight, T, Nelson, AE, Marsh, DJ, Teh, BT, Larsson, C & Robinson, BG 2002, 'Parathyroid tumorigenesis in association with primary hyperparathyroidism', Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 51-60.
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Follicular thyroid tumors represent a range of subtypes including ordinary adenomas, atypical adenomas, and minimally and widely invasive carcinomas, the distinction of which is crucial for their adequate treatment and clinical handling. Whereas today the diagnosis can only be accurately made by histopathologic examination of specimens obtained at surgery, all patients with a follicular tumor diagnosed by preoperative fine-needle aspiration will eventually be subjected to surgery. However, it is expected that new prognostic and therapeutic tools will emerge from the improved understanding of sporadic and familial follicular tumorigenesis. Recent genetic and other findings that have revealed promising data regarding these issues include the recognition of PTEN mutations underlying Cowden disease in familial cases, the description of the PAX8/PPARg1 Fusion, and the immunohistochemical detection of galectin-3 over-expression suggested to be characteristic of the cancerous phenotype. © 2002 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.

Dwight, T, Nelson, AE, Theodosopoulos, G, Richardson, AL, Learoyd, DL, Philips, J, Delbridge, L, Zedenius, J, Teh, BT, Larsson, C, Marsh, DJ & Robinson, BG 2002, 'Independent Genetic Events Associated with the Development of Multiple Parathyroid Tumors in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism', The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 161, no. 4, pp. 1299-1306.
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Elder, M & McCammond, J 2002, 'Curvature Testing in 3-Dimensional Metric Polyhedral Complexes', Experimental Mathematics, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 143-158.
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Fallon, GD, Langford, SJ, Lee, MA-P & Lygris, E 2002, 'Self-assembling mixed porphyrin trimers – the use of diaxial Sn(IV)porphyrin phenolates as an organising precept', Inorganic Chemistry Communications, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 715-718.
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Fallon, GD, Lau, V-L & Langford, SJ 2002, 'Ammonium 2,5,8,11,21,24,27-octaoxatricyclo[26.4.0.0^12,17]dotriaconta-1(32),12(17),13,15,28,30-hexaene hexafluorophosphate', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. o321-o323.
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Fallon, GD, Lee, MA-P, Langford, SJ & Nichols, PJ 2002, 'Metalloporphyrin Molecular Sieves Based on Tin(IV)porphyrin Phenolates', Organic Letters, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 1895-1898.
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Franklin, NM, Stauber, JL, Apte, SC & Lim, RP 2002, 'Effect of initial cell density on the bioavailability and toxicity of copper in microalgal bioassays', ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 742-751.
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Algal toxicity tests based on growth inhibition over 72 h have been extensively used to assess the toxicity of contaminants in natural waters. However, these laboratory tests use high cell densities compared to those found in aquatic systems in order to obtain a measurable algal response. The high cell densities and test duration can result in changes in chemical speciation, bioavailability, and toxicity of contaminants throughout the test. With the recent application of flow cytometry to ecotoxicology, it is now possible to use lower initial cell densities to minimize chemical speciation changes. The speciation and toxicity of copper in static bioassays with the tropical freshwater alga Chlorella sp. and the temperate species Selenastrum capricornutum (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) were investigated at a range of initial cell densities (102-105 cells/ml). Copper toxicity decreased with increasing initial cell density. Copper concentrations required to inhibit growth (cell division) rate by 50% (72-h median effective concentration [EC50]) increased from 4.6 to 16 μg/L for Chlorella sp. and from 6.6 to 17 μg/L for S. capricornutum as the initial cell density increased from 102 to 105 cells/ml. Measurements of anodic stripping voltammetry-labile, extracellular, and intracellular copper confirmed that at higher initial cell densities, less copper was bound to the cells, resulting in less copper uptake and lower toxicity. Chemical measurements indicated that reduced copper toxicity was due primarily to depletion of dissolved copper in solution, with solution speciation changes due to algal exudates and pH playing a minor role. These findings suggest that standard static laboratory bioassays using 104 to 105 algal cells/ml may seriously underestimate metal toxicity in natural waters.

Franklin, NM, Stauber, JL, Apte, SC & Lim, RP 2002, 'Effect of initial cell density on the bioavailability and toxicity of copper in microalgal bioassays', Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 742-751.
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AbstractAlgal toxicity tests based on growth inhibition over 72 h have been extensively used to assess the toxicity of contaminants in natural waters. However, these laboratory tests use high cell densities compared to those found in aquatic systems in order to obtain a measurable algal response. The high cell densities and test duration can result in changes in chemical speciation, bioavailability, and toxicity of contaminants throughout the test. With the recent application of flow cytometry to ecotoxicology, it is now possible to use lower initial cell densities to minimize chemical speciation changes. The speciation and toxicity of copper in static bioassays with the tropical freshwater alga Chlorella sp. and the temperate species Selenastrum capricornutum (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) were investigated at a range of initial cell densities (102‐105 cells/ml). Copper toxicity decreased with increasing initial cell density. Copper concentrations required to inhibit growth (cell division) rate by 50% (72‐h median effective concentration [EC50]) increased from 4.6 to 16 μg/L for Chlorella sp. and from 6.6 to 17 μg/L for S. capricornutum as the initial cell density increased from 102 to 105 cells/ml. Measurements of anodic stripping voltammetry—labile, extracellular, and intracellular copper confirmed that at higher initial cell densities, less copper was bound to the cells, resulting in less copper uptake and lower toxicity. Chemical measurements indicated that reduced copper toxicity was due primarily to depletion of dissolved copper in solution, with solution speciation changes due to algal exudates and pH playing a minor role. These findings suggest that standard static laboratory bioassays using 104 to 1...

Franklin, NM, Stauber, JL, Lim, RP & Petocz, P 2002, 'Toxicity of metal mixtures to a tropical freshwater alga (Chlorella sp.): The effect of interactions between copper, cadmium, and zinc on metal cell binding and uptake', Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 2412-2422.
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AbstractThe individual and combined effects of copper, cadmium, and zinc on the cell division rate of the tropical freshwater alga Chlorella sp. were determined over 48 to 72 h. Metal mixtures were prepared based on multiples of their single‐metal median effective concentration (EC50) values, i.e., toxic units (TU) using a triangular mixture design with five toxicant levels (0, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 TU). Single‐metal EC50 values after a 72‐h exposure were 0.11, 0.85, and 1.4 μM for copper, cadmium, and zinc, respectively. Significant interactions were observed for all metal combinations after 48 and 72 h. An equitoxic mixture of Cu 1 Cd was more than concentration additive (synergistic) to the growth of Chlorella sp., while combinations of Cu + Zn, Cd + Zn, and Cu + Cd + Zn were all less than concentration additive or were antagonistic. To determine the effect of each metal on the uptake of the other, extracellular (membrane‐bound) and intracellular metal concentrations, both alone and in mixtures, were compared. The increased growth inhibition observed for mixtures of Cu + Cd was due to higher concentrations of cell‐bound and intracellular copper in the presence of cadmium compared with copper alone (i.e., cadmium‐enhanced copper uptake). In contrast, both extra‐ and intracellular cadmium concentrations were reduced in the presence of copper. In mixtures of Cu + Zn, copper also inhibited the binding and cellular uptake of zinc, which resulted in decreased toxicity. Zinc had no appreciable effect on the uptake of copper by Chlorella sp. Our results suggest that all three metals share some common uptake and transport sites on Chlorella cells and that copper out competes both cadmium and zinc for cell binding. Determination of metal cell distribution coefficients (Kd...

Franklin, NM, Stauber, JL, Lim, RP & Petocz, P 2002, 'Toxicity of metal mixtures to a tropical freshwater alga (Chlorella sp): The effect of interactions between copper, cadmium, and zinc on metal cell binding and uptake', ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 2412-2422.
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Franklin, NM, Stauber, JL, Lim, RP & Petocz, P 2002, 'TOXICITY OF METAL MIXTURES TO A TROPICAL FRESHWATER ALGA (CHLORELLA SP.): THE EFFECT OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN COPPER, CADMIUM, AND ZINC ON METAL CELL BINDING AND UPTAKE', Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 2412-2412.
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The individual and combined effects of copper, cadmium, and zinc on the cell division rate of the tropical freshwater alga Chlorella sp. were determined over 48 to 72 h. Metal mixtures were prepared based on multiples of their single-metal median effective concentration (EC50) values, i.e., toxic units (TU) using a triangular mixture design with five toxicant levels (0, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 TU). Single-metal EC50 values after a 72-h exposure were 0.11, 0.85, and 1.4 μM for copper, cadmium, and zinc, respectively. Significant interactions were observed for all metal combinations after 48 and 72 h. An equitoxic mixture of Cu + Cd was more than concentration additive (synergistic) to the growth of Chlorella sp., while combinations of Cu + Zn, Cd + Zn, and Cu + Cd + Zn were all less than concentration additive or were antagonistic. To determine the effect of each metal on the uptake of the other, extracellular (membrane-bound) and intracellular metal concentrations, both alone and in mixtures, were compared. The increased growth inhibition observed for mixtures of Cu + Cd was due to higher concentrations of cell-bound and intracellular copper in the presence of cadmium compared with copper alone (i.e., cadmium-enhanced copper uptake). In contrast, both extra- and intracellular cadmium concentrations were reduced in the presence of copper. In mixtures of Cu + Zn, copper also inhibited the binding and cellular uptake of zinc, which resulted in decreased toxicity. Zinc had no appreciable effect on the uptake of copper by Chlorella sp. Our results suggest that all three metals share some common uptake and transport sites on Chlorella cells and that copper out competes both cadmium and zinc for cell binding. Determination of metal cell distribution coefficients (Kd) confirmed that Kd values for cadmium and zinc in single-metal exposures decreased in the presence of copper.

French, JL, Kammann, EE & Wand, MP 2002, 'Corrections', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 97, no. 458, pp. 661-661.
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Gale, PA, Navakhun, K, Camiolo, S, Light, ME & Hursthouse, MB 2002, 'Anion−Anion Assembly:  A New Class of Anionic Supramolecular Polymer Containing 3,4-Dichloro-2,5-diamido-substituted Pyrrole Anion Dimers', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 124, no. 38, pp. 11228-11229.
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Gauvin, R, Griffin, B, Nockolds, C, Phillips, M & Joy, DC 2002, 'A method to measure the effective gas path length in the environmental or variable pressure scanning electron microscope', Scanning, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 171-174.
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AbstractA simple method is described to determine the effective gas path length when incident electrons scatter in the gas above the specimen. This method is based on the measurement of a characteristic x‐ray line emitted from a region close to the incident beam. From various experimental measurements performed on various microscopes, it is shown that the effective gas path length may increase with the chamber pressure and that it is also often dependent of the type of x‐ray bullet.

Gelhausen, O, Klein, HN, Phillips, MR & Goldys, EM 2002, 'Influence of low-energy electron beam irradiation on defects in activated Mg-doped GaN', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 81, no. 20, pp. 3747-3749.
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The influence of low-energy electron beam irradiation (LEEBI) on residual hydrogen impurities and defects in activated magnesium doped gallium nitride layers was studied. In-plane and depth-resolved cathodoluminescence imaging revealed the correlation between the spatial distribution of the injected carriers and the depth and lateral distribution of activated magnesium acceptors. It was found that the hydrogen dissociation results from electron-hole recombination at hydrogen defect complexes and is associated with the generation of additional defect centers.

George, A 2002, 'Efflux of chloramphenicol by the CmlA1 protein', FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 209, no. 2, pp. 209-213.
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George, AM & Hall, RM 2002, 'Efflux of chloramphenicol by the Cm1A1 protein', FEMS Microbiology Letter, vol. 209, no. N/A, pp. 209-213.

George, AM & Hall, RM 2002, 'Efflux of chloramphenicol by the CmlA1 protein', FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 209, no. 2, pp. 209-213.
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The cmlA1 gene cassette contains the cmlA1 gene, that confers resistance to chloramphenicol, as well as a promoter and translational attenuation signals, and expression of cmlA1 is inducible by low concentrations of chloramphenicol. The CmlA1 protein encoded by cmlA1 was localised in the inner membrane. Active efflux of chloramphenicol, additional to the endogenous efflux from Escherichia coli cells, was observed when the cmlA1 gene was present and the production of CmlA1 had been preinduced with subinhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol. Both endogenous and CmlA1-mediated export of chloramphenicol was driven by the proton-motive force. © 2002 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Gladstone, W 2002, 'The potential value of indicator groups in the selection of marine reserves', BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION, vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 211-220.
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Godlewski, M, Goldys, EM, Phillips, M, Böttcher, T, Figge, S, Hommel, D, Czernecki, R, Prystawko, P, Leszczynski, M, Perlin, P, Wisniewski, P, Suski, T, Bockowski, M, Grzegory, I & Porowski, S 2002, 'Relationship between Sample Morphology and Carrier Diffusion Length in GaN Thin Films', Acta Physica Polonica A, vol. 102, no. 4-5, pp. 627-632.
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Scanning and spot-mode cathodoluminescence investigations of homo-and hetero-epitaxial GaN films indicate a surprisingly small influence of their microstructure on overall intensity of a light emission. This we explain by a correlation between structural quality of these films and diffusion length of free carriers and excitons. Diffusion length increases with improving structural quality of the samples, which, in turn, enhances the rate of nonradiative recombination on structural defects, such as dislocations.

Goncharova, EA, Ammit, AJ, Irani, C, Carroll, RG, Eszterhas, AJ, Panettieri, RA & Krymskaya, VP 2002, 'PI3K is required for proliferation and migration of human pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells', American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol. 283, no. 2, pp. L354-L363.
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Human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration contribute to vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension and atherosclerosis. The precise mechanisms that regulate structural remodeling of the vessel wall remain unknown. This study tests the hypothesis that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation is both necessary and sufficient to mediate human pulmonary vascular smooth muscle (PVSM) cell proliferation and migration. Microinjection of human PVSM cells with a dominant-negative class IA PI3K inhibited platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced DNA synthesis by 65% ( P < 0.001; χ2analysis) compared with cells microinjected with control plasmid, whereas microinjection of cells with a constitutively active class IA PI3K (p110*-CA) was sufficient to induce DNA synthesis (mitotic index of p110*-CA-microinjected cells was 15% vs. 3% in control cells; P < 0.01). Transfection of PVSM cells with p110*-CA was also sufficient to promote human PVSM cell migration. In parallel experiments, stimulation of human PVSM cells with PDGF induced PI3K-dependent activation of Akt, p70 S6 kinase, and ribosomal protein S6 but not mitogen-activated protein kinase. PDGF-induced proliferation and migration was inhibited by LY-294002. These results demonstrate that PI3K signaling is both necessary and sufficient to mediate human PVSM cell proliferation and migration and suggest that the activation of PI3K may play an important role in vascular remodeling.

Gore, RB, Hadi, EA, Craven, M, Smillie, FI, O'Meara, TJ, Tovey, ER, Woodcock, A & Custovic, A 2002, 'Personal exposure to house dust mite allergen in bed: nasal air sampling and reservoir allergen levels', Clinical & Experimental Allergy, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 856-859.
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SummaryBackground Assessment of personal exposure to dust mite allergen has relied on proxy measures. Only recently has a means to directly measure inhaled allergen particle number become available (the intra‐nasal air sampler).Objective To quantify inspired dust mite group 1 and group 2 allergen‐bearing particles in bed in undisturbed conditions prior to sleep by nasal air sampling and to investigate the relationship between inhaled particles and reservoir allergen levels.Methods Twelve volunteers wore nasal samplers in bed for 6 evenings, nose‐breathing in undisturbed conditions. Allergen‐bearing particles (‘halos’) were detected by immunostaining for Der p 1, Der p 2, or Der p 1 and Der p 2 together, and counted by light microscopy. Count data were square root transformed for analysis of variance. Mattress dust samples were assayed for Der p 1 and Der p 2 concentrations.Results Square root detransformed mean particle counts per 30‐min sample were: Der p 1, 4.22; Der p 2, 5.9; Der p 1 + Der p 2, 4.87; and for all samples, 5.01, with no difference between the groups. With replicate samples, halo number correlated significantly with mattress allergen concentrations (Der p 1 r = 0.80, P < 0.01; Der p 2 r = 0.68, P < 0.02).Conclusion Nasal air sampling can be used to quantify nocturnal Der p exposure in undisturbed conditions in an area with moderate exposure to mite allergen and can provide a direct measure of inhaled mite allergen. The choice of either Der p 1 or Der p 2 is appropriate for this purpose.

Gorkunov, M, Lapine, M, Shamonina, E & Ringhofer, KH 2002, 'Effective magnetic properties of a composite material with circular conductive elements', The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 263-269.
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Gorrie, C, Oakes, S, Duflou, J, Blumbergs, P & Waite, PME 2002, 'Axonal Injury in Children after Motor Vehicle Crashes: Extent, Distribution, and Size of Axonal Swellings Usingβ-APP Immunohistochemistry', Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 1171-1182.
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The brains of 32 children (3 months to 16 years) who died as a result of motor vehicle collisions were examined for axonal injury using,beta-APP immunohistochemistry. The extent and distribution of axonal injury was assessed and quantified throughout the

Guenneau, S, Poulton, C & Movchan, A 2002, 'Problème spectral pour la propagation conique des ondes élastiques dans un réseau de galeries', Comptes Rendus. Mécanique, vol. 330, no. 7, pp. 491-497.
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Guenneau, S, Poulton, CG & Movchan, AB 2002, 'Probleme spectral pour la propagation conique des ondes elastiques dans un reseau de fibres', Comptes Rendus Mathematique, vol. 330, pp. 491-497.
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This Note is devoted to the analysis of elastic waves conically propagating through a doubly periodic array of cylindrical channels. A new method, based on a multiple scattering approach, has been proposed to reduce the problem to an algebraic system of the Rayleigh type. We obtain an eigenvalue problem formulation that enables us to construct the high-order dispersion curves and to study phononic band gap structures in oblique propagation. We note an effect of singular perturbation associated with a small angle of conical propagation

Guo, Z 2002, 'Structure and electrochemistry of LiCrxMn1−xO2 cathode for lithium-ion batteries', Solid State Ionics, vol. 148, no. 3-4, pp. 359-366.
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Guo, ZP, Wang, GX, Konstantinov, K, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2002, 'Electrochemical properties of orthorhombic LiMnO2 prepared by one-step middle-temperature solid-state reaction', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 346, no. 1-2, pp. 255-259.
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Guo, ZP, Zhong, S, Wang, GX, Walter, G, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2002, 'Synthesis of Layered-Structure LiMn[sub 1−x]Cr[sub x]O[sub 2] by the Pechini Method and Characterization as a Cathode for Rechargeable Li/LiMnO[sub 2] Cells', Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 149, no. 6, pp. A792-A792.
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LiMn1-xCrxO2 compounds with an α-NaFeO2 layer-type crystal structure have been prepared by the Pechini method. The effects of ethylene glycol (EG) content and calcination temperature on powder characteristics and electrochemical performance are evaluated. It is found that the homogeneity of the powder is increased by increasing the molar ratio of EG to citric acid, and a trace of MnO can be detected in the powder calcined below 800°C for 4 h. Compared with the ss-LiMn1-x CrxO2 powder (made by the solid-state reaction), the p-LiMn1-xCrxO2 compound (made by the Pechini method) yielded higher specific capacity for both charge and discharge, and the rate capability has been improved due to the smaller particle size and good homogeneity. The evolution of discharge curves with cycling shows that less additional spinel-type tetrahedral sites for Li formed during cycling of the p-LiMn1-xCrxO2 compound.

Ha, E, Cho, SI, Chen, DF, Chen, CZ, Ryan, L, Smith, TJ, Xu, XP & Christiani, DC 2002, 'Parental exposure to organic solvents and reduced birth weight', ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 207-214.
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The authors investigated the association of birth weight with maternal and paternal exposure to organic solvents in 1,222 couples employed in a large petrochemical corporation in Beijing, China, during the period between 1994 and 1998. A trained interviewer assessed parental exposures to organic solvents. The authors used generalized additive models to examine the association between birth weight and parental exposure to organic solvents. After the authors adjusted for potential confounders, maternal exposure to solvents was significantly associated with reduced birth weight (-81.7 gm, 95% confidence interval = −106.3, −3.1), and reduced birth weights of female babies and of younger mothers' babies were statistically significant. Maternal exposure to organic solvents was associated with reduced birth weight in this population, but paternal exposure to organic solvents was not similarly associated. © 2002 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Hauser, R, Altshul, L, Chen, ZY, Ryan, L, Overstreet, J, Schiff, I & Christiani, DC 2002, 'Environmental organochlorines and semen quality: Results of a pilot study', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 110, no. 3, pp. 229-233.
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There have been numerous studies that suggest that sperm concentrations (sperm counts) are declining in men. However, other studies suggest that sperm counts are not declining or may be increasing in some areas. Although there is disagreement on whether there is a downward temporal trend in sperm counts, the studies provide evidence that sperm counts vary by geographic location. It has been hypothesized that the geographic variation in sperm concentrations may be due to environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, or some unknown causes. To determine whether contemporary ambient levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p′-DDE are associated with altered semen quantity and quality, we selected a study population without specific exposure to PCBs or p,p′-DDE. The present study presents the results from a pilot study on the relationship between serum PCBs and p,p′-DDE and semen quality in 29 subjects recruited from the Massachusetts General Hospital Andrology Laboratory. Of the 29 subjects, 3 had sperm concentrations < 20 million/mL, 7 had < 50% motile sperm, 9 had < 4% normal morphology, and 6 were below normal in more than one semen parameter. The 18 subjects with normal spermatozoa concentration, motility, and morphology were used as comparison subjects. The mean (SE) concentration of the sum of PCBs and p,p′-DDE was 242 ng/g lipids (34.0) and 354 ng/g lipids (120), respectively, for men with below normal motility as compared to 202 ng/g lipids (16.6) and 240 ng/g lipids (31.1), respectively, for the comparison subjects. The data showed general trends that were suggestive of an association between PCBs and p,p′-DDE and abnormal motility, as well as with sperm concentration and morphology. A full-scale study is currently in progress.

Heath, D & Platen, E 2002, 'A Variance Reduction Technique Based on Integral Representations', Quantative Finance, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 362-369.
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Standard Monte Carlo methods can often be significantly improved with the addition of appropriate variance reduction techniques. In this paper a new and powerful variance reduction technique is presented. The method is based directly on the Ito calculus and is used to find unbiased variance reduced estimators for the expectation of functionals of Ito diffusion processes. The approach considered has wide applicability, for instance, it can be used as a means of approximating solutions of parabolic partial differential equations or applied to valuation problems that arise in mathematical finance. We illustrate how the method can be applied by considering the pricing of European style derivative securities for a class of stochastic volatility models, including the Heston model.

Heath, D & Platen, E 2002, 'Consistent Pricing and Hedging for a Modified Constant Elasticity of Variance Model', Quantitative Finance, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 459-467.
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This paper considers a modification of the well-known constant elasticity of variance model where it is used to model the growth optimal portfolio. It is shown taht, for this application, there is no equivalent risk neutral pricing methodology fails. However, a consistent pricing and hedging framework can be established by application of the benchmark approach. Perfect hedging strategies can be constructed for European style contingent claims, where the underlying risky asset is the growth optimal portfolio. In this framework, fair prices for contingent claims are the minimal prices that permit perfect replication of the claims. Numerical examples show that these prices may differ significantly from the corresponding 'risk neutral' prices. In cases where these prices are different, arbitrage amounts can be generated.

Heath, D & Platen, E 2002, 'Consistent pricing and hedging for a modified constant elasticity of variance model', Quantitative Finance, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 459-467.
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HEATH, D & PLATEN, E 2002, 'PERFECT HEDGING OF INDEX DERIVATIVES UNDER A MINIMAL MARKET MODEL', International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance, vol. 05, no. 07, pp. 757-774.
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The paper presents a financial market model that generates stochastic volatility using a minimal set of factors. These factors, formed by transformations of square root processes, model the dynamics of different denominations of a benchmark portfolio. Benchmarked prices are assumed to be local martingales. Numerical results for the pricing and hedging of basic derivatives on indices are described for the minimal market model. This includes cases where the standard risk neutral pricing methodology fails because of the presence of a strict local martingale measure. However, payoffs can be perfectly hedged using self-financing strategies and a form of arbitrage exists. This is illustrated by hedge simulations. The different term structure of implied volatilities is documented for calls and puts on an index.

Helliwell, CA, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2002, 'Isolation and functional characterization of cytochrome P450s in gibberellin biosynthesis pathway', CYTOCHROME P450, PT C, vol. 357, pp. 381-388.

Hentzer, M, Riedel, K, Rasmussen, TB, Heydorn, A, Andersen, JB, Parsek, MR, Rice, SA, Eberl, L, Molin, S, Høiby, N, Kjelleberg, S & Givskov, M 2002, 'Inhibition of quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm bacteria by a halogenated furanone compound', Microbiology, vol. 148, no. 1, pp. 87-102.
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Hodgkinson, IJ, Wu, QH, Arnold, M, McCall, MW & Lakhtakia, A 2002, 'Chiral mirror and optical resonator designs for circularly polarized light: suppression of cross-polarized reflectances and transmittances', OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 210, no. 3-6, pp. 201-211.
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A left-handed chiral sculptured thin film (STF) that reflects strongly at the wavelength of the circular Bragg resonance tends to partially convert the handedness of incident LCP (left-circularly-polarized) light to RCP (right-circularly-polarized). We show that the cross-polarized component of the reflected RCP beam can be eliminated by interference with an additional RCP beam that is reflected at the interface of an isotropic cover and an AR (antireflecting) layer. For best results the refractive index and thickness of the AR layer need to accommodate a phase change on reflection that occurs at the chiral film. Effective suppression of the reflectances RRR, RRL, RLR and the transmittances TRL, TLR can be achieved by sandwiching the chiral reflector between such amplitude and phase-matched AR coatings. Co-polarized chiral reflectors of this type may form efficient handed optical resonators. For LCP light the optical properties of such a handed resonator are formally the same as the properties of the isotropic passive or active FabryPerot resonators, but the handed resonator is transparent to RCP light.

Holt, SA, Ruggles, JL, White, JW & Garrett, RF 2002, 'Structure Development in Octadecyl Trimethylammonium Templated Silicate Films Grown at the Air/Water Interface', The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 106, no. 9, pp. 2330-2336.
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Hong, MY 2002, 'Fish oil increases mitochondrial phospholipid unsaturation, upregulating reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in rat colonocytes', Carcinogenesis, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 1919-1926.
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Hornitzky, MA, Vanselow, BA, Walker, K, Bettelheim, KA, Corney, B, Gill, P, Bailey, G & Djordjevic, SP 2002, 'Virulence Properties and Serotypes of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from Healthy Australian Cattle', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 68, no. 12, pp. 6439-6445.
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ABSTRACT The virulence properties and serotypes of complex Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (cSTEC) were determined in two studies of healthy cattle in eastern Australia. In the first, a snapshot study, 84 cSTEC isolates were recovered from 37 of 1,692 (2.2%) fecal samples collected from slaughter-age cattle from 72 commercial properties. The second, a longitudinal study of three feedlots and five pasture beef properties, resulted in the recovery of 118 cSTEC isolates from 104 animals. Of the 70 serotypes identified, 38 had not previously been reported.

Hose, GC, Lim, RP, Hyne, RV & Pablo, F 2002, 'A pulse of endosulfan-contaminated sediment affects macroinvertebrates in artificial streams', ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 44-52.
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The toxicity of the organochlorine pesticide endosulfan to macroinvertebrate communities was tested using a system of 24 artificial streams. Macroinvertebrate communities in the streams were exposed to a range of endosulfan concentrations for a 12-h period and then monitored for 96 h. Endosulfan was prebound to fine river sediment and applied to the streams as a contaminated sediment slurry. This did not cause changes in the structure of benthic communities; however, significant changes (P<0.05) in the abundance of several macroinvertebrate taxa in drift were detected in the streams receiving the highest (6.14 µg/L) dose. Increased drift may have implications for recolonization processes in lowland rivers, and, as such, pulses of contaminated sediment are likely to result in significant effects on macroinvertebrate populations and communities. This study highlights the utility of artificial stream systems for detecting sublethal effects and the need for population and community-level endpoints to be included in such studies.

Houseman, EA, Ryan, L, Levy, JI & Spengler, JD 2002, 'Autocorrelation in real-time continuous monitoring of microenvironments', JOURNAL OF APPLIED STATISTICS, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 855-872.
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Interpretation of continuous measurements in microenvironmental studies and exposure assessments can be complicated by autocorrelation, the implications of which are often not fully addressed. We discuss some statistical issues that arose in the analysis of microenvironmental particulate matter concentration data collected in 1998 by the Harvard School of Public Health. We present a simulation study that suggests that Generalized Estimating Equations, a technique often used to adjust for autocorrelation, may produce inflated Type I errors when applied to microenvironmental studies of small or moderate sample size, and that Linear Mixed Effects models may be more appropriate in small-sample settings. Environmental scientists often appeal to longer averaging times to reduce autocorrelation. We explore the functional relationship between averaging time, autocorrelation, and standard errors of both mean and variance, showing that longer averaging times impair statistical inferences about main effects. We conclude that, given widely available techniques that adjust for autocorrelation, longer averaging times may be inappropriate in microenvironmental studies.

Huete, A, Didan, K, Miura, T, Rodriguez, EP, Gao, X & Ferreira, LG 2002, 'Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices', REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 83, no. 1-2, pp. 195-213.
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We evaluated the initial 12 months of vegetation index product availability from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the Earth Observing System-Terra platform. Two MODIS vegetation indices (VI), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI), are produced at 1-km and 500-m resolutions and 16-day compositing periods. This paper presents an initial analysis of the MODIS NDVI and EVI performance from both radiometric and biophysical perspectives. We utilize a combination of site-intensive and regionally extensive approaches to demonstrate the performance and validity of the two indices. Our results showed a good correspondence between airborne-measured, top-of-canopy reflectances and VI values with those from the MODIS sensor at four intensively measured test sites representing semi-arid grass/shrub, savanna, and tropical forest biomes. Simultaneously derived field biophysical measures also demonstrated the scientific utility of the MODIS VI. Multitemporal profiles of the MODIS VIs over numerous biome types in North and South America well represented their seasonal phenologies. Comparisons of the MODIS-NDVI with the NOAA-14, 1-km AVHRR-NDVI temporal profiles showed that the MODIS-based index performed with higher fidelity. The dynamic range of the MODIS VIs are presented and their sensitivities in discriminating vegetation differences are evaluated in sparse and dense vegetation areas. We found the NDVI to asymptotically saturate in high biomass regions such as in the Amazon while the EVI remained sensitive to canopy variations. © 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

Hunt, PW, Klok, EJ, Trevaskis, B, Watts, RA, Ellis, MH, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2002, 'Increased level of hemoglobin 1 enhances survival of hypoxic stress and promotes early growth in Arabidopsis thaliana', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 99, no. 26, pp. 17197-17202.
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Huntriss, J 2002, 'Isolation, characterization and expression of the human Factor In the Germline alpha (FIGLA) gene in ovarian follicles and oocytes', Molecular Human Reproduction, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1087-1095.
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Hurst, SK, Cifuentes, MP, McDonagh, AM, Humphrey, MG, Samoc, M, Luther-Davies, B, Asselberghs, I & Persoons, A 2002, 'Organometallic complexes for nonlinear optics: Part 25. Quadratic and cubic hyperpolarizabilities of some dipolar and quadrupolar gold and ruthenium complexes', Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 642, no. NA, pp. 259-267.
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A range of dipolar and quadrupolar gold and ruthenium acetylides have been prepared and their electrochemical (Ru complexes) and nonlinear optical properties assessed; electronic communication between the metal centers diminishes as the ?-delocalizable bridge is lengthened and quadratic NLO merit increases on replacing triarylphosphine by trialkylphosphine. One diruthenium example has the largest two-photon absorption cross-section/molecular weight value observed thus far for an organometallic complex.

Huston, WM, Jennings, MP & McEwan, AG 2002, 'The multicopper oxidase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ferroxidase with a central role in iron acquisition', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 1741-1750.
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SummaryRecently it has been observed that multicopper oxidases are present in a number of microbial genomes, raising the question of their function in prokaryotes. Here we describe the analysis of an mco mutant from the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Unlike wild‐type Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the mco mutant was unable to grow aerobically on minimal media with Fe(II) as sole iron source. In contrast, both the wild‐type and mutant strain were able to grow either anaerobically via denitrification with Fe(II) or aerobically with Fe(III). Analysis of iron uptake showed that the mco mutant was impaired in Fe(II) uptake but unaffected in Fe(III) uptake. Purification and analysis of the MCO protein confirmed ferroxidase activity. Taken together, these data show that the mco gene encodes a multicopper oxidase that is involved in the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) subsequent to its acquisition by the cell. In view of the widespread distribution of the mco gene in bacteria, it is suggested that an iron acquisition mechanism involving multicopper oxidases may be an important and hitherto unrecognized feature of bacterial pathogenicity.

Hyde, GJ, Davies, D, Cole, L & Ashford, AE 2002, 'Regulators of GTP‐binding proteins cause morphological changes in the vacuole system of the filamentous fungus, Pisolithus tinctorius', Cell Motility, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 133-146.
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AbstractTubule formation is a widespread feature of the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells, serving as an alternative to the better‐known transport process of vesicular shuttling. In filamentous fungi, tubule formation by vacuoles is particularly pronounced, but little is known of its regulation. Using the hyphae of the basidiomycete Pisolithus tinctorius as our test system, we have investigated the effects of four drugs whose modulation, in animal cells, of the tubule/vesicle equilibrium is believed to be due to the altered activity of a GTP‐binding protein (GTPγS, GDPβS, aluminium fluoride, and Brefeldin A). In Pisolithus tinctorius, GTPγS, a non‐hydrolysable form of GTP, strongly promoted vacuolar tubule formation in the tip cell and next four cells. The effects of GTPγS could be antagonised by pre‐treatment of hyphae with GDPβS, a non‐phosphorylatable form of GDP. These results support the idea that a GTP‐binding protein plays a regulatory role in vacuolar tubule formation. This could be a dynamin‐like GTP‐ase, since GTPγS‐stimulated tubule formation has only been reported previously in cases where a dynamin is involved. Treatment with aluminium fluoride stimulated vacuolar tubule formation at a distance from the tip cell, but NaF controls indicated that this was not a GTP‐binding‐protein specific effect. Brefeldin A antagonised GTPγS, and inhibited tubule formation in the tip cell. Given that Brefeldin A also affects the ER and Golgi bodies of Pisolithus tinctorius, as shown previously, it is not clear yet whether the effects of Brefeldin A on the vacuole system are direct or indirect. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 51:133–146, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Johnston, MB, Corchia, A, Dowd, A, Linfield, EH, Davies, AG, McLaughlin, R, Arnone, DD & Pepper, M 2002, 'Magnetic-field-induced enhancement of terahertz emission from III-V semiconductor surfaces', PHYSICA E-LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS & NANOSTRUCTURES, vol. 13, no. 2-4, pp. 896-899.
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We discuss the origins of the magnetic-field-induced enhancement of terahertz (THz) emission from bulk semiconductor surfaces. The principal effect of the magnetic field is to rotate the THz dipole and hence dramatically increase the THz power radiated through the semiconductor surface. It also significantly affects the ability of the photo-created carriers to screen surface electric fields. The sensitivity of THz emission to the motion of photo-created carriers makes this an ideal probe of hot carrier dynamics both in bulk semiconductors and sophisticated heterostructures. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Johnston, MB, Whittaker, DM, Dowd, A, Davies, AG, Linfield, EH, Li, X & Ritchie, DA 2002, 'Generation of high-power terahertz pulses in a prism', OPTICS LETTERS, vol. 27, no. 21, pp. 1935-1937.
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A compact, high-power emitter of half-cycle terahertz (THz) radiation is demonstrated. The device consists of an epitaxial InAs emitter upon a GaAs prism and produces THz pulses that are 20 times more powerful than those from conventional planar InAs emitters. This improvement is a direct result of reorienting the transient THz dipole such that its axis is not perpendicular to the emitting surface. © 2002 Optical Society of America.

Jones, PM & George, AM 2002, 'Mechanism of ABC transporters: A molecular dynamics simulation of a well characterized nucleotide-binding subunit', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 99, no. 20, pp. 12639-12644.
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ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are membrane-bound molecular pumps that form one of the largest of all protein families. Several of them are central to phenomena of biomedical interest, including cystic fibrosis and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. ABC transporters share a common architecture comprising two hydrophilic nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) and two hydrophobic transmembrane domains (TMDs) that form the substrate pathway across the membrane. The conformational changes in the NBDs induced by ATP hydrolysis and the means by which they are transmitted to the TMDs to effect substrate translocation remain largely unknown. We have performed a molecular dynamics simulation of HisP, the well studied NBD of the bacterial histidine permease, to identify hinges and switches of the NBD conformational transitions and subunit–subunit interfaces. This analysis reveals that the TMDs regulate ATP hydrolysis by controlling conformational transitions of the NBD helical domains, and identifies the conformational changes and the crucial TMD:NBD interface, by which the energy of ATP hydrolysis is transmitted to the TMDs. We also define the conformational transitions of the Q-loop, a key element of the NBD mechanism, and identify pathways by which Q-loop switching is coordinated with TMD and NBD conformational changes. We propose a model for the catalytic cycle of ABC transporters that shows how substrate-binding and transport by the TMDs may be coordinated and coupled with ATP binding and hydrolysis in the NBDs.

Kappler, U, Huston, WM & McEwan, AG 2002, 'Control of dimethylsulfoxide reductase expression in Rhodobacter capsulatus: the role of carbon metabolites and the response regulators DorR and RegA', Microbiology, vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 605-614.
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Regulation of the expression of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) reductase was investigated in the purple phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. Under phototrophic, anaerobic conditions with malate as carbon source, DMSO caused an approximately 150-fold induction of DMSO reductase activity. The response regulator DorR was required for DMSO-dependent induction and also appeared to slightly repress DMSO reductase expression in the absence of substrate. Likewise, when pyruvate replaced malate as carbon source there was an induction of DMSO reductase activity in cells grown at low light intensity (16 W m−2) and again this induction was dependent on DorR. The level of DMSO reductase activity in aerobically grown cells was elevated when pyruvate replaced malate as carbon source. One possible explanation for this is that acetyl phosphate, produced from pyruvate, may activate expression of DMSO reductase by direct phosphorylation of DorR, leading to low levels of induction of dor gene expression in the absence of DMSO. A mutant lacking the global response regulator of photosynthesis gene expression, RegA, exhibited high levels of DMSO reductase in the absence of DMSO, when grown phototrophically with malate as carbon source. This suggests that phosphorylated RegA acts as a repressor of dor operon expression under these conditions. It has been proposed elsewhere that RegA-dependent expression is negatively regulated by the cytochrome cbb 3 oxidase. A cco mutant lacking cytochrome cbb 3 exhibited significantly higher levels of Φ[dorA::lacZ] activity in the presence of DMSO compared to wild-type cells and this is consistent with the above model. P...

Kim, E-Y, Zeng, Q, Rawn, J, Wand, M, Young, AJ, Milford, E, Mentzer, SJ & Greenes, RA 2002, 'Using a neural network with flow cytometry histograms to recognize cell surface protein binding patterns.', Proc AMIA Symp, pp. 380-384.
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Flow cytometric systems are being used increasingly in all branches of biological science including medicine. To develop analytic tools for identifying unknown molecules such as the antibodies that recognize different structure in the identical antigens, we explored use of a neural network in flow cytometry data comparison. Peak locations were extracted from flow cytometry histograms and we used the Marquardt backpropagation neural networks to recognize identical or similar binding patterns between antibodies and antigens based on the peak locations. The neural network showed 93.8% to 99.6% correct classification rates for identical or similar molecules. This suggests that the neural network technique can be useful in flow cytometry histogram data analysis.

Kim, I 2002, 'Effect Heterogeneity by a Matching Covariate in Matched Case-Control Studies: A Method for Graphs-based Representation', American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 156, no. 5, pp. 463-470.
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King, E, Cobbin, DM, Walsh, S & Ryan, D 2002, 'The Reliable Measurement of Radial Pulse Characteristics', Acupuncture in Medicine, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 150-159.
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The use of the radial pulse as a diagnostic tool is an integral part of the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) patient evaluation. In spite of its long history of use, there is little systematic information available to support the many claims about the relationship between pulse qualities and physiological condition contained in the ancient Chinese texts and echoed in modern pulse terminology. This study reports the development of a reliable means of measuring and recording pulse characteristics. This was achieved by reporting on the physical sensations that are detected under the fingertips when the radial pulse is palpated, rather than attempting to translate these into the complex and typically ambiguously defined TCM pulse qualities. The study involved development of a standardised pulse taking procedure and development of concrete operational definitions for each of the characteristics of the pulse being measured. The inter-rater reliability of the pulse taking procedure and operational definitions was assessed by determining agreement levels between two independent pulse assessors for each characteristic. Inter-rater agreement averaged 80% between the two assessors in both the initial data collection (66 subjects) and in a replication collection (30 subjects) completed two months later. Demonstrating reliability of the procedure represents an essential first step for examining the validity of TCM pulse diagnosis assumptions.

Kirkovits, GJ, Shriver, JA, Gale, PA & Sessler, JL 2002, 'ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Ditopic Receptors', ChemInform, vol. 33, no. 37, pp. no-no.
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AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Klok, EJ, Wilson, IW, Wilson, D, Chapman, SC, Ewing, RM, Somerville, SC, Peacock, WJ, Dolferus, R & Dennis, ES 2002, 'Expression profile analysis of the low-oxygen response in Arabidopsis root cultures', PLANT CELL, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 2481-2494.
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Kucheyev, SO, Toth, M, Phillips, MR, Williams, JS, Jagadish, C & Li, G 2002, 'Chemical origin of the yellow luminescence in GaN', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 91, no. 9, pp. 5867-5874.
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The influence of ion-beam-produced lattice defects as well as H, B, C, N, O, and Si, introduced by ion implantation, on the luminescence properties of wurtzite GaN is studied by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. Results indicate that intrinsic lattice defects produced by ion bombardment mainly act as nonradiative recombination centers and do not give rise to the yellow luminescence (YL) of GaN. Experimental data unequivocally shows that C is involved in the defect-impurity complex responsible for YL. In addition, C-related complexes appear to act as efficient nonradiative recombination centers. Implantation of H produces a broad luminescent peak which is slightly blueshifted with respect to the C-related YL band in the case of high excitation densities. The position of this H-related YL peak exhibits a blueshift with increasing excitation density. Based on this experimental data and results reported previously, the chemical origin of the YL band is discussed. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Kucheyev, SO, Toth, M, Phillips, MR, Williams, JS, Jagadish, C & Li, G 2002, 'X-ray spectrometry investigation of electrical isolation in GaN', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 91, no. 6, pp. 3940-3942.
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Electrical isolation of n-type GaN epilayers bombarded with MeV light ions is studied by energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS). We show that the maximum bremsstrahlung x-ray energy (the Duane-Hunt limit) can be used to monitor the isolation process in GaN. This method allows the dose region above the threshold dose for isolation to be conveniently studied, whereas the application of conventional (low-voltage) electrical techniques in this dose range with large sheet resistances of the material (≳1011/sq) is often impossible due to comparable parasitic resistances of the experimental setup. A correlation of EDS and resistance measurements of GaN strongly suggests that the magnitude of sample charging scales with the number of ion-beam-produced deep electron traps which are empty at equilibrium. The results presented demonstrate the utility of EDS as a powerful and simple technique to study electrical isolation in wide band-gap semiconductors. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Kuchler, U & Platen, E 2002, 'Weak discrete time approximation of stochastic differential equations with time delay', MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTERS IN SIMULATION, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 497-507.
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Kuhlmey, BT, White, TP, Renversez, G, Maystre, D, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM & McPhedran, RC 2002, 'Multipole method for microstructured optical fibers. II. Implementation and results', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 2331-2340.
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We describe the numerical verifications of a multipole formulation for calculating the electromagnetic properties of the modes that propagate in microstructured optical fibers. We illustrate the application of this formulation to calculating both the real and the imaginary parts of the propagation constant. We compare its predictions with the results of recent measurements of a low-loss microstructured fiber and investigate the variations in fiber dispersion with geometrical parameters. We also show that the formulation obeys appropriate symmetry rules and that these rules may be used to improve computational speed. © 2002 Optical Society of America.

Lambropoulos, NA, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2002, 'Binding to gold(0): Accurate computational methods with application to AuNH3', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 116, no. 23, pp. 10277-10286.
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Lampson, BC, Xu, C, Rice, SA & Inouye, S 2002, 'A partial copy of msDNA from a new retron element is likely a retrotransposed DNA found in the myxobacterium Nannocystis exedens', Gene, vol. 299, no. 1-2, pp. 251-261.
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Langford, SJ, Lau, V-L, Lee, MAP & Lygris, E 2002, 'Porphyrin-based supermolecules and supramolecular arrays', Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, vol. 06, no. 12, pp. 748-756.
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This article reviews our recent work in constructing discrete multiporphyrin assemblies and supramolecular arrays through the application of two organising principles - crown ethers and tin(IV)porphyrin phenolates. The role of the crown ethers is illustrated by two examples: (a) the cation-induced control of the reduction potentials within a model 18 C 6 bearing naphthalene and naphthoquinone chromophores antipodally displaced on the crown ether in the presence of alkali metal cations and (b) in the complexation of dialkylammonium salt within the cavity of a 24 C 8 bischlorin system. Tin(IV)porphyrin phenolates provide a means of efficiently constructing multiporphyrin assemblies without the use of covalent bond formation. Their potential is illustrated through the formation of discrete trimers, using a “one pot” self-assembly strategy, as well as the generation of supramolecular arrays with sieve like networks.

Laroussi, M, Dobbs, FC, Wei, Z, Doblin, MA, Ball, LG, Moreira, KR, Dyer, FF & Richardson, JP 2002, 'Decontamination of water by excimer UV radiation', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 1501-1503.
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Water is one of the most important substances on which life depends. However, water may also serve as a medium by which disease is spread to humans, animals, and plants. Therefore, the biological decontamination of this vital substance is of paramount im

Le Marshall, JF, Leslie, LM & Smith, WL 2002, 'Initialisation using high spatial, temporal and spectral resolution satellite observations', Advances in Space Research, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 2441-2446.
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Le Marshall, JF, Leslie, LM, Abbey Jr., RF & Qi, L 2002, 'Tropical cyclone track and intensity prediction: The generation and assimilation of high-density, satellite-derived data', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 80, no. 1-4, pp. 43-57.
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Leon, R, Marcinkecius, S, Siegert, J, Cechavicius, B, Magness, B, Taylor, W & Lobo, C 2002, 'Effects of proton irradiation on luminescence emission and carrier dynamics of self-assembled III-V quantum dots', IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 2844-2851.
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Leslie, LM, Abbey Jr., RF, Speer, MS & Skinner, TCL 2002, 'Intense tropical cyclogenesis over the northwest Australian region in 1998/1999: Causal factors', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 80, no. 1-4, pp. 89-101.
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Leslie, LM, Le Marshall, JF & Smith, WL 2002, 'Mesoscale initialisation using advanced sounder data', Advances in Space Research, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 2479-2484.
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Leslie, LM, Speer, MS & Qi, L 2002, 'Editorial: Special issue on atmosphere-surface interactions', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 80, no. 1-4, pp. V-V.
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Lew, AE, Dluzewski, AR, Johnson, AM & Pinder, JC 2002, 'Myosins ofBabesia bovis: Molecular characterisation, erythrocyte invasion, and phylogeny', Cell Motility, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 202-220.
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AbstractUsing degenerate primers, three putative myosin sequences were amplified from Australian isolates ofBabesa bovisand confirmed as myosins (termed Bbmyo‐A, Bbmyo‐B, and Bbmyo‐C) from in vitro cultures of the W strain ofB. bovis. Comprehensive analysis of 15 apicomplexan myosins suggests that members of Class XIV be defined as those with greater than 35% myosin head sequence identity and that these be further subclassed into groups bearing above 50–60% identity. Bbmyo‐A protein bears a strong similarity with other apicomplexan myosin‐A type proteins (subclass XIVa), the Bbmyo‐B myosin head protein sequence exhibits low identity (35–39%) with all members of Class XIV, and 5′‐sequence of Bbmyo‐C shows strong identity (60%) withP. falciparummyosin‐C protein. Domain analysis revealed five divergent IQ domains within the neck of Pfmyo‐C, and a myosin‐N terminal domain as well as a classical IQ sequence unusually located within the head converter domain of Bbmyo‐B. A cross‐reacting antibody directed againstP. falciparummyosin‐A (Pfmyo‐A) revealed a zone of approximately 85 kDa in immunoblots prepared withB. bovistotal protein, and immunofluorescence inferred stage‐specific myosin‐A expression since only 25% of infected erythrocytes with mostly pairedB. boviswere immuno‐positive. Multiplication ofB. bovisin in vitro culture was inhibited by myosin‐ and actin‐binding drugs at concentrations lower than those that inhibitP. falciparum. This study identifies and classifies three myosin genes and an actin gene inB. bovis, and provides the first evidence for the participation of an actomyosin‐based motor in erythrocyte invasion in this species of apicomplexan parasite. Cell Motil. Cytoskele...

Li, L, Chen, J & Gu, HY 2002, 'Insertion heuristic in multi-vehicle pickup and delivery problem with time window', Shanghai Jiaotong Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, vol. 36, no. SUPPL., pp. 99-101.
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This paper foucsed on the insertion heuristics which are commonly used for the tour construction in multi-vehicle pickup and delivery problem with time window (m-PDPTW). It analyzed the factors that may impact the quality of solution from several aspects and put forward three criteria to direct the process of insertion. Based on it, an improved insertion heuristic was advanced, which is an extension of the Solomon's VRPTW insertion heuristic. The computational results prove that the improved insertion heuristic can eliminate the disadvantage of simple insertion heuristics and improve the quality of initial solution greatly.

Li, Y & Ryan, L 2002, 'Modeling spatial survival data using semiparametric frailty models', BIOMETRICS, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 287-297.
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We propose a new class of semiparametric frailty models for spatially correlated survival data. Specifically, we extend the ordinary frailty models by allowing random effects accommodating spatial correlations to enter into the baseline hazard function multiplicatively. We prove identifiability of the models and give sufficient regularity conditions. We propose drawing inference based on a marginal rank likelihood. No parametric forms of the baseline hazard need to be assumed in this semiparametric approach. Monte Carlo simulations and the Laplace approach are used to tackle the intractable integral in the likelihood function. Different spatial covariance structures are explored in simulations and the proposed methods are applied to the East Boston Asthma Study to detect prognostic factors leading to childhood asthma.

Litonjua, AA, Milton, DK, Celedon, JC, Ryan, L, Weiss, ST & Gold, DR 2002, 'A longitudinal analysis of wheezing in young children: The independent effects of early life exposure to house dust endotoxin, allergens, and pets', JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 110, no. 5, pp. 736-742.
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Background: It has been postulated that exposure to bacterial endotoxins and animals early in life might confer protection against the development of asthma and allergies. Objective: We investigated the longitudinal effects of exposure to house dust endotoxin (HDE), allergen levels, and the presence of a dog in the home on wheezing in young children over a 4-year period. Methods: Two hundred twenty-six children younger than 5 years were followed for 4 years. Endotoxin and allergen levels were measured from house dust collected at baseline. Longitudinal associations were investigated by using a proportional hazards technique that allowed for multiple outcomes per subject. Results: Exposure to high concentrations of HDE of greater than the median level was associated with an increased risk for wheezing over the period of observation (multivariate relative risk, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.07-2.14), but this risk rapidly decreased over time (P for trend = .005). Exposure to cockroach allergen was associated with increased risk for wheezing, whereas exposure to cat allergen and the presence of a dog in the home were both associated with decreased risk for wheezing. The risks associated with cockroach allergen, cat allergen, and dog did not change over the period of observation. Conclusion: The negative associations between exposures to dogs and cat allergen and wheeze appear to be independent of the effects of endotoxin and suggest that separate mechanisms might mediate the effects of HDE exposure and pet exposure on the developing immune system.

Longstaff, BJ, Kildea, T, Runcie, JW, Cheshire, A, Dennison, WC, Hurd, C, Kana, T, Raven, JA & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'An in situ study of photosynthetic oxygen exchange and electron transport rate in the marine macroalga Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta)', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 281-293.
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Lovas, JM, Craig, AR, Segal, YD, Raison, RL, Weston, KM & Markus, MR 2002, 'The effects of massage therapy on the human immune response in healthy adults', Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 143-150.
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Macinnis-Ng, CM & Ralph, PJ 2002, 'Towards a more ecologically relevant assessment of the impact of heavy metals on the photosynthesis of seagrass, Zostera capricorni', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 45, no. N/A, pp. 100-106.
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This in situ study used photosynthetic activity (measured as chlorophyll a fluorescence) and photosynthetic pigment concentrations to assess the effect of copper, cadmium, lead and zinc on the seagrass Zostera capricorni. Custom-made portable in situ exposure (PIE) chambers were developed so seagrasses could be dosed within the meadow. Z. capricorni was exposed to 0.1 and 1 mg l-1 of metal solutions for 10 h. During this time and for the subsequent four-day recovery period, the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (PS II) (?F/Fm?) was measured. While the results were variable, copper and zinc exposed samples had a depressed ?F/Fm? during the exposure period. Samples exposed to zinc recovered to pre-exposure levels but those exposed to copper did not. Cadmium and lead did not impact on the chlorophyll a fluorescence and the chlorophyll pigment data supported these findings. This study presents an innovative new application of chlorophyll a fluorescence stress assessment.

MacPherson, H, Sherman, K, Hammerschlag, R, Birch, S, Lao, L & Zaslawski, CJ 2002, 'The clinical evaluation of traditional East Asian systems of medicine', Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 15-19.

MacPherson, H, White, A, Cummings, M, Jobst, K, Rose, K & Niemtzow, R 2002, 'Standards for reporting interventions in controlled trials of acupuncture: the STRICTA recommendations', Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 6-9.
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Acupuncture treatment and control group interventions in parallel-group randomized trials of acupuncture are not always precisely reported. In an attempt to improve standards, an international group of experienced acupuncturists and researchers devised a set of recommendations, designating them STRICTA: STandards for Reporting Interventions in Controlled Trials of Acupuncture. In a further consensus-building round, the editors of several journals helped redraft the recommendations. These follow the CONSORT format, acting as an extension of the CONSORT guidelines for the specific requirements of acupuncture studies. Participating journals are publishing the STRICTA recommendations and requesting prospective authors to adhere to them when preparing reports for publication. Other journals are invited to adopt these recommendations. The intended outcome is that interventions in controlled trials of acupuncture will be more adequately reported, thereby facilitating an improvement in critical appraisal, analysis and replication of trials. © 2002, Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mallick, B, Hoffman, FO & Carroll, RJ 2002, 'Semiparametric Regression Modeling with Mixtures of Berkson and Classical Error, with Application to Fallout from the Nevada Test Site', Biometrics, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 13-20.
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Summary. We construct Bayesian methods for semiparametric modeling of a monotonic regression function when the predictors are measured with classical error, Berkson error, or a mixture of the two. Such methods require a distribution for the unobserved (latent) predictor, a distribution we also model semi‐parametrically. Such combinations of semiparametric methods for the dose‐response as well as the latent variable distribution have not been considered in the measurement error literature for any form of measurement error. In addition, our methods represent a new approach to those problems where the measurement error combines Berkson and classical components. While the methods are general, we develop them around a specific application, namely, the study of thyroid disease in relation to radiation fallout from the Nevada test site. We use this data to illustrate our methods, which suggest a point estimate (posterior mean) of relative risk at high doses nearly double that of previous analyses but that also suggest much greater uncertainty in the relative risk.

Marcinkevičius, S, Siegert, J, Leon, R, Čechavičius, B, Magness, B, Taylor, W & Lobo, C 2002, 'Changes in luminescence intensities and carrier dynamics induced by proton irradiation inInxGa1−xAs/GaAsquantum dots', Physical Review B, vol. 66, no. 23, pp. 1-6.
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The effects of proton irradiation (1.5 MeV) on photoluminescence intensities and carrier dynamics were compared between InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots and similar quantum well structures. A significant enhancement in radiation tolerance is seen with three-dimensional quantum confinement. Measurements were carried out in different quantum dot structures varying in dot surface density (formula presented) and substrate orientation [(100) and (formula presented). Similar trends were observed for all quantum dot samples. A slight increase in photoluminescence emission intensity after low to intermediate proton doses is observed in InGaAs/GaAs (100) quantum dot structures. The latter is explained in terms of more efficient carrier transfer from the wetting layer via radiation-induced defects. © 2002 The American Physical Society.

Marsh, DJ & Zori, RT 2002, 'Genetic insights into familial cancers – update and recent discoveries', Cancer Letters, vol. 181, no. 2, pp. 125-164.
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Mazzanti, M, Warton, K, Tonini, R, Lorenzi, G, Fairlie, WD, Matthews, J, Valenzuela, S, Qiu, M, Wu, W, Pankhurst, S, Bauskin, AR, Campbell, TJ, Curmi, PM & Breit, SN 2002, 'Ncc27 (clic1) Interacts With Artifical Bylayer In A Ph Dependent Manner To Form Chloride Ion Channels', Biophysical Journal, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 1-1.
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McDougald, D, Gong, L, Srinivasan, S, Hild, E, Thompson, L, Takayama, K, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2002, 'Defences against oxidative stress during starvation in bacteria', Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, vol. 81, no. 1/4, pp. 3-13.
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Menz, RI, Cinquin, O & Christopherson, RI 2002, 'The identification, cloning and functional expression of the gene encoding orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) decarboxylase fromPlasmodium falciparum', Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, vol. 96, no. 5, pp. 469-476.
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Migocki, MD, Freeman, MK, Wake, RG & Harry, EJ 2002, 'The Min system is not required for precise placement of the midcell Z ring in Bacillus subtilis', EMBO reports, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 1163-1167.
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In bacteria, the Min system plays a role in positioning the midcell division site by inhibiting the formation of the earliest precursor of cell division, the Z ring, at the cell poles. However, whether the Min system also contributes to establishing the precise placement of the midcell Z ring is unresolved. We show that the Z ring is positioned at midcell with a high degree of precision in Bacillus subtilis, and this is completely maintained in the absence of the Min system. Min is therefore not required for correct midcell Z ring placement in B. subtilis. Our results strongly support the idea that the primary role of the Min system is to block Z ring formation at the cell poles and that a separate mechanism must exist to ensure cell division occurs precisely at midcell.

Mikajlo, EA, Nixon, KL, Coleman, VA & Ford, MJ 2002, 'The electronic band structure of Li2O: testing theoretical predictions using electron momentum spectroscopy', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 14, no. 13, pp. 3587-3598.
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Using the technique of electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS) we have measured the oxygen 2p- and 2s-derived valence bands and lithium 1s-derived core level in lithium oxide. All three sets of bands have been measured in a single experiment allowing the energy gap between the bands to be determined. At the Γ point the O(2p)-O(2s) band gap is measured to be 16.1 ± 0.2 eV, and the O(2s)-Li(1s) band gap is 34.3 ± 0.2 eV. We can also determine bandwidths since EMS measures the full band structure directly, resolved both in energy and momentum. As expected, the O(2s) and Li(1s) bands are essentially non-dispersing, while the O(2p) has an observed width of 1.6 ± 0.2 eV. The experiment is compared with calculations using the linear combination of atomic orbitals approach. At the Hartree-Fock (HF) level these calculations overestimate the gap between the valence bands and the width of the O(2p) band. The three density functional methods used give a reduced intervalence band gap and bandwidth. The hybrid gradient corrected method, PBE0 (where PBE stands for 'Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof'), gives the closest agreement for the band gap at 16.7 eV, while the gradient corrected method, PBE, gives the best value for the bandwidth at 2.0 eV. At all levels the O(2s)-Li(1s) gap is underestimated; HF gives the closest agreement at 31.8 eV.

Miller, CMD, Quinn, HE, Windsor, PA & Ellis, JT 2002, 'Characterisation of the first Australian isolate of Neospora caninum from cattle', AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, vol. 80, no. 10, pp. 620-625.
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Objective: To isolate Neospora caninum from a congenitally infected calf. Procedure: A calf was obtained from a N caninum infected dam maintained in a dairy herd of Holstein-Friesian cattle located on the south coast of NSW near Nowra. The calf was euthanased and samples collected for serology and pathology. Samples of brain and spinal cord of the calf were homogenised and injected into immunocompromised mice in an attempt to recover protozoa by in vivo culture. Sequential passage of brain homogenate through IFNγPKO mice was performed and tissue culture flasks were inoculated with brain homogenate. Parasites were identified by electron microscopy and DNA sequencing. The antigen profile of the isolate was analysed using Western blotting. Pathogenicity was examined in BALB/c mice and transmission of the parasite during pregnancy was examined in Qs mice. Results: The calf was seropositive for N caninum and histopathological examination of sections of cerebrum identified lesions consistent with a very mild infection with N caninum. The parasites isolated using tissue culture were identified as N caninum, based on the sequence of the ribosomal DNA and electron microscopy. The antigen profile of the new isolate was similar to that of the NC-Liverpool isolate, but quite different from that of Toxoplasma gondii. In BALB/c mice inoculated with the new isolate, severe clinical signs developed in only three of ten infected mice, compared with six of ten mice infected with NC-Liverpool. Mild to moderate nonsuppurative encephalitis was observed in BALB/c mice infected with the new isolate, compared with mice infected with NC-Liverpool, that developed severe nonsuppurative encephalitis. Transplacental transmission of the isolate arising from an acute infection during pregnancy occurred in about 87% of pups. Conclusion: This is the first isolation of bovine Neospora caninum in Australia. This isolate, called NC-Nowra, appears to be a less virulent form and may prove t...

Milner, RJ, Lim, RP & Hunter, DM 2002, 'Risks to the aquatic ecosystem from the application of Metarhizium anisopliae for locust control in Australia', PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 718-723.
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Laboratory tests of Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum Driver & Milner, at a dose of 1.3 × 106 conidia ml-1, had no adverse effects on nymphs of mayfly, Ulmerophlebia sp or 8-week-old fry of the rainbow fish, Melanotaenia duboulayi Castelnau. This dose was toxic to the cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia Richards causing 100% mortality in 48h. When this test was repeated at doses of up to 6.7 × 103 conidia ml-1, there was only 5% mortality after 192h. Spraying of artificial water sources with a very high dose of the fungus as an aqueous spray resulted in 80-130 conidia ml-1 at 15 cm depth in the first 24h after spraying. The conidia rapidly settled out and were absent from the top 15 cm layer of water after about 50h. A similar experiment using the oil formulation as used in field control resulted in a 2- to 20-fold lower level of conidia in the water. Finally, sampling actual water sources in spray areas revealed a very low level of contamination of the water, with a maximum mean level of 29 conidia ml-1 in the first 24h after treatment. Thus the level of conidia likely to enter water during control campaigns is a small fraction of that required to kill cladocerans, the only sensitive non-target organism tested. It is concluded that the biopesticide is very unlikely to pose any hazard to aquatic organisms. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry.

Miyahara, Y & Novikov, A 2002, 'Geometric Levy Process Pricing Model', Proceedings of the Stekov Institute of Mathematics, vol. 237, no. 2, pp. 185-200.

Morison, RP, Leslie, LM & Speer, MS 2002, 'Atmospheric modelling of air pollution as a tool for environmental prediction and management', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 80, no. 1-4, pp. 141-151.
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Morris, JS 2002, 'A Bayesian analysis of colonic crypt structure and coordinated response to carcinogen exposure incorporating missing crypts', Biostatistics, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 529-546.
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Murray, BR, Thrall, PH & Lepschi, BJ 2002, 'Relating species rarity to life history in plants of eastern Australia', EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY RESEARCH, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 937-950.
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We examined species rarity in relation to life history in plants of eastern Australia. Correlated-divergence analysis (using phylogenetically independent contrasts) and cross-species analysis (exploring patterns across present-day species) were employed in a complementary fashion to test the hypothesis that rare and common species differed with respect to life history. Two measures of rarity, threat of extinction and geographical range size, were investigated for relationships with growth form, longevity, pollination mode, mating system, dispersal and seed mass. Species threatened with extinction had, on average, significantly smaller seed mass than non-threatened species. This emerged in both correlated-divergence and cross-species analyses, independently of the effects of the other life-history traits. In cross-species analysis, but not as phylogenetic contrasts, a significant number of species with short life spans were less likely to be threatened with extinction. This arose because most short-lived species not threatened with extinction diverged from long-lived species threatened with extinction at a major node deep in the phylogenetic tree (where monocotyledons diverged from dicotyledons). Mating system was significantly related to geographical range size in correlated-divergence analysis, but not across present-day species. There was evidence that evolutionary divergences for dioecy have been significantly correlated with the occupation of a wide geographical range, although this relationship has not been maintained across present-day species. Growth form, pollination mode and dispersal could not account significantly for variation in either threat of extinction or range size. Because relationships for plants of eastern Australia were found to differ considerably from those emerging for other species assemblages on other continents, support is provided for the notion that associations between species rarity and life history are highly dependent o...

Murray, BR, Thrall, PH, Gill, AM & Nicotra, AB 2002, 'How plant life-history and ecological traits relate to species rarity and commonness at varying spatial scales', AUSTRAL ECOLOGY, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 291-310.
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Comparative studies investigating relationships between plant traits and species rarity and commonness were surveyed to establish whether global patterns have emerged that would be of practical use in management strategies aimed at the long-term conservation of species. Across 54 studies, 94 traits have been examined in relation to abundance, distribution and threatened status at local, regional and geographical spatial scales. Most traits (63) have yet to be the focus of more than one study. Half of the studies involved less than 10 species, and one-quarter did not replicate rare-common contrasts. Although these features of the literature make it difficult to demonstrate robust generalizations regarding trait relationships with species rarity, some important findings surfaced in relation to traits that have been examined in two or more studies. Species with narrow geographical distributions were found to produce significantly fewer seeds (per unit measurement) than common species (in four of six studies), but did not differ with respect to breeding system (five of five studies). The majority of traits (including seed size, competitive ability, growth form and dispersal mode) were related to rarity in different ways from one study to the next. The highly context-dependent nature of most trait relationships with rarity implies that application of knowledge concerning rare-common differences and similarities to management plans will vary substantially for different vegetation types and on different continents. A comparative analysis of distribution patterns in relation to several life-history and ecological traits among 700 Australian eucalypt species was then performed. A significantly disproportionate number of tall species and species with long flowering durations had wide geographical ranges. Trait relationships with distribution were explored further through the development of a methodology incorporating multiple spatial scales. Eight theoretical cat...

Murray, S & Patterson, DJ 2002, 'Amphidiniopsis korewalensis sp nov., a new heterotrophic benthic dinoflagellate', PHYCOLOGIA, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 382-388.
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Murray, S & Patterson, DJ 2002, 'The benthic dinoflagellate genus Amphidinium in south-eastern Australian waters, including three new species', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 279-298.
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Navakhun, K, Gale, PA, Camiolo, S, Light, ME & Hursthouse, MB 2002, 'Pendant arm pyrrolic amide cleft anion receptors', Chemical Communications, no. 18, pp. 2084-2085.
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Nguyen, DV, Bulak Arpat, A, Wang, N & Carroll, RJ 2002, 'DNA Microarray Experiments: Biological and Technological Aspects', Biometrics, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 701-717.
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Noyes, H, Pratlong, F, Chance, M, Ellis, J, Lanotte, G & Dedet, JP 2002, 'A previously unclassified trypanosomatid responsible for human cutaneous lesions in Martinique (French West Indies) is the most divergent member of the genus Leishmania ss.', Parasitology, vol. 124, no. Pt 1, pp. 17-24.
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Two cases of skin lesions similar to those caused by Leishmania parasites have been reported from Martinique. Parasites isolated from these lesions were unlike Leishmania reference strains by isoenzyme analysis and electron microscopy and were assumed to be monoxenous trypanosomatids which normally only infect invertebrates. Both strains have now been retyped by isoenzyme analysis and found to be identical to each other and distantly related to all other Leishmania species. The sequence of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene and partial sequences of the DNA polymerase alpha and RNA polymerase II largest subunit genes were obtained. These sequences indicated that the Martinique parasites clustered with L. enriettii and were basal to all other euleishmania. However, support for both the position basal to all euleishmania and the clustering with L. enriettii was low. The Martinique parasites may cluster with L. (Leishmania) or L. (Viannia) or form a novel clade within the euleishmania either with or without L. enriettii.

O’Brien, BA, Huang, Y, Geng, X, Dutz, JP & Finegood, DT 2002, 'Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells by Macrophages From NOD Mice Is Reduced', Diabetes, vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 2481-2488.
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Macrophages limit inflammatory responses by clearing apoptotic cells. Deficiencies in apoptotic cell phagocytosis have been linked to autoimmunity. In this study, we determined the efficiency with which macrophages from diabetes-prone NOD and diabetes-resistant NOR, Idd5, Balb/c, and C57BL/6 mice phagocytose apoptotic thymocytes and NIT-1 insulinoma cells. Peritoneal and bone marrow-derived macrophages from NOD mice engulfed fewer apoptotic thymocytes than macrophages from Balb/c mice (P &lt; 0.05). Peritoneal macrophages from NOR and Idd5 NOD congenic mice were more proficient at engulfment than their NOD counterparts. Annexin V blockade diminished apoptotic thymocyte clearance and heat-labile serum factors augmented clearance. Binding of apoptotic thymocytes to NOD macrophages was also reduced, suggesting that the deficiency in phagocytosis may be partly attributable to a recognition defect. Peritoneal macrophages from female Balb/c and NOD mice were equally efficient in the engulfment of microspheres, suggesting that the phagocytic deficiency observed in NOD mice was specific for apoptotic cells. In summary, we have demonstrated a deficiency in phagocytic function of macrophages from NOD mice. Normal and diabetes-prone neonatal rodents have a wave of β-cell apoptosis coincident with the onset of target organ inflammation. A constitutive defect in the clearance of apoptotic β-cells may be contributory to the initiation of autoimmunity.

O'Brien, BA, Fieldus, WE, Field, CJ & Finegood, DT 2002, 'Clearance of apoptotic β-cells is reduced in neonatal autoimmune diabetes-prone rats', Cell Death & Differentiation, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 457-464.
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The kinetics of β-cell death in neonatal diabetes-prone (BBdp) and diabetes-resistant (BBdr) BioBreeding rats was investigated using both direct (histochemical) and indirect (mathematical modelling) techniques. In both BBdp and BBdr rats, the incidence of TUNEL positive β-cells increased until 10 days of age before declining. The number of apoptotic β-cells was significantly higher in BBdp as compared to BBdr neonates from birth until 20 days of age (P < 0.05). Using a mathematical model applied to the time course of β-cell mass and replication rate, a wave of net β-cell loss was detected between 10 and 20 days of age in both strains. In contrast to the observed difference in the incidence of TUNEL positive β-cells, with the model-based approach we found no difference in the rate of β-cell apoptosis between BBdp and BBdr rats prior to weaning. As the number of apoptotic cells present in a tissue depends on the rate at which cells die and the rate at which the apoptotic cell debris is cleared, we compared in vitro phagocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes by peritoneal macrophages from 2-week-old BBdp and BBdr rats. Macrophages from BBdp neonates engulfed significantly less apoptotic cells as compared to BBdr neonates (P < 0.0005). Taken together, these findings suggest that there is impaired clearance of apoptotic β-cells in diabetes-prone BB rats during the neonatal period.

Platen, E 2002, 'Arbitrage in continuous complete markets', ADVANCES IN APPLIED PROBABILITY, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 540-558.
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Potischman, N, Coates, RJ, Swanson, CA, Carroll, RJ, Daling, JR, Brogan, DR, Gammon, MD, Midthune, D, Curtin, J & Brinton, LA 2002, 'Increased risk of early-stage breast cancer related to consumption of sweet foods among women less than age 45 in the United States', Cancer Causes and Control, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 937-946.
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Poulos, LM, O'Meara, TJ, Hamilton, RG & Tovey, ER 2002, 'Inhaled latex allergen (Hev b 1)', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 109, no. 4, pp. 701-706.
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BACKGROUND:IgE-mediated responses to natural rubber latex allergens have become a major health problem among recognized risk groups. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this investigation was to measure the amounts of Hevea brasiliensis latex allergen (Hev b 1) inhaled and deposited on surfaces when latex or vinyl gloves were worn and compare the results with the conventional measures (breathing zone samplers) of occupational exposure. METHODS:Hev b 1 exposure was measured by nasal sampling and breathing zone sampling. Latex allergen exposure was generated by having each subject don a pair of powdered latex examination gloves and continuing his or her normal daily activity for 30 minutes. By means of adhesive tape, surface dust samples were collected from the surfaces of gloves, the subject's hands, and work areas. Sampling was performed with subjects wearing no gloves, subjects wearing powdered vinyl gloves, subjects wearing powdered latex gloves, and nearby colleagues wearing latex gloves. All samples were assayed through use of the HALOgen assay (Inhalix, Sydney, Australia) with a Hev b 1-specific mAb. Particles transporting latex allergen were identified by a surrounding immunostain halo, and these were quantified and reported as total numbers of particles inhaled, airborne, or found on surface areas evaluated. RESULTS:Study subjects inhaled 26 times more allergen when powdered latex gloves were worn than under the "no glove" and powdered vinyl glove conditions. During the same period, Hev b 1 particle levels measured in the ambient air through use of the breathing zone sampler increased by 24-fold. The median numbers of particles carrying Hev b 1 allergen per square centimeter on the surface of the hands after the wearing of latex and vinyl gloves were 1964 and 5, respectively. Latex allergen was physically associated both with cornstarch granules and with larger dust particles having a darker, more irregular appearance. CONCLUSION:In a laboratory where gloves are worn...

Quinn, HE, Ellis, JT & Smith, NC 2002, 'Neospora caninum: a cause of immune-mediated failure of pregnancy?', TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 391-394.
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Resistance to many intracellular protozoan parasites is dependent on T helper cell 1 cytokine responses. This has important repercussions for pregnant females because strong T helper cell 1 cytokine responses are incompatible with successful pregnancy. Thus, there are two possible consequences of infection with protozoans such as Leishmania major, Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy: (1) pregnancy is compromised; or (2) resistance to the parasite is compromised. The apicomplexan Neospora caninum is a parasite renowned for its association with abortion in cattle. Furthermore, a major route of transmission for this parasite is congenital. The evidence for the hypothesis that T helper cell 1 cytokines play a role in these events is reviewed here.

Quinn, HE, Miller, CMD, Ryce, C, Windsor, PA & Ellis, JT 2002, 'Characterization of an outbred pregnant mouse model of Neospora caninum infection', JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 691-696.
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Fetal loss and vertical transmission of Neospora caninum were evaluated in outbred Quackenbush (Qs) mice with respect to dose of parasites, N. caninum isolate, and route of injection. Mice were infected with NC-Liverpool or NC-SweBl at day 5 or 8 of pregnancy with doses of 104, 106, or 107 parasites, through either a subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect N. caninum in the brains of offspring, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to analyze the maternal immune response. Vertical transmission occurred in mice given 106 NC-Liverpool at day 5 during gestation, and a significant (P < 0.05) maternal antibody response was observed in mice infected with NC-Liverpool or NC-SweBl at days 5 and 8 of gestation. This study shows that outbred Qs mice are a useful model for the study of vertical transmission associated with N. caninum, as they display less clinical disease and pathogenesis than inbred mice and have large litters, which is advantageous when studying maternal transmission.

Radchik and, VS, Ben-Nissan, B & Mu¨ller, WH 2002, 'Semi-Graphical Methods for the Calculation of Real Areas of Loaded Contact by Means of the Abbott-Firestone Bearing Curve', Journal of Tribology, vol. 124, no. 1, pp. 223-226.
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Radchik and, VS, Ben-Nissan, B & Mu¨ller, WH 2002, 'Theoretical Modeling of Surface Asperity Depression Into an Elastic Foundation Under Static Loading', Journal of Tribology, vol. 124, no. 4, pp. 852-856.
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A theoretical analysis is carried out in closed-form to quantitatively describe the pressing of an individual surface asperity into its elastic bulk when subjected to normal loads. To this end, a single asperity is simulated by a paraboloid of revolution of an arbitrary even power. The investigation is based on theory of elastic contact as originally developed by Shtaerman. It is shown that additional pressing of an individual asperity into the elastic bulk essentially depends upon four parameters: the elastic compression of its apex, the initial magnitude of the height of the asperity, a constant that characterizes the shape of the asperity peak, and the elastic properties of the materials involved in the contact. The analysis shows that the impression of the asperity into the elastic bulk increases for decreasing smoothness of the paraboloid. It will be demonstrated that the impression of the asperity into the elastic bulk, if both are made of the same material, typically reaches 50 percent of the value of elastic compression of the asperity peak.

Raison, RL & Jorgensen, TO 2002, 'Immunology and sustainable aquaculture', DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 129-130.
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The contribution by aquaculture to total fisheries production has increased significantly over the last decade. Indeed the increase in production of approximately 20 million tonnes over that period has been almost entirely the result of increased aquaculture-based production. Furthermore, impacts of global climate change together with overfishing of capture-based fisheries mean the contribution of aquaculture to this important area of food production will increase in the future.

Ralph, PJ & Short, FT 2002, 'Impact of the wasting disease pathogen, Labyrinthula zosterae, on the photobiology of eelgrass Zostera marina', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 226, no. N/A, pp. 265-271.
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Labyrinthula zosterae is clearly shown to be a primary pathogen of eelgrass Zostera marina L., not merely a secondary infection of senescent leaves or an indication of decomposition, The results of this investigation using a Diving-PAM fluorometer indicate that the regions of tissue photosynthetically compromised by Labyrinthula are substantially larger than previously thought. Labyrinthula moves through Zostera marine tissue at a rate of up to 0.8 h-1 during daylight periods. The photosynthetic efficiency of apparently healthy green leaf tissue can be reduced by almost 50% in areas up to 3 mm from a necrotic region infected with Labyrinthula. Once a necrotic spot expands to bisect the eelgrass leaf, the condition of all acropertal tissue diminished; lead tissue up to 5 cm away has severely reduced photosynthetic activity.

Ralph, PJ, Gademann, R, Larkum, AWD & Kuhl, M 2002, 'Spatial heterogeneity in active chlorophyll fluorescence and PSII activity of coral tissues', MARINE BIOLOGY, vol. 141, no. 4, pp. 639-646.
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Chlorophyll-a fluorescence was measured in six species of coral, using pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorometers employing fibre-optic probes with diameters of 8 mm, 1 mm and 140 μm. The 8-mm probe integrated responses over a large area, giving more weight to coenosarc than polyp tissue for Acropora nobilis. With 1-mm and 140-μm fibre-optic probes, the photosynthetic responses of zooxanthellae in the coenosarc and the polyp tissue of Acropora nobilis were distinguished. The polyp tissue exhibited a lower maximum in relative electron transport rate than did the coenosarc tissue, and was subject to down-regulation at higher irradiances. Coenosarc and polyp tissue (both containing zooxanthellae) showed a wide range of responses in the other corals. Down-regulation of photosynthesis in a single polyp of Pocillopora damicornis was followed after exposure to moderate irradiance, with recovery occurring over a further 4 h of shade conditions. All the corals (Acropora millepora, A. nobilis, Cyphastrea serailia, Montipora tuberculosa, Pocillopora damicornis and Porites cylindrica) showed evidence of strong down-regulation of photosynthesis under high irradiance, and little evidence of photoinhibitory damage to photosystem II.

Ralph, PJ, Polk, SM, Moore, KA, Orth, RJ & Smith, WO 2002, 'Operation of the xanthophyll cycle in the seagrass Zostera marina in response to variable irradiance', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, vol. 271, no. 2, pp. 189-207.
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Changes in the photobiology and photosynthetic pigments of the seagrass Zostera marina from Chesapeake Bay (USA) were examined under a range of natural and manipulated irradiance regimes. Photosynthetic activity was assessed using chlorophyll-a fluorescence, and photosynthetic pigments were measured by HPLC. Large changes in the violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, and antheraxanthin content were concomitant with the modulation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Photokinetics (Fv/Fm, rapid light curves (RLC), and non-photochemical quenching) varied as a result of oscillating irradiance and were highly correlated to xanthophyll pigment content. Zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin concentrations increased under elevated light conditions, while violaxanthin increased in darkened conditions. Unusually high concentrations of antheraxanthin were found in Z. marina under a wide range of light conditions, and this was associated with the partial conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin. These results support the idea that xanthophyll intermediate pigments induce a photoprotective response during exposure to high irradiances in this seagrass.

Ralph, TC, Langford, NK, Bell, TB & White, AG 2002, 'Linear optical controlled-NOT gate in the coincidence basis', Physical Review A, vol. 65, no. 6.
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Ralph, TC, Langford, NK, Bell, TB & White, AG 2002, 'Linear optical controlled-NOT gate in the coincidence basis', Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, vol. 65, no. 6 A, pp. 623241-623245.
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A nondeterministic quantum controlled-NOT gate that operated with one-ninth efficiency was described. It was constructed from linear optical elements and required only a two-photon source for its demonstration. Behavior of the gate with variations in both the beam splitter and mode match values was investigated. It was concluded that the demonstration was feasible with current optical technology.

Rathouz, PJ 2002, 'Semiparametric inference in matched case-control studies with missing covariate data', Biometrika, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 905-916.
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Reichel, MP & Ellis, JT 2002, 'Control options for Neospora caninum infections in cattle - current state of knowledge', NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY JOURNAL, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 86-92.
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This article reviews control options for Neospora caninum infection and abortion in cattle, drawing on published literature and the authors' own research in this field. Apart from the successful use of embryo transfer to prevent congenital infection in calves born to infected cows, there are currently no accepted control methods for the prevention of abortions in cattle. The epidemiological data at hand suggest that concomitant infections with bovine pestivirus increase the risk of abortion significantly and that these infections, for which effective vaccines exist, should therefore be controlled. While vertical transmission appears to be the major route of infection in cattle, there is also a role for postnatal transmission, involving a definitive host. Presently, the control of dogs and their access to bovine tissues, particularly potentially infected placentae and other foetal tissues, appear to be the most prudent control methods. There are some indications that vaccination against N. caninum may aid in the prevention of abortions. Suggestions for control options are limited by our current lack of actual experiences with control strategies. Further practical fieldwork is needed in this area.

Reimers, JR, Hush, NS & Crossley, MJ 2002, 'Inter-porphyrin coupling: how strong should it be for molecular electronics applications?', Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, vol. 06, no. 12, pp. 795-805.
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Porphyrins and phthalocyanines have now been assembled in a multitude of different architectures, each of which may be identified with a different scenario of the coupling acting between the porphyrins. The synthetic flexibility of these compounds makes possible the design of particular molecules for specific applications in molecular electronics, both in naturally occurring and synthetic devices. Here, we form an overview of these features and focus on the coupling strength, considering what values are appropriate for different molecular electronics applications. In particular, we focus on model compounds that have been prepared as mimics of naturally occurring photosynthetic functional units, oligoporphyrins molecular wires, and stacked systems in which small changes in geometry can affect significant changes in the inter-porphyrin coupling and hence produce dramatic changes in device properties.

Reimers, JR, Hush, NS & Crossley, MJ 2002, 'Inter-porphyrin coupling: how strong should it be for molecular electronics applications?', JOURNAL OF PORPHYRINS AND PHTHALOCYANINES, vol. 6, no. 11-12, pp. 795-805.
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Reimers, JR, Shapley, WA, Lambropoulos, N & Hush, NS 2002, 'An atomistic approach to conduction between nanoelectrodes through a single molecule', MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS II, vol. 960, pp. 100-130.

Remond, G, Myklebust, R, Fialin, M, Nockolds, C, Phillips, M & Roques-Carmes, C 2002, 'Decomposition of wavelength dispersive x-ray spectra', Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 509-509.
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Line shapes of atomic lines and soft x-ray emission bands measured with a wavelength dispersive spectrometer (WDS) with the Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) are reviewed. Least square fitting to pseudo-Voigt profiles of the digitally measured spectra are used to account for the presence of non-diagram features (high and low energy satellites) and instrumental induced distortions. The effect of line width and relative intensities on the quality of fits is illustrated. Spectral distortions resulting from the presence of absorption edges within the analyzed wavelength region are illustrated for the case of FeLα,β emission bands for pure Fe and iron oxides. For quantitative analysis, an analytical approach is presented where the measured soft x-ray emission bands are corrected for self absorption before extracting the intensities from the experimental data.

Remond, G, Nockolds, C, Phillips, M & Roques-Carmes, C 2002, 'Implications of polishing techniques in quantitative x-ray microanalysi', Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 639-639.
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The implications of the polishing techniques in quantative x-ray microanalysis were discussed. Two and three body abrasive wears, polishing procedures and techniques and characterization of polished surfaces were also discussed. Varying the nature of polishing materials was found to result in different surface and subsurface chemical, physical and textural damages.

Reynolds, PA, Henderson, MJ, Holt, SA & White, JW 2002, 'Interfacial Structure of a High Internal Phase Emulsion near a Solid Surface', Langmuir, vol. 18, no. 24, pp. 9153-9157.
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Robson, SA, Michie, KA, Mackay, JP, Harry, E & King, GF 2002, 'The Bacillus subtilis cell division proteins FtsL and DivIC are intrinsically unstable and do not interact with one another in the absence of other septasomal components', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 663-674.
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SummaryThe bacterial septum appears to comprise a macromolecular assembly of essential cell division proteins (the ‘septasome’) that are responsible for physically dividing the cell during cytokinesis. FtsL and DivIC are essential components of this division machinery in Bacillus subtilis. We used yeast two‐hybrid analysis as well as a variety of biochemical and biophysical methods to examine the proposed interaction between Bacillus subtilis FtsL and DivIC. We show that FtsL and DivIC are thermodynamically unstable proteins that are likely to be unfolded and therefore targeted for degradation unless stabilized by interactions with other components of the septasome. However, we show that this stabilization does not result from a direct interaction between FtsL and DivIC. We propose that the observed interdepend‐ence of DivIC and FtsL stability is a result of indirect interactions that are mediated by other septasomal proteins.

Rodgers, KJ, Wang, HJ, Fu, SL & Dean, RT 2002, 'Biosynthetic incorporation of oxidized amino acids into proteins and their cellular proteolysis', FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 766-775.
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We demonstrate that oxidized amino acids can be incorporated into proteins by protein synthesis. The level of incorporation into protein was dependent on the concentration of oxidized amino acid supplied to the cells. At low levels of incorporation, the oxidized amino acids examined increased the degradation rate of the cell proteins. Degradation of certain proteins containing high levels of DOPA (but not ortho or meta tyrosine) was decreased to below the basal degradation rates suggesting that DOPA may contribute to proteins becoming resistant to proteolysis. Changes in the degradation rates of the oxidized amino acid-containing proteins was shown to have no impact on the degradation rates of native proteins, indicating that the activity of the degradative machinery was not affected. We demonstrate that oxidized proteins are selectively degraded by the proteasomes and provide evidence to suggest that the proteasomes and the endosomal-lysosomal systems may act in sequence as well as in parallel. The incorporation approach, unlike cell studies in which an exogenous oxidant is used, allows the degradation rates of the oxidatively modified proteins to be selectively measured, offering a greater sensitivity as well as greatly reducing toxicity to the cell and avoiding oxidative modification of other cell components.

Rose, RM, Warne, MS & Lim, RP 2002, 'Some life history responses of the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia to variations in population density at two different food concentrations', HYDROBIOLOGIA, vol. 481, no. 1-3, pp. 157-164.
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The combined effects of food concentration and population density on some life history characteristics of the small-bodied cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia were studied by examining animals maintained at densities of 100-3000 individuals l(-1) for 8 day

Rose, RM, Warne, MSJ & Lim, RP 2002, 'Food concentration affects the life history response of Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia to chemicals with different mechanisms of action', ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 106-114.
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Rose, RM, Warne, MSJ & Lim, RP 2002, 'Residual effects of 3,4-dichloroaniline on offspring born to Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia exposed for multiple generations', Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 205-211.
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One of the acknowledged limitations of conventional toxicity tests is their inability to evaluate the impact of toxicants on subsequent generations. Given their relatively short lifespan, cladocerans in the field may be exposed to toxicants for several generations. However, it is unclear what effect such an exposure regime could have on the cladoceran fitness after removal of the toxicant. This paper aimed to determine the offspring fitness of juveniles produced by adult Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia exposed to residual levels of 3,4-dichloroaniline over four generations. Mass cultures of Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia were maintained for several generations in various concentrations of 3,4-dichoroaniline (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 μg/L). The mass cultures were re-established every generation using 4th brood neonates <24 h old. Each generation, 4th brood neonates <24 h old were also transferred individually into toxicant-free water and examined until the production of their 3rd brood. F1 offspring of mothers exposed to 15 and 20 μg/L 3,4-dichloroaniline showed significantly (p < 0.05) reduced reproduction compared to the controls. No significant (p > 0.05) changes in reproduction due to 3,4-dichloroaniline were observed for the F2 and F3 offspring. However, F4 offspring of mothers exposed to all 3,4-dichloroaniline concentrations showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased reproduction compared to the controls. Possible explanations for the varying influence of maternal 3,4-dichloroaniline exposure on the reproductive output of the offspring are discussed.

Rouse, DT, Sheldon, CC, Bagnall, DJ, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2002, 'FLC, a repressor of flowering, is regulated by genes in different inductive pathways', PLANT JOURNAL, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 183-191.
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Rungis, D, Llewellyn, D, Dennis, ES & Lyon, BR 2002, 'Investigation of the chromosomal location of the bacterial blight resistance gene present in an Australian cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 551-560.
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Sabatier, F, Darmon, P, Hugel, B, Combes, V, Sanmarco, M, Velut, J-G, Arnoux, D, Charpiot, P, Freyssinet, J-M, Oliver, C, Sampol, J & Dignat-George, F 2002, 'Type 1 And Type 2 Diabetic Patients Display Different Patterns of Cellular Microparticles', Diabetes, vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 2840-2845.
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The development of vasculopathies in diabetes involves multifactorial processes including pathological activation of vascular cells. Release of microparticles by activated cells has been reported in diseases associated with thrombotic risk, but few data are available in diabetes. The aim of the present work was to explore the number and the procoagulant activity of cell-derived microparticles in type 1 and 2 diabetic patients. Compared with age-matched control subjects, type 1 diabetic patients presented significantly higher numbers of platelet and endothelial microparticles (PMP and EMP), total annexin V-positive blood cell microparticles (TMP), and increased levels of TMP-associated procoagulant activity. In type 2 diabetic patients, only TMP levels were significantly higher without concomitant increase of their procoagulant activity. Interestingly, in type 1 diabetic patients, TMP procoagulant activity was correlated with HbA1c, suggesting that procoagulant activity is associated with glucose imbalance. These results showed that a wide vesiculation process, resulting from activation or apoptosis of several cell types, occurs in diabetes. However, diabetic patients differ by the procoagulant activity and the cellular origin of microparticles. In type 1 diabetic patients, TMP-procoagulant activity could be involved in vascular complications. Moreover, its correlation with HbA1c reinforces the importance of an optimal glycemic control in type 1 diabetes.

Sammel, MD & Ryan, LM 2002, 'Effects of covariance misspecification in a latent variable model for multiple outcomes', STATISTICA SINICA, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1207-1222.
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Sammel and Ryan (1996) developed a latent variable model that allows for covariate effects on multiple continuous outcomes. While the approach provides an effective tool for data reduction and global test for covariate effects, it makes strong assumptions about the covariance among the outcomes. In addition, some parameters axe common to both the mean and variance suggesting that robustness could be a problem. This manuscript evaluates model misspecification on tests of exposure effects derived from the latent variable model. We develop a robust score test which is valid under misspecified variance assumptions and compare it to one based on Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) (Liang and Zeger (1986)), under varying assumptions on the true model. Both models have similar loss in power under variance misspecification while the estimated global effect of the covariate is more biased towards the null for the GEE model than the LV model. As the variance/scale of the outcomes increases, the performance of the LV model improves. As for asymptotic comparisons, test performance depends upon the amount of variability and correlation among the outcomes. The LV model test is superior when the data are highly correlated, p > 0.3, and with large variance. When uncorrelated outcomes are incorporated, the GEE model is superior, except when only the correlated outcomes axe impacted by the exposure.

Saunders, BM, Dane, A, Briscoe, H & Britton, WJ 2002, 'Characterization of immune responses during infection with Mycobacterium avium strains 100, 101 and the recently sequenced 104', Immunology & Cell Biology, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 544-549.
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Mycobacterium avium strain 104 was chosen as the M. avium isolate to sequence, as it is virulent to humans, stable and readily transfectable. As this strain has not been widely studied we sought to investigate the pattern of 104 infection in mice. Bacterial growth and the immune response generated were compared with infection with the low virulence M. avium strain 100, and the high virulence common laboratory strain, 101. Mycobacterium avium strains 104 and 101 grew progressively within mice, while strain 100 was gradually cleared. Strains 104 and 101 induced strong T cell activation and spleen cell cultures produced similar levels of IFN‐γ. In mice infected with strain 100 no significant T cell activation or IFN‐γ production was measured. Further, mice infected with strain 104 or 101 also displayed comparable inflammatory responses and similar granuloma formation, while only minimal inflammation was seen in mice infected with strain 100. Strains 101 and 104 also grew in a similar fashion in bone‐marrow‐derived macrophages and induced significant levels of TNF and nitric oxide. Thus infection with M. avium strain 104 induced an immunological response comparable to M. avium strain 101 and, with the availability of its sequence, should be a useful tool for designing new vaccines or drugs therapies to treat the increasing incidence of M. avium infection in humans.

Saunders, BM, Frank, AA, Orme, IM & Cooper, AM 2002, 'CD4 is required for the development of a protective granulomatous response to pulmonary tuberculosis', Cellular Immunology, vol. 216, no. 1-2, pp. 65-72.
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Schreiber, U, Gademann, R, Bird, P, Ralph, PJ, Larkum, AWD & Kuhl, M 2002, 'Apparent light requirement for activation of photosynthesis upon rehydration of desiccated beachrock microbial mats', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 125-134.
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Photosynthetic electron transport of beachrock microbial mats growing in the intertidal zone of Heron Island (Great Barrier Reef, Australia) was investigated with a pulse amplitude modulation chl fluorometer providing four different excitation wave-lengths for preferential excitation of the major algal groups (cyanobacteria, green algae, diatoms/dinoflagellates). A new type of fiberoptic emitter-detector unit (PHYTO-EDF) was used to measure chl fluorescence at the sample surface. Fluorescence signals mainly originated from cyanobacteria, which could be almost selectively assessed by 640-nm excitation. Even after desiccation for long time periods under full sunlight, beachrock showed rapid recovery of photosynthesis after rehydration in the light (t1/2 ∼ 15 min). However, when rehydrated in the dark, the quantum yield of energy conversion of PSII remained zero over extended periods of time. Parallel measurements of O2 concentration with an oxygen microoptode revealed zero oxygen concentration in the surface layer of rehydrated beachrock in the dark. Upon illumination, O2 concentration increased in parallel with PSII quantum yield and decreased again to zero in the dark. It is proposed that oxygen is required for preventing complete dark reduction of the PSII acceptor pools via the NADPH-dehydrogenase/chlororespiration pathway. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that PSII quantum yield could be partially induced in the dark by flushing with molecular oxygen.

Sedger, LM, Hou, S, Osvath, SR, Glaccum, MB, Peschon, JJ, van Rooijen, N & Hyland, L 2002, 'Bone marrow B cell apoptosis during in vivo influenza virus infection requires TNF-alpha and lymphotoxin-alpha', JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 169, no. 11, pp. 6193-6201.
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Suppression of bone marrow myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells occurs after infection with a variety of different viruses. In this study, we characterize the alterations in bone marrow (BM) lymphocytes after influenza virus infection in mice. We found a severe loss of BM B cells, particularly CD43(low/-)B220(+) pre-B and immature B cells, in influenza virus-infected mice. Depletion of BM B lineage cells resulted primarily from cell cycle arrest and most likely apoptosis within the BM environment, rather than from increased trafficking of BM emigrants to peripheral lymphoid tissues. Use of gene-knockout mice indicates that depletion of BM B cells is dependent on TNF-alpha, lymphotoxin-alpha, and both TNF receptors, TNFR1-p55 and TNFR2-p75. Thus, TNF-alpha and lymphotoxin-alpha are required for loss of BM B lineage cells during respiratory infection with influenza virus.

Sendt, K, Johnston, LA, Hough, WA, Crossley, MJ, Hush, NS & Reimers, JR 2002, 'Switchable electronic coupling in model oligoporphyrin molecular wires examined through the measurement and assignment of electronic absorption spectra', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 124, no. 31, pp. 9299-9309.
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Sessler, JL, Král, V, Shishkanova, TV & Gale, PA 2002, 'Cytosine substituted calix[4]pyrroles: Neutral receptors for 5′-guanosine monophosphate', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 99, no. 8, pp. 4848-4853.
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The synthesis and characterization of two cytosine-substituted calix[4]pyrrole conjugates, bearing the appended cytosine attached at either a β- or meso -pyrrolic position, is described. These systems were tested as nucleotide-selective carriers and as active components of nucleotide-sensing ion-selective electrodes at pH 6.6. Studies of carrier selectivity were made using a Pressman-type model membrane system consisting of an initial pH 6.0 aqueous phase, an intervening dichloromethane barrier containing the calix[4]pyrrole conjugate, and a receiving basic aqueous phase. Good selectivity for the Watson–Crick complementary nucleotide, 5′-guanosine monophosphate (5′-GMP), was seen in the case of the meso -linked conjugate with the relative rates of through-membrane transport being 7.7:4.1:1 for 5′-GMP, 5′-AMP, and 5′-CMP, respectively. By contrast, the β-substituted conjugate, while showing a selectivity for 5′-GMP that was enhanced relative to unsubstituted calix[4]pyrrole, was found to transport 5′-CMP roughly 4.5 times more quickly than 5′-GMP. Higher selectivities were also found for 5′-CMP when both the β- and meso -substituted conjugates were incorporated into polyvinyl chloride membranes and tested as ion selective electrodes at pH 6.6, whereas near-equal selectivities were observed for 5′-CMP and 5′-GMP in the case of unsubstituted calix[4]pyrroles. These seemingly disparate results are consistent with a picture wherein the meso -substituted cytosine calix[4]pyrrole conjugate, but not its β-linked congener, is capable of acting as a ditopic receptor, binding concurrently both the phosphate anion and nucleobase portions of 5′-GMP to the calixpyrrole core and cytosine “tails” of the molecule, respectively, with the effect of th...

Shao, Y, Jung, E & Leslie, LM 2002, 'Numerical prediction of northeast Asian dust storms using an integrated wind erosion modeling system', Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 107, no. D24.
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Northeast Asia is one of the most active regions of mineral dust emission. In this study, an integrated wind erosion modeling system is developed, which consists of an atmospheric model, a land surface scheme, a wind erosion scheme (for dust emission and sediment drift), a dust transport and deposition scheme, and a geographic information database. The integrated system is applied to the prediction of northeast Asian dust storms, from the perspective of dust emission and dust concentration of various particle size groups. Two successive but different dust storm events that occurred on 6–7 and 9–10 April 2000 are studied and the predictions are compared qualitatively with meteorological and satellite observations. The comparison shows that the integrated system simulated well the spatial and temporal evolution of dust source and dust concentration. The simulations reveal several significant synoptic features of dust storms. It is found that during a typical dust storm episode, the total emission of dust (with d ≤ 22 μm, d is particle diameter) in northeast Asia amounts to 4.62 Mt/day, including 0.04, 1.88, and 2.70 Mt/day for particle size groups, d ≤ 2 μm, 2 < d ≤ 11 μm, and 11 < d ≤ 22 μm, respectively.

Shapley, WA, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2002, 'INDO/S parameters for gold', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 424-438.
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Sheldon, CC, Conn, AB, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 2002, 'Different regulatory regions are required for the vernalization-induced repression of FLOWERING LOCUS C and for the epigenetic maintenance of repression', PLANT CELL, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 2527-2537.
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Shiao, TI, Ellis, MH, Dolferus, R, Dennis, ES & Doran, PM 2002, 'Overexpression of alcohol dehydrogenase or pyruvate decarboxylase improves growth of hairy roots at reduced oxygen concentrations', BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 455-461.
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Sidhu, S, Marsh, DJ, Theodosopoulos, G, Philips, J, Bambach, CP, Campbell, P, Magarey, CJ, Russell, CFJ, Schulte, K-M, Röher, H-D, Delbridge, L & Robinson, BG 2002, 'Comparative Genomic Hybridization Analysis of Adrenocortical Tumors', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 87, no. 7, pp. 3467-3474.
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Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a molecular cytogenetic technique that allows the entire genome of a tumor to be surveyed for gains and losses of DNA copy sequences. A limited number of studies reporting the use of this technique in adult adrenocortical tumors have yielded conflicting results. In this study we performed CGH analysis on 13 malignant, 18 benign, and 1 tumor of indeterminate malignant potential with the aim of identifying genetic loci consistently implicated in the development and progression of adrenocortical tumors. Tissue samples from 32 patients with histologically proven adrenocortical tumors were available for CGH analysis. CGH changes were seen in all cancers, 11 of 18 (61%) adenomas, and the 1 tumor of indeterminate malignant potential. Of the adrenal cancers, the most common gains were seen on chromosomes 5 (46%), 12 (38%), 19 (31%), and 4 (31%). Losses were most frequently seen at 1p (62%), 17p (54%), 22 (38%), 2q (31%), and 11q (31%). Of the benign adenomas, the most common change was gain of 4q (22%). Mann-Whitney analysis showed a highly significant difference between the cancer group (mean changes, 7.6) and the adenoma group (mean changes, 1.1) for the number of observed CGH changes (P &lt; 0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that the number of CGH changes was highly predictive of tumor type (P &lt; 0.01). This study has identified several chromosomal loci implicated in adrenocortical tumorigenesis. Activation of a protooncogene(s) on chromosome 4 may be an early event, with progression from adenoma to carcinoma involving activation of oncogenes on chromosomes 5 and 12 and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes on chromosome arms 1p and 17p.

Singarayar, S, Singleton, C, Tie, H, Wyse, K, Bursill, J, Bauskin, A, Wu, W, Valenzuela, S, Breit, S & Campbell, T 2002, 'Effects of Components of Ischemia on the Kv4.3 Current Stably Expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells', Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 197-207.
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We investigated the effects of three components of ischemia: external acidosis (pH=6.0), extracellular hyperkalemia ([K+]=20 mmol/l), and resting membrane depolarization to -60 mV, on Kv4.3 current stably expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. We used single electrode whole cell patch clamp techniques to study changes in the current elicited. External acidosis caused a positive shift in the steady state activation curve from -13.4±2.1 mV to -3.3±1.5 mV (n=8, P=0.004) and the steady state inactivation curve from -56.5±0.4 mV to -46.7±0.5 mV (n=14, P<0.0001). Acidosis also caused an acceleration of recovery from inactivation with the t1/2 decreasing from 306 ms (95% CI 287327 ms) to 194 ms (95% CI 182207 ms), (n=14, P<0.05). Hyperkalemia did not affect any of these parameters. Combined acidosis and hyperkalemia produced effects similar to those seen with acidosis. Changing the holding potential from -90 mV to -60 mV with test potentials of +5 and +85 mV decreased the peak currents by 34.1% and 32.4% respectively (n=14). However, in the presence of external acidosis the decrease in peak currents induced by changing the holding potential was less marked. In acidotic bath the peak current at -60 mV was reduced by only 13.6% at a test potential of +5 mV and 12.3% at a test potential of +85 mV (n=14). Taken together our data suggest that the membrane depolarization and changes in pH which occur under ischemic conditions would be accompanied by relative preservation of Kv4.3 currents and provide a molecular basis for the observation of preserved epicardial Ito and epicardial action potential duration (APD) shortening in ischemia.

Smith, G 2002, 'Nanoparticle physics for energy, lighting and environmental control technologies', Materials Forum, vol. 26, pp. 20-28.
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Performance of everyday systems such as windows, skylights, painted car panels, roofs and walls and lighting installations, can be improved markedly using nanoparticles, nanocoated micro-particles and nanocomposites. Additional functionality such as self cleaning and power generation is also possible. Properties and applications using polymer and conductor nano- and micro-particles, metal coated particles and nano-voids in metals are covered. Engineering of novel optical and thermal properties based on surface plasmons and surface plasmon polaritons is outlined. The diversity of responses and technical opportunities demands modelling. Empirical exploration by itself is time consuming and risky. Representing an inhomogeneous nanocomposite optically by an 'effective' homogeneous medium is shown to be useful when correctly applied, but is seen to be prone to misuse. The current controversy about negative refractive index nanostructures is a recent example. Opportunities in solar cells, thermal-to-electric conversion and refrigeration, separation, energy storage and power management systems are outlined, along with new decorative and display options.

Smith, G, Deller, CA, Swift, PD, Gentle, AR, Garrett, PD & Fisher, WK 2002, 'Nanoparticle-doped polymer foils for use in solar control glazing', Journal of nanoparticle Research, vol. 4, no. N/A, pp. 157-165.

Smith, GB & Pustovit, VN 2002, 'Coupled multipolar interactions in clusters of nanoparticles with metal shells', OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 211, no. 1-6, pp. 197-204.
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Coupled multipolar interactions between spherical nanoparticles coated with metal nanoshells are shown to yield very different optical behaviour to those between all metal nanoparticles in the same configurations. Controlled spectral tuning of absorption bands in metal shell nano-systems is shown to be easier than with all metal particles because strong localised fields between particles and the associated high order multipoles are much weaker. In the touching limit differences in field distributions mean that whereas all metal clusters are far from convergent when 300 pole-terms are included in the calculation, the metal nanoshells give full convergence after less than 10 poles, even for metal volume fractions over 50%. Extinction bands are also far less sensitive to particle spacing in the shell case. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Smith, GB, Deller, CA, Swift, PD, Gentle, A, Garrett, PD & Fisher, WK 2002, 'Nanoparticle-doped polymer foils for use in solar control glazing', JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH, vol. 4, no. 1-2, pp. 157-165.
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Smith, GH, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC & Nicorovici, NA 2002, 'Cylinder gratings in conical incidence with application to modes of air-cored photonic crystal fibers', Physical Review E, vol. 66, no. N/A.

Smith, GH, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC & Nicorovici, NA 2002, 'Cylinder gratings in conical incidence with applications to modes of air-cored photonic crystal fibers', Physical Review E, vol. 66, no. 5.
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Smith, JM 2002, 'Germline mutation of the tumour suppressor PTEN in Proteus syndrome', Journal of Medical Genetics, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 937-940.
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Southon, PD, Bartlett, JR, Woolfrey, JL & Ben-Nissan, B 2002, 'Formation and Characterization of an Aqueous Zirconium Hydroxide Colloid', Chemistry of Materials, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 4313-4319.
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Among the wide variety of routes reported for the chemical synthesis of zirconia, the development of simple, aqueous sol-gel technology is of considerable interest for industrialscale applications. In this study, zirconium hydroxide nanoparticles were produced by the controlled hydrolysis of zirconium carbonate in nitric acid, followed by gentle heating at 70°C. Transparent, colorless gels were subsequently produced from the concentrated sols (500 g/L, oxide basis) by drying at ambient temperature. The nanoparticle sols and gels were characterized using a range of techniques, including EXAFS, Raman spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and SAXS, which revealed the presence of platelike particles of width 2.8 ± 0.4 nm and thickness 0.5 ± 0.1 nm. The platelets exhibit a surprisingly high degree of short-range ordering, and it is demonstrated that they are composed of stacked layers of two-dimensional '[Zr(OH)4]n' sheets, as proposed (but not established) in earlier studies. The speciation of the nitrate anions in the sols was also investigated by Raman and 14N NMR, which revealed that the majority of anions were closely associated with the nanoparticles (i.e., separated from the surface by several layers of coordinated water molecules), rather than coordinated directly to the surface. The role of such species in maintaining the stability of the nanoparticle sols is discussed.

Speer, MS & Leslie, LM 2002, 'The prediction of two cases of severe convection: implications for forecast guidance', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 80, no. 1-4, pp. 165-175.
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Steele, F, Brown, J & Chambers, R 2002, 'A controlled donor imputation system for a one-number census', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), vol. 165, no. 3, pp. 495-522.
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The 2001 UK census was a one-number census. An integral part of such a process has been the creation of a transport census debate that has been adjusted for the undernumeration in the 2001 census. The methodology for creating this database is based on a controlled donor imputation system that imputes individuals and households estimated to have been missed in the census. This paper describes this methodology and provided results from a statistical assessment of its performance using data that realistically simulate the census process.

Stevenson, RM, Thompson, RM, Shields, AJ, Farrer, I, Lobo, CJ, Ritchie, DA, Leadbeater, ML & Pepper, M 2002, 'Exciton complexes in individual quantum dots as a single-photon source', Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, vol. 13, no. 2-4, pp. 423-426.
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Stoler, JM, Ryan, LM & Holmes, LB 2002, 'Alcohol dehydrogenase 2 genotypes, maternal alcohol use, and infant outcome', JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS, vol. 141, no. 6, pp. 780-785.
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Objective: To determine whether different alleles of the ADH2 gene (ADH2-1, ADH2-2 and ADH2-3) with differing levels of enzymatic activity can alter the risk of fetal alcohol effects. Study design: ADH2 genotypes were performed on 404 pregnant high-risk women and 139 infants as part of a larger study of alcohol use in pregnancy. Mothers were interviewed about alcohol use during pregnancy, and their infants were examined for alcohol-related features without knowledge of the exposure status. Results: The ADH2-1/3 genotype was more prevalent among black women (46%) than expected (33%); the rate among white women was low as expected (2%). More black women who reported high alcohol use during the pregnancy had the ADH2-1/3 genotype compared with those who reported no alcohol use (70% vs 44%). Sixty percent of the affected black infants had the ADH2-1/3 genotype compared with 29% of the unaffected infants (P <.045). The maternal genotype correlated with her chance of having an infant with alcohol-related physical features (odds ratio = 2.49). This association remained significant after accounting for confounders, such as smoking and maternal weight gain. Alcohol exposure was not significantly associated with infant outcome in black infants after accounting for genotype, smoking, and maternal weight gain, but this association could only be tested in 10 infants of mothers with high exposure. Conclusion: Women with the ADH2-1/3 genotype may be at greater risk for having an affected infant, which may be the result of greater ingestion of alcohol.

Thomson, CC, Roberts, K, Curran, A, Ryan, L & Wright, RJ 2002, 'Caretaker-child concordance for child's exposure to violence in a preadolescent inner-city population', ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE, vol. 156, no. 8, pp. 818-823.
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Background: Effective screening for exposure to violence (ETV) in the pediatric setting depends on informant reliability and recognition of patients at increased risk. Pediatricians screening for children's ETV often rely on parent reporting. Hypothesis: That there would be poor caretaker-child concordance given that children would report events occurring outside the home not witnessed by the caretaker and that ETV would be higher among immigrant families. Objectives: To examine concordance between caretaker and child self-report of the child's ETV in a preadolescent population and to explore factors related to increased risk. Design: Community-based survey. Setting: Urban community health center. Participants: One hundred sixty-five caretaker-child pairs. Methods: The ETV was assessed by means of a standardized interview questionnaire on location and frequency of ETV. A Rasch model was used to develop summary scores of ETV (frequency and severity). Results: Caretaker-child concordance on reports of child's ETV was poor. The K statistics ranged from -0.04 for seeing someone knifed to 0.39 for witnessing a shooting. Children reported ETV more often in their neighborhood or at school, whereas caretakers reported more events near or at home. Univariate predictors of child's self-reported ETV were female sex (β ± SE, -10.1 ± 4.6; P =.03) and care taker being divorced (β ± SE, 12.6 ± 6.0; P=.04). In multivariate analyses, country of origin predicted child's ETV, adjusting for child's age and sex, and caretaker educational status and marital status. Conclusions: Caretakers and their children have poor agreement on reports of the child's ETV. Intervention strategies around ETV should include assessment of the child independent of caretaker report for preadolescents. Screening may be more effective if pediatricians are aware of factors related to increased risk, including immigration status and caretaker marital status.

Ton-That, C, Shard, AG & Bradley, RH 2002, 'Surface feature size of spin cast PS/PMMA blends', POLYMER, vol. 43, no. 18, pp. 4973-4977.
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Thin films of polystyrene (PS)/polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) blends have been spin cast on mica from chloroform solutions. When the concentration of PMMA in the casting solution is less than that of PS a pitted morphology is formed. The average sizes of the pits are shown to increase with both the total concentration of the casting solution and the relative concentration of PMMA. The change in pit size is explained in terms of incomplete dewetting of a PMMA solution from an underlying PS solution. For a given ratio of PMMA/PS the average pit diameters appear to increase linearly with the square of the film thickness, the gradient of which is dependent on the film composition. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Torres, AM, Menz, I, Alewood, PF, Bansal, P, Lahnstein, J, Gallagher, CH & Kuchel, PW 2002, 'D‐Amino acid residue in the C‐type natriuretic peptide from the venom of the mammal, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, the Australian platypus', FEBS Letters, vol. 524, no. 1-3, pp. 172-176.
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The C‐type natriuretic peptide from the platypus venom (OvCNP) exists in two forms, OvCNPa and OvCNPb, whose amino acid sequences are identical. Through the use of nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and peptidase digestion studies, we discovered that OvCNPb incorporates a D‐amino acid at position 2 in the primary structure. Peptides containing a D‐amino acid have been found in lower forms of organism, but this report is the first for a D‐amino acid in a biologically active peptide from a mammal. The result implies the existence of a specific isomerase in the platypus that converts an L‐amino acid residue in the protein to the D‐configuration.

Toth, M, Daniels, DR, Thiel, BL & Donald, AM 2002, 'Quantification of electron-ion recombination in an electron-beam-irradiated gas capacitor', Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 35, no. 14, pp. 1796-1804.
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Toth, M, Phillips, MR, Craven, JP, Thiel, BL & Donald, AM 2002, 'Electric fields produced by electron irradiation of insulators in a low vacuum environment', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 91, no. 7, pp. 4492-4499.
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We report on the properties of electric fields generated as a result of electron irradiation of dielectrics in a low vacuum scanning electron microscope. Individual field components produced by (i) ionized gas molecules located outside the sample surface and (ii) subsurface trapped charge were detected by measurements of changes in (i) primary electron landing energy and (ii) secondary electron (SE) emission current, respectively. The results provide experimental evidence for a recently proposed model of field-enhanced SE emission from electron irradiated insulators in a low vacuum environment [Toth et al., J. Appl. Phys. 91, 4479 (2002)]. Errors introduced into x-ray microanalysis by the electric fields generated by ionized gas molecules can be alleviated by minimizing the steady state ion concentration by the provision of efficient ion neutralization routes. It is demonstrated how this can be achieved using simple sample-electrode geometries. © 2002 American Institute of Physics. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Toth, M, Phillips, MR, Thiel, BL & Donald, AM 2002, 'Electron imaging of dielectrics under simultaneous electron-ion irradiation', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 91, no. 7, pp. 4479-4491.
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We demonstrate that if charging caused by electron irradiation of an insulator is controlled by a defocused flux of soft-landing positive ions, secondary electron (SE) images can contain contrast due to lateral variations in (i) changes in the SE yield caused by subsurface trapped charge and (ii) the SE-ion recombination rate. Both contrast mechanisms can provide information on microscopic variations in dielectric properties. We present a model of SE contrast formation that accounts for localized charging and the effects of gas ions on the SE emission process, emitted electrons above the sample surface, and subsurface trapped charge. The model explains the ion flux dependence of charge-induced SE contrast, an increase in the sensitivity to surface contrast observed in SE images of charged dielectrics, and yields procedures for identification of contrast produced by localized sample charging. © 2002 American Institute of Physics. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Toth, M, Thiel, BL & Donald, AM 2002, 'On the role of electron–ion recombination in low vacuum scanning electron microscopy', Journal of Microscopy, vol. 205, no. 1, pp. 86-95.
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SummaryHere we demonstrate the effects of electron–ion recombination on imaging signals utilized in low vacuum scanning electron microscopes (SEMs). The presented results show that, under normal operating conditions, recombination of ionized gas molecules with secondary electrons (SEs) suppresses a significant fraction of emitted electrons. If the ion flux (and hence the spatial dependence of the SE–ion recombination rate) is laterally inhomogeneous across the imaged region of a specimen, contrast in SE images can be influenced and in some cases (under conditions of high detector field strength and long ionic mean free path) dominated by variations in the recombination rate. Consequently, SE images of features such as topographic asperities can exhibit edge‐darkening, leading to inversion of some topographic contrast. Recognition of the extent and nature of electron–ion recombination is required for a correct understanding of processes occurring in variable pressure SEMs and, subsequently, for models of image formation.

Trautman, DA, Hinde, R, Cole, L, Grant, A & Quinnell, R 2002, 'Visualisation of the symbiosome membrane surrounding cnidarian algal cells', Symbiosis, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 133-145.
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Virtually nothing is known of the role of the cnidarian symbiosome, primarily due to the difficulty in visualising its membrane. We used the fluorescent dye MDY-64 to stain symbiosome membranes surrounding algae of the anthozoan Zoanthus robustus. MDY-64 did not stain cultured symbiotic dinoflagellates, confirming that this dye binds to a membrane of host cell origin. Another fluorescent dye, amino-chloromethylcoumarin (CMAC) stained the cytoplasm of both endoderm cells and algal cells from the zoanthid, a coral and an anemone. By drawing a suspension of endoderm cells from Z. robustus back and forth (5-7 times) through a hypodermic needle, we obtained approximately 73% of the algae in intact symbiosomes, with only 6% of the algae remaining in intact endoderm cells, and 21% free of both endoderm cell and symbiosome. About 15 additional passages of the cells through the needle removed the symbiosome membranes, leaving approximately 85% of the algae free of all host cell material. Use of detergents to remove the endoderm cell plasma membrane damaged both the symbiosome and algal membranes. Transmission electron microscopy showed variable numbers of membranes surrounding the algae. The ability to isolate dinoflagellate cells with and without symbiosome membranes will allow studies of the role of this membrane.

Ung, AT, Schafer, K, Lindsay, KB, Pyne, SG, Amornraksa, K, Wouters, R, Van der Linden, I, Biesmans, I, Lesage, ASJ, Skelton, BW & White, AH 2002, 'Synthesis and biological activities of conformationally restricted cyclopentenyl-glutamate analogues', JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 227-233.
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Upadhyaya, NM, Zhou, XR, Zhu, QH, Ramm, K, Wu, LM, Eamens, A, Sivakumar, R, Kato, T, Yun, DW, Santhoshkumar, C, Narayanan, KK, Peacock, JW & Dennis, ES 2002, 'An iAc/Ds gene and enhancer trapping system for insertional mutagenesis in rice', FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 547-559.
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Upadhyaya, NM, Zhu, Q, Eamens, A & Dennis, ES 2002, 'Rice Gene Machine: A Vehicle for Finding Functions of Cereal Genes', Asia-Pacific Biotech News, vol. 06, no. 24, pp. 936-942.
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Identifying functions for the predicted 25 000 to 40 000 plant genes is the new focus of genomic research following the sequencing of genomes from model plants like Arabidopsis and rice. It is important that researchers and plant breeders especially from Asian countries access the techniques and resources of plant functional genomics, not only to remain competitive globally in rice research and development activities, but also to increase yields by alleviating some of the rice production constraints. These newly identified genes and gene control sequences can be used in transformation breeding and as molecular markers in classical plant breeding. At CSIRO Plant Industry we are using an insertional mutagenesis approach in rice to relate genes to their functions. With national and international collaboration we hope to create a substantial 'Rice Gene Machine' comprised of many thousands of rice insertion lines with their associated phenotypes and the gene sequences flanking insertion sites identified. This Rice Gene Machine will allow the identification of gene functions, which will benefit rice research and the rice industry for years to come.

Wallman, JF 2002, 'Corrigendum', Medical and Veterinary Entomology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 223-223.
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Wallman, JF 2002, 'Winged Evidence: Forensic Identification of Blowflies', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 73-79.
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The detection of carrion-breeding blowflies provides valuable forensic indicators of time, place and manner of death. Their correct identification is crucial to their successful use in this way. A particular challenge to blowfly identification lies in the morphology, or structure, of blowfly larvae. Detailed study reveals features that can be used to recognise most species reliably. © 2002 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Wand, MP 2002, 'Vector Differential Calculus in Statistics', The American Statistician, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 55-62.
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Wang, D, Jin, D, Wu, Z, Zou, W, Xu, D, Zheng, Z & Liu, X 2002, '[Therapeutic effects of human interleukin 10 gene transfer on severe acute pancreatitis in rats, an experimental study].', Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, vol. 82, no. 12, pp. 844-847.
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OBJECTIVE: To study the therapeutic effects of human interleukin 10 (IL-10) gene transfer on severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in rats. METHODS: Twenty healthy SD rats were injected intraperitoneally with SA liposome, SA liposome/pcDNA3 or SA liposome/pcDNA3-IL-10. Another twenty SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: rats in one group underwent laparotomy only (normal control), and SAP was induced in the other 4 groups induced by homogeneous injection of sodium taurocholate beneath the pancreatic capsule. Among the 4 SAP groups, one group did not receive any drugs, and liposomes, pcDNA3 or pcDNA3-IL-10 complexed with cationic liposomes were administered to the other groups. Drugs were administered by a single intraperitoneal injection thirty minutes after SAP had been induced. The levels of IL-10 in pancreas, liver and lungs were determined by ELISA kits. The level of serum amylase, histology, and tissue tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were assessed and mortality rate was observed in different groups for one week. RESULTS: The levels of IL-10 in the pancreas, liver and lung 24 hours after IL-10 gene transfer, increased significantly (all > 350 pg/g), and then gradually decreased, however, the levels of IL-10 were still significantly higher that those in the control groups (P < 0.05) 96 hours later and decreased to normal in one week. The levels of IL-10 of transfer control group were not significantly different from those of the normal control group. The levels of IL-10 expression in pancreas, liver and lungs were increased significantly in the gene therapy group, compared with the SAP group. The serum amylase level was (4 300 +/- 700) U/L in normal control group, increased to (20 300 +/- 1 100) U/L 24 hour after SAP induction without a difference between the therapy control group and SAP group, and decreased to (6 800 +/- 700) U/L after IL-10 gene therapy (P < 0.05). The histological score of pancreas was 4.1 +/- 0.2 24 hours after the induction of...

Wang, GX, Chen, Y, Konstantinov, K, Lindsay, M, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2002, 'Investigation of cobalt oxides as anode materials for Li-ion batteries', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 109, no. 1, pp. 142-147.
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Wang, GX, Chen, Y, Konstantinov, K, Yao, J, Ahn, J-H, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2002, 'Nanosize cobalt oxides as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 340, no. 1-2, pp. L5-L10.
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Wang, GX, Yao, J, Lindsay, M, Chen, Y, Liu, HK, Ryu, SH & Ahn, JH 2002, 'Li Storage Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Prepared by Chemical Vapour Deposition', Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials, vol. 12, pp. 18-26.
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Warton, K, Tonini, R, Fairlie, WD, Matthews, JM, Valenzuela, SM, Qiu, MR, Wu, WM, Pankhurst, S, Bauskin, AR, Harrop, SJ, Campbell, TJ, Curmi, PMG, Breit, SN & Mazzanti, M 2002, 'Recombinant CLIC1 (NCC27) Assembles in Lipid Bilayers via a pH-dependent Two-state Process to Form Chloride Ion Channels with Identical Characteristics to Those Observed in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Expressing CLIC1', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 277, no. 29, pp. 26003-26011.
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CLIC1 (NCC27) is an unusual, largely intracellular, ion channel that exists in both soluble and membrane-associated forms. The soluble recombinant protein can be expressed in Escherichia coli, a property that has made possible both detailed electrophysiological studies in lipid bilayers and an examination of the mechanism of membrane integration. Soluble E. coli-derived CLIC1 moves from solution into artificial bilayers and forms chloride-selective ion channels with essentially identical conductance, pharmacology, and opening and closing kinetics to those observed in CLIC1-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. The process of membrane integration of CLIC1 is pH-dependent. Following addition of protein to the trans solution, small conductance channels with slow kinetics (SCSK) appear in the bilayer. These SCSK modules then appear to undergo a transition to form a high conductance channel with fast kinetics. This has four times the conductance of the SCSK and fast kinetics that characterize the native channel. This suggests that the CLIC1 ion channel is likely to consist of a tetrameric assembly of subunits and indicates that despite its size and unusual properties, it is able to form a completely functional ion channel in the absence of any other ancillary proteins.

Webb, JK, Brook, BW & Shine, R 2002, 'Collectors endanger Australia's most threatened snake, the broad-headed snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides', ORYX, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 170-181.
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The collection of reptiles for the pet trade is often cited as a potential problem for threatened species, but quantitative data on the effects of this trade on wild populations are lacking. In south-eastern Australia the decline of the threatened broad-headed snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides has been blamed on habitat destruction and the collection of snakes for pets, but there was little evidence to support the latter hypothesis. During 1992-2000 we studied one of the last extant southern populations of broad-headed snakes in Morton National Park, New South Wales, where <600 individuals remain on an isolated plateau. Analysis of 9 years of mark-recapture data reveal that the activities of snake collectors seriously endanger the viability of this species. The study population of H. bungaroides was stable over 1992-1996, but declined dramatically in 1997, coincident with evidence of illegal collecting, possibly stimulated by a government amnesty that allowed pet owners to obtain permits for illegally held reptiles. Survivorship analyses revealed that 85% of adult females disappeared from the population in 1997. There was no such effect on male survivorship, suggesting that snake collectors selectively removed adult females, which are the largest snakes in the population. Humans caused significant damage to fragile rock outcrops in three of the 9 years of the study, and a second bout of habitat disturbance in 1999 coincided with a second decline in the H. bungaroides population. We recommend that locked gates be placed on fire trails to protect existing populations of broad-headed snakes. © 2002 FFI.

Webb, JK, Brook, BW & Shine, R 2002, 'What makes a species vulnerable to extinction? Comparative life-history traits of two sympatric snakes', ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 59-67.
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Although it is well known that species vary in their vulnerability to extinction, the reasons are poorly understood. Theory predicts that long-lived species with 'slow' life histories (small litters, slow growth, late maturation) should be at greater risk than short-lived species with high potential rates of increase. This hypothesis was tested by comparing life-history traits of two species of sympatric, elapid snakes: the endangered broad-headed snake, Hoplocephalus bungaroides, and common small-eyed snake, Cryptophis nigrescens. From 1992 to 2000 a mark-recapture study of both species was undertaken in Morton National Park, south-eastern Australia, and this information was used to construct transition matrices for each species. The endangered H. bungaroides was found to mature late (6 years of age), had a high juvenile (54.7%) and adult (81.6%) survival rate, and a long generation length (10.4 years). In striking contrast, the common C. nigrescens matured early (within 3 years), had a lower juvenile (30.4%) and adult (74.4%) survival rate (but higher recruitment rate), and a substantially shorter generation length (5.9 years). Elasticity analyses revealed that H. bungaroides was considerably more sensitive to survival past the age of 2 years (68.6%) than C. nigrescens (37.4%). These results provide support for the hypothesis that species with slow life histories are more vulnerable to extinction.

Webb, JK, Christian, KA & Fisher, P 2002, 'Fast growth and early maturation in a viviparous sit-and-wait predator, the northern death adder (Acanthophis praelongus), from tropical Australia', JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 505-509.
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NA

Welsh, AH, Lin, X & Carroll, RJ 2002, 'Marginal Longitudinal Nonparametric Regression', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 97, no. 458, pp. 482-493.
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Werneck, GL, Costa, CHN, Walker, AM, David, JR, Wand, M & Maguire, JH 2002, 'The Urban Spread of Visceral Leishmaniasis: Clues from Spatial Analysis', Epidemiology, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 364-367.
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Background. The pattern of spread of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazilian cities is poorly understood. Methods. We used geographic information systems and spatial statistics to evaluate the distribution of 1061 cases of visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Brazil, in 1993 through 1996. Results. A locally weighted (LOESS) regression model, which was fit as a smoothed function of spatial coordinates, demonstrated large-scale variation, with high incidence rates in peripheral neighborhoods that bordered forest land and pastures. Moran's I indicated small-scale variation and clustering up to 300 m, roughly the flight range of the sand fly vector. Conclusions. Spatial analytical techniques can identify high-risk areas for targeting control interventions.

Whitchurch, CB, Erova, TE, Emery, JA, Sargent, JL, Harris, JM, Semmler, ABT, Young, MD, Mattick, JS & Wozniak, DJ 2002, 'Phosphorylation of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa response regulator AlgR is essential for type IV fimbria-mediated twitching motility', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 184, no. 16, pp. 4544-4554.
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The response regulator AlgR is required for both alginate biosynthesis and type IV fimbria-mediated twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this study, the roles of AlgR signal transduction and phosphorylation in twitching motility and biofilm f

Whitchurch, CB, Tolker-Nielsen, T, Ragas, PC & Mattick, JS 2002, 'Extracellular DNA required for bacterial biofilm formation', SCIENCE, vol. 295, no. 5559, pp. 1487-1487.
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Bacterial biofilms are structured communities of cells enclosed in self-produced hydrated polymeric matrix adherent to an inert or living surface (1). Formation of these sessile communities and their inherent resistance to antibiotics and host immune attack are at the root of many persistent and chronic bacterial infections (1), including those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which has been intensively studied as a model for biofilm formation (2, 3). The matrix, which holds bacterial biofilms together, is a complex mixture of macromolecules including exopolysaccharides, proteins, and DNA (4). The latter has been presumed to be derived from lysed cells and has not been thought to represent an important component of biofilm structure. However, it has been known for many years that some bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, produce substantial quantities of extracellular DNA through a mechanism that is thought to be independent of cellular lysis and that appears to involve the release of small vesicles from the outer membrane

White, TP, Kuhlmey, BT, McPhedran, RC, Maystre, D, Renversez, G, de Sterke, CM & Botten, LC 2002, 'Multipole method for microstructured optical fibers. I. Formulation', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 2322-2330.
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We describe a multipole method for calculating the modes of microstructured optical fibers. The method uses a multipole expansion centered on each hole to enforce boundary conditions accurately and matches expansions with different origins by use of addition theorems. We also validate the method and give representative results. © 2002 Optical Society of America.

Williams, DBG & Lombard, H 2002, 'Deprotection techniques for phosphine-borane complexes: Methods and extraction coefficients', PHOSPHORUS SULFUR AND SILICON AND THE RELATED ELEMENTS, vol. 177, no. 12, pp. 2799-2803.
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Williams, DBG, Blann, K, Caddy, J & Holzapfel, CW 2002, 'ARYL γ-KETOESTERS AS PRECURSORS FOR γ-BUTYROLACTONE DIMERS IN SAMARIUM(II) IODIDE-MEDIATED REACTIONS', Synthetic Communications, vol. 32, no. 24, pp. 3755-3762.
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Williams, DBG, Lombard, H, van Niekerk, M, Coetzee, PP & Holzapfel, CW 2002, 'Deprotection Techniques for Phosphine-Borane Complexes: Methods and Extraction Coefficients', Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements, vol. 177, no. 12, pp. 2799-2803.
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Triarylphosphine-, diarylalkylphosphine-, and trialkylphosphine-borane complexes were deprotected using various amines and acids. After deprotection, the resulting borane species were extracted from the free phosphines using various solvent systems. The aqueous layers were analyzed for borane making use of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy; and extraction coefficients were then calculated from the analytical data.

Wilson, MA, Patney, HK & Kalman, J 2002, 'New developments in the formation of nanotubes from coal', Fuel, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 5-14.
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Materials which pack in the form of small rod shapes are of technological interest since they can exhibit considerable strength. In the past decade, we have seen an enormous level of activity in nanostructured materials, fuelled in particular by carbon nanotubes which are closed elongated structures of pure carbon. In our laboratory we have made efforts to synthesise these materials from sources other than graphite and in particular, coal. The work complements a similar program in our laboratory in synthesising fullerenes from coal. Because coal is a molecular solid, and graphite is a lattice solid, there are distinct differences in processing mechanisms between the two materials. Unlike coal, which has weak bonds, graphite, since there are no weak links, has to proceed through a mechanism where single carbon units must be involved, and hence, the products can differ from those derived from coal. The presence of other elements in coal produces a different type of nanotube distribution. Coal also produces other products such as microfilaments and polycyclic hydrocarbons

Wood, RA, Orwell, RL, Tarran, J, Torpy, F & Burchett, M 2002, 'Potted-plant/growth media interactions and capacities for removal of volatiles from indoor air', JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 120-129.
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Results are presented of an investigation into the capacity of the indoor potted-plant/growth medium microcosm to remove air-borne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which contaminate the indoor environment, using three plant species, Howea forsteriana (Becc. (Kentia palm), Spathiphyllum wallisii Schott. 'Petite' (Peace Lily) and Dracaena deremensis Engl. 'Janet Craig'. The selected VOCs were benzene and n-hexane, both common contaminants of indoor air. The findings provide the first comprehensive demonstration of the ability of the potted-plant system to act as an integrated biofilter in removing these contaminants. Under the test conditions used, it was found that the microorganisms of the growth medium were the 'rapid-response' agents of VOC removal, the role of the plants apparently being mainly in sustaining the root microorganisms. The use of potted-plants as a sustainable biofiltration system to help improve indoor air quality can now be confidently promoted. The results are a first step towards developing varieties of plants and associated microflora with enhanced air-cleaning capacities, while continuing to make an important contribution to the aesthetics and psychological comfort of the indoor environment.

Wood, RA, Orwell, RL, Tarran, J, Torpy, F & Burchett, M 2002, 'Potted-plant/growth media interactions and capacities for removal of volatiles from indoor air', The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 120-129.
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Woods, CJ, Camiolo, S, Light, ME, Coles, SJ, Hursthouse, MB, King, MA, Gale, PA & Essex, JW 2002, 'Fluoride-Selective Binding in a New Deep Cavity Calix[4]pyrrole:  Experiment and Theory', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 124, no. 29, pp. 8644-8652.
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Wu, YR, Llewellyn, DJ & Dennis, ES 2002, 'A quick and easy method for isolating good-quality RNA from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) tissues', PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 213-218.
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Yuan, Z, Kardynal, BE, Stevenson, RM, Shields, AJ, Lobo, CJ, Cooper, K, Beattie, NS, Ritchie, DA & Pepper, M 2002, 'Electrically Driven Single-Photon Source', Science, vol. 295, no. 5552, pp. 102-105.
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Electroluminescence from a single quantum dot within the intrinsic region of a p-i-n junction is shown to act as an electrically driven single-photon source. At low injection currents, the dot electroluminescence spectrum reveals a single sharp line due to exciton recombination, while another line due to the biexciton emerges at higher currents. The second-order correlation function of the diode displays anti-bunching under a continuous drive current. Single-photon emission is stimulated by subnanosecond voltage pulses. These results suggest that semiconductor technology can be used to mass-produce a single-photon source for applications in quantum information technology.

Zalipaev, VV, Movchan, AB, Poulton, CG & McPhedran, RC 2002, 'Elastic waves and homogenization in oblique periodic structures', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 458, no. 2024, pp. 1887-1912.
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A mathematical model has been constructed to describe elastic waves propagating in a twodimensional solid containing a doubly periodic parallelogram array of circular holes. A multipole expansion method is employed which takes into account a coupling between shear and dilatational waves via the traction boundary conditions and determines the structure of the propagating modes. It is important that the homogenized elastic structure be anisotropic; this follows from analysis presented here. The algorithm has been implemented into a computer code, which was used to construct the dispersion diagrams and analyse the filtering properties of the composite structure. It is of particular interest to study the hexagonal and rhombic types of parallelogram lattices, which can be shown to exhibit phononic bandgaps.

Zeng, Q, Wand, M, Young, AJ, Rawn, J, Milford, EL, Mentzer, SJ & Greenes, RA 2002, 'Matching of flow-cytometry histograms using information theory in feature space.', Proc AMIA Symp, pp. 929-933.
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Flow cytometry is a widely available technique for analyzing cell-surface protein expression. Data obtained from flow cytometry is frequently used to produce fluorescence intensity histograms. Comparison of histograms can be useful in the identification of unknown molecules and in the analysis of protein expression. In this study, we examined the combination of a new smoothing technique called SiZer with information theory to measure the difference between cytometry histograms. SiZer provides cross-bandwidth smoothing and allowed analysis in feature space. The new methods were tested on a panel of monoclonal antibodies raised against proteins expressed on peripheral blood lymphocytes and compared with previous methods. The findings suggest that comparing information content of histograms in feature space is effective and efficient for identifying antibodies with similar cell-surface binding patterns.

Zhang, YQ, O'Brien, B, Trudeau, J, Tan, RS, Santamaria, P & Dutz, JP 2002, 'In situ beta cell death promotes priming of diabetogenic CD8 T lymphocytes', JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 168, no. 3, pp. 1466-1472.
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This paper was the first to report that increased beta cell death can lead to the priming of diabetogenic T cells, and hence, the initiation of autoimmunity in Type 1 diabetes. The Journal of Immunology is the top-ranked immunology journal.

Zhong, S, Howes, A, Wang, GX, Bradhurst, DH, Wang, C, Dou, SX & Liu, HK 2002, 'A new process for fabrication of metal-hydride electrodes for nickel–metal hydride batteries', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 330-332, pp. 760-765.
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Aubin, A-S, Drouin, D & Phillips, MR 1970, 'ESEM Beam Current Measuring Device based on a Planar Schottky Diode', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 1538-1539.
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Berry, SM, Carroll, RJ & Ruppert, D 1970, 'Bayesian Smoothing for Measurement Error Problems', TOTAL LEAST SQUARES AND ERRORS-IN-VARIABLES MODELING, 3rd International Workshop on Total Least Squares and Errors-in-Variables Modeling, Springer Netherlands, LEUVEN, BELGIUM, pp. 121-130.
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Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, Langtry, T, de Sterke, CM & McPhedran, RC 1970, 'Propagation of Photonic Crystal Waveguides', Proceedings of the Australian Institute of Physics 15th Biennial Congress 2002., Congress of the Australian Institute of Physics, Australian Institute of Physics, Sydney, Australia, pp. 289-291.

Chakam, GA, Freude, W, Poulton, C, von Freymann, G, Wegener, M & Fujii, M 1970, 'Polarisation dependent coupling in ring resonator filters', 2002 IEEE/LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2, 15th Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Lasers-and-Electro-Optics-Society, IEEE, GLASGOW, SCOTLAND, pp. 748-749.

Chen, Y, Lin, M, Krewski, D, Burnett, RT, Villeneuve, PJ, McGrail, K & Hertzmann, C 1970, 'Socioeconomic status, thoracic particulate matter and asthma hospitalization in Vancouver', EPIDEMIOLOGY, LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, pp. S154-S155.

Chiarella, C, Craddock, MJ & El-Hassan, N 1970, 'A short time expansion of the volatility function for the calibration of option pricing models', Society of Computational Economics Conference, Society of Computational Economics Conference, Aix-en-Provence, France.

Cox, L, Logan, PF & Cobbin, D 1970, 'Offshore/Onshore foundation programs: student perspective', Proceedings of IDP Conference, IDP, Hobart, Australia.

Deller, CA, Smith, G, Franklin, J & Joseph, EK 1970, 'The integration of forward light transport and lateral illumination of polymer optical fibre', Proceedings of the Australian Institute of Physics 15th Biennial Congress 2002., Congress of the Australian Institute of Physics, Causal Productions Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia, pp. 307-309.

Dowd, A, Johnston, MB, Whittaker, DM, Davies, AG & Linfield, EH 1970, 'Enhancement of THz emission from semiconductor devices', COMMAD 2002 PROCEEDINGS, COMMAD, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 281-284.
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We have studied the emission of coherent terahertz (THz) frequency electromagnetic pulses from semiconductor surfaces. Collimated beams of THz radiation are observed from surface-field emitters and the efficiency of these emitters is shown to be improved by (a) modifying the effective refractive index at the surface of the emitter and (b) reorienting the THz dipole with respect to the surface. A ~ 20 enhancement in emitted THz power was seen in a GaAs/InAs prism emitter

Gardiner, RJ, Mauer, M, Sinaiko, A, Strand, T, Zinman, B, Donnelly, S, Drummond, K, Kramer, M & Suissa, S 1970, 'Effects of Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) blockade on the early lesions of Diabetic Nephropathy (DN): study design and baseline results.', DIABETOLOGIA, 38th EASD Annual Meeting of the European-Association-for-the-Study-of-Diabetes, SPRINGER-VERLAG, HUNGARY, BUDAPEST, pp. A363-A363.

Gelhausen, O, Phillips, MR, Klein, HN & Goldys, EM 1970, 'Influence of low-energy electron beam irradiation on defects in activated Mg-doped GaN', MRS Proceedings, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. 653-658.
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ABSTRACTCL spectroscopy studies at varying temperatures and excitation power densities as well as depth-resolved CL imaging were conducted to investigate the impact of low energy electron beam irradiation (LEEBI) on native defects and residual impurities in metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) grown Mg-doped p-type GaN. Due to the dissociation of (Mg-H)0 complexes, LEEBI significantly increases the (e,Mg0) emission (3.26 eV) at 300 K and substantially decreases the H-Mg donor-acceptor-pair (DAP) emission (3.27 eV) at 80 K. In-plane and depth-resolved CL imaging indicates that hydrogen dissociation results from electron-hole recombination at H-defect complexes rather than heating by the electron beam. The dissociated hydrogen atoms associate with nitrogen vacancies, forming a deeper donor, i.e. a (H-VN) complex. The corresponding deeper DAP emission with Mg centered at 3.1 eV is clearly observed between 160 and 220 K. Moreover, a broad yellow luminescence (YL) band centered at 2.2 eV is observed in MOVPE-grown Mg-doped GaN after LEEBI-treatment. It is suggested that a combination of LEEBI-induced Fermi-level downshift due to Mg-acceptor activation and simultaneous dissociation of gallium vacancy-impurity complexes, i.e. (VGa-H), is responsible for the observed YL.

Graudins, A, Sung, K, Hains, PG, Padula, M, Broady, KW & Nicholson, GM 1970, 'Partial protein and DNA sequences of Latrodectus hasselti, L. hesperus and L. mactans latrotoxins: are they homologous?', 6th Asia Pacific Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, Cairns.

Green, DD, Kannangara, GK, Milev, A & Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'P-31 solution state NMR investigation of the hydrolysis of a new alkoxide sol-gel hydroxyapatite', Key Engineering Materials, Bioceramics 14, Trans Tech Publications, California, USA, pp. 75-78.
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Previous work by these authors found that ageing was necessary to convert the starting precursors of calcium diethoxide [Ca(OEt)(2)] and triethyl phosphite [P(OEt)(3)] Sol-gel system to more reactive intermediates, These conclusions provided the impetus to examine an alternative phosphorous precursor that will not entail a 24-hour ageing period. The use of diethyl phosphite [HOP(OEt)(2)] as an alternate precursor it was possible to produce hydroxyapatite which did not require ageing of the Sol. [1]. The solution-state P-31 NMR spectroscopy was successfully applied to monitor the reaction during the ageing period that provided the vital characteristics of the alternate phosphorous precursor. However, no attempts were made to postulate mechanism(s) and identification of the intermediate species formed in these sol-gel systems. This report encompasses both these aspects; mechanism and identification of the reaction intermediates for P(OEt)3 and [HOP(OEt)(2)] sol-gel systems

Griffin, B, Suvorova, A & Phillips, M 1970, 'A review of gas-electron interactions imaging and X-ray analysis in variable pressure SEM', Proceedings of the 15th International Congress on Electron Microscopy, 15th International Congress on Electron Microscopy, Microscopy Society of Southern Africa, Durban, South Africa, pp. 215-216.

Gunning, SJ, Khalife, A, Padula, M, Smith, R, Broady, KW & Nicholson, GM 1970, 'Modulation of sodium channel gating and kinetics by δ missulenatoxin Mb1a from the Australian eastern mouse spider Missulena bradleyi.', 6th Asia Pacific Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, Cairns.

Hanen, C & Zinder, Y 1970, 'The worst-case analysis of the Garey-Johnson algorithm', 8th International Workshop on Project Management and Scheduling, 8th International Workshop on Project Management and Scheduling, The European Journal of Operational Research, Valencia, Spain.
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The Garey-Johnson algorithm is one of only two known polynomial-time algorithms allowing to construct an optimal schedule for the maximum lateness problem with unit execution tasks, two parallel identical processors, precedence constraints and release times. The paper is concerned with the worst-case analysis of a generalisation of the Garey-Johnson algorithm for the case of arbitrary number of processors. We prove that for even number of processors the algorithm is characterised by the best currently known performance guarantee, whereas for odd number of processors it is less competitive.

Holt, SA, Henderson, MJ & White, JW 1970, 'Thermal Denaturation of Interfacial Protein Layers', Australian Journal of Chemistry, 25th Australasian Polymer Symposium, CSIRO Publishing, UNIV NEW ENGLAND, ARMIDALE, AUSTRALIA, pp. 449-449.
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We report for the first time the structural measurements at nanometre resolution of the denaturation of β-lactoglobulin and lysozyme at an air–water interface using the technique of neutron reflectivity. The incipient denaturation shown previously[1] for myogloblin is also studied for these molecules at room temperature, and denaturation is provoked by increasing the temperature of the solutions progressively to 75°C. The change in the adsorbed protein layer thickness, its scattering length density and density distribution perpendicular to the surface as a function of increased temperature are reported and the data analysed in terms of a two-state model for the denaturation process. These measurements are relevant to an understanding of the way in which proteins at interfaces act as templates, for example, in biomineralization.

Huete, A, Miura, T, Gao, X, IEEE, IEEE & IEEE 1970, 'Land cover conversion and degradation analyses through coupled soil-plant biophysical parameters derived from hyperspecral EO-1 Hyperion', IGARSS 2002: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM AND 24TH CANADIAN SYMPOSIUM ON REMOTE SENSING, VOLS I-VI, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2002)/24th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing, IEEE, TORONTO, CANADA, pp. 799-801.

Innes, JK, Ben-Nissan, B & Vago, R 1970, 'Biomimetic conversion of Red Sea corraline structures for implant purposes', AUSTCERAM 2002 Proceedings, AUSTCERAM 2002, Australasian Ceramic Society, Perth, Australia, pp. 21-22.

Johnston, MB, Dowd, A, Whittaker, DM, Corchia, A, Davies, AG & Linfield, EH 1970, 'Enhancement of terahertz emission from semiconductor surfaces', THZ 2002: IEEE TENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TERAHERTZ ELECTRONICS PROCEEDINGS, Terra, IEEE, Cambridge, UK, pp. 48-51.
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We have studied the generation of coherent pulses of terahertz (THz) radiation from semiconductor surfaces both experimentally and using a Monte-Carlo carrier dynamics simulation. Collimated THz beams are observed from surface-field THz emitters and three methods of improving the efficiency of these emitters are demonstrated: (i) by applying a magnetic field, (ii) by reducing the effective refractive index of the device and (iii) by altering the geometry of the device. An enhancement of 21 is seen in a prism based GaAs/InAs THz emitter

Kannangara, GK, Green, DD, Milev, AS & Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'Synthesis of non-aged new alkoxide sol-gel hydroxyapatite monitored by solution state 31 P NMR', AUSTCERAM 2002 Proceedings, AUSTCERAM 2002, Australasian Ceramic Society, Perth, Australia, pp. 13-14.

Kipnis, V, Midthune, D, Freedman, L, Bingham, S, Day, NE, Riboli, E, Ferrari, P & Carroll, RJ 1970, 'Bias in dietary-report instruments and its implications for nutritional epidemiology', Public Health Nutrition, 4th International Conference on Dietary Assessment Methods, Cambridge University Press (CUP), TUCSON, ARIZONA, pp. 915-923.
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AbstractObjective:To evaluate measurement error structure in dietary assessment instruments and to investigate its implications for nutritional studies, using urinary nitrogen excretion as a reference biomarker for protein intake.Design:The dietary assessment methods included different food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs) and such conventional dietary-report reference instruments as a series of 24-hour recalls, 4-day weighed food records or 7-day diaries.Setting:Six original pilot validation studies within the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC), and two validation studies conducted by the British Medical Research Council (MRC) within the Norfolk cohort that later joined as a collaborative component cohort of EPIC.Subjects:A sample of approximately 100 to 200 women and men, aged 35–74 years, from each of eight validation studies.Results:In assessing protein intake, all conventional dietary-report reference methods violated the critical requirements for a valid reference instrument for evaluating, and adjusting for, dietary measurement error in an FFQ. They displayed systematic bias that depended partly on true intake and partly was person-specific, correlated with person-specific bias in the FFQ. Using the dietary-report methods as reference instruments produced substantial overestimation (up to 230%) of the FFQ correlation with true usual intake and serious underestimation (up to 240%) of the degree of attenuation of FFQ-based log relative risks.SPIE Proceedings, Symposium on Integrated Optoelectronic Devices, SPIE, SAN JOSE, CA, pp. 114-123.
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Langtry, T, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, Asatryan, AA & McPhedran, RC 1970, 'Effects of Disorder in Photonic Crystal Waveguides', Proceedings of the Australian Institute of Physics 15th Biennial Congress 2002., Congress of the Australian Institute of Physics, Australian Institute of Physics, Sydney, Australia, pp. 310-312.

Leslie, LM, LeMarshall, J, Speer, MS & Abbey, RF 1970, 'The Australian east coast sub-tropical storm of March 8-9, 2001: Synoptic analysis and data assimilation experiments at landfall', SYMPOSIUM ON OBSERVATIONS, DATA ASSIMILATION, AND PROBABILISTIC PREDICTION, Symposium on Observations, Data Assimilation, and Probabilistic Prediction, AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, ORLANDO, FL, pp. 5-5.

Macinnis-Ng, CMO & Ralph, PJ 1970, 'Towards a more ecologically relevant assessment of the impact of heavy metals on the photosynthesis of the seagrass, Zostera capricorni', MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, 3rd International Conference on Marine Pollution and Ecotoxicology, PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, HONG KONG, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 100-106.
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Marcinkevičius, S, Leon, R, Čechavičius, B, Siegert, J, Lobo, C, Magness, B & Taylor, W 1970, 'Changes in carrier dynamics induced by proton irradiation in quantum dots', Physica B: Condensed Matter, Elsevier BV, pp. 203-206.
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Mazzanti, M, Warton, K, Tonini, R, Lorenzi, G, Fairlie, D, Matthews, JM, Valenzuela, S, Qiu, MR, Wu, WM, Pankhurst, S, Bauskin, AR, Campbell, TJ, Curmi, PMG & Breit, SN 1970, 'NCC27 (CLIC1) interacts with artifical bylayer in a pH dependent manner to form chloride ion channels', BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL, BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY, pp. 244A-244A.

Miller, PF & Peters, BA 1970, 'Comparative field study of a new formulation of Goliath Cockroach Gel against German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) and a Mixed Population of American Cockroach and Australian Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattidae)', Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Urban Pests, South Carolina.

Miller, PF, Peters, BA & Scrivener, AM 1970, 'The efficacy of eight commercial cockroach baits against the American cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattidae)', Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Urban Pests, South Carolina.

Miura, T, Huete, A, Yoshioka, H, Kim, HJ, IEEE, IEEE & IEEE 1970, 'An application of airborne hyperspectral and EO-1 Hyperion data for inter-sensor calibration of vegetation indices for regional-scale monitoring', IGARSS 2002: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM AND 24TH CANADIAN SYMPOSIUM ON REMOTE SENSING, VOLS I-VI, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2002)/24th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing, IEEE, TORONTO, CANADA, pp. 3118-3120.

Nguyen, HT, Mitchell, RA, Thornton, BS, Hung, WT, Lee, W, Rickard, M, IEEE, IEEE & IEEE 1970, 'Detection of masses in digitised mammograms using dendronic image analysis', SECOND JOINT EMBS-BMES CONFERENCE 2002, VOLS 1-3, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, 24th Annual International of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Houston, Texas, USA, pp. 1051-1052.
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If detected early, breast cancer can be treated with better patient outcomes and significantly lower costs. Using the spatial dendronic structure and hierarchical repartment operator, difficult cases of spiculated and stellate tumours can be identified early. The techniques are robust to noise and can reveal various layers of biophysical and biomedical differences in a suspect tumour. In particular, the hierarchical repartment parameter of a mass in a digital mammogram can be obtained using compactness ratios of successive information peeling in this mass. This parameter alone was applied to distinguish all biopsied masses from normal parenchymal tissues in eight separate cases.

O'Brien, B 1970, 'In vivo phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages from NOD mice is reduced', Diabetes, Amer Diabetes Assoc, USA, pp. 1167-1167.

Peters, BA, Miller, PF & Scrivener, AM 1970, 'The Efficacy of Eight Commercial Cockroach Baits against the American Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattidae)', Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Urban Pests, South Carolina, USA, pp. 446-446.

Phillips, M & Morgan, SW 1970, 'Time dependent behaviour of positive ions in the variable pressure scanning electron microscope', Proceedings of the 15th International Congress on Electron Microscopy, 15th International Congress on Electron Microscopy, Microscopy Society of Southern Africa, Durban, South Africa, pp. 219-220.

Phillips, MR & Morgan, SW 1970, 'Time Resolved Analysis of the Positive Ion Dynamics in the Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscope', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Canada, pp. 446-447.
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Platen, E 1970, 'A modified constant elasticity of variance model', Quantitative Finance Conference, Quantitative Finance Conference, Singapore.

Platen, E 1970, 'Arbitrage in continuous complete markets', 2nd World Congress of the Bachelier Finance Society, 2nd World Congress of the Bachelier Finance Society, Crete, Greece.

Rémond, G, Fialin, GM, Nockolds, CE, Phillips, MR & Roques-Carmes, C 1970, 'Absorption Correction Of Fe Lα,β Emission From Iron Oxides', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 1496-1497.
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Schlogl, E 1970, 'Arbitrage-free interpolation in models of market observable interest rates', 2nd World Congress of the Bachelier Finance Society.

Schlogl, E 1970, 'Integration of interest rate and currency risk across markets: model calibration, derivatives pricing & risk management', RISK 2002 Conference, RISK 2002 Conference, Sydney, Australia.

Schlogl, E 1970, 'Joint calibration of volatilities & correlations in interest rate and FX markets', Quantitative Methods in Finance 2002 Conference, Quantitative Methods in Finance 2002 Conference, Sydney and Cairns, Australia.

Smith, GB 1970, 'Nanostructured thin films - A critical review', COMPLEX MEDIUMS III: BEYOND LINEAR ISOTROPIC DIELECTRICS, Complex Mediums III : Beyond Linear Isotropic Dielectrics, SPIE, Seattle, USA, pp. 207-221.
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Smith, GH & Botten, LC 1970, 'Electromagnetic modelling of propagation in photonic crystal lattices', Proceedings of the Engineering Mathematics and Applications Conference, Engineering Mathematics and Applications Conference, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Queensland University of Technology, Australia, pp. 199-204.

Thiel, BL & Toth, M 1970, 'Considerations for Secondary Electron Imaging of Dielectric Materials in Low- Vacuum and Environmental SEM', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 448-449.
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Toth, M, Craven, JP, Phillips, MR, Thiel, BL & Donald, AM 1970, 'X-ray Microanalysis of Insulators in a Variable Pressure Environment', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Quebec, Canada, pp. 1478-1479.
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Ward, MB, Yuan, Z, Stevenson, RM, Kardynal, BE, Lobo, CJ, Cooper, K, Ritchie, DA & Shields, AJ 1970, 'Single photon emitting diode', SPIE Proceedings, International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, SPIE, pp. 466-473.
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Williams, DBG, Lombard, H, Van Niekerk, M & Coetzee, PP 1970, 'Deprotection Techniques for Phosphine-Borane Complexes: Methods and Extraction Coefficients', Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements, Informa UK Limited, pp. 2115-2116.
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Williams, DBG, Lombard, H, Van Niekerk, M & Coetzee, PR 1970, 'Deprotection techniques for phosphine-borane complexes: Methods and extraction coefficients', PHOSPHORUS SULFUR AND SILICON AND THE RELATED ELEMENTS, 15th International Conference on Phosphorus Chemistry, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, SENDAI, JAPAN, pp. 2115-2116.
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Wolterding, M & Larkum, AWD 1970, 'Post-wildfire leaf production in the Australian seagrass Posidonia australis', Bulletin of Marine Science, pp. 1207-1214.
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The effect of a nearby wildfire on Posidonia australis leaf production was examined through comparison with pre-fire values recorded the previous year and with control groups growing some distance from the fire. Post-fire leaf growth, leaf area and leaf width increased significantly over pre-fire levels measured the year before. Control groups showed no significant increases in these variables over the same time interval. The rapid, significant increase in post-fire leaf production suggests that, wildfires can have a major impact on summer P. australis growth, most likely through increasing nutrient availability.

Yoshioka, H, Miura, T, Yamamoto, H, Huete, A, IEEE, IEEE & IEEE 1970, 'A technique of inter-sensor VI translations using EO-1 hyperion data to minimize systematic differences in spectral band-pass filters', IGARSS 2002: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM AND 24TH CANADIAN SYMPOSIUM ON REMOTE SENSING, VOLS I-VI, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2002)/24th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing, IEEE, TORONTO, CANADA, pp. 2211-2213.

Yuan, Z, Kardynal, BE, Stevenson, RM, Ward, MB, Shields, AJ, Lobo, CJ, Cooper, K, Ritchie, DA & Pepper, M 1970, 'Single photon emitting diode using semiconductor quantum dot', Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science (QELS) - Technical Digest Series, pp. 96-97.
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The realization of an electrically-driven single photon source based upon integrating InAs quantum dots into a conventional semiconductor light emitting diode structure was reported. The results state that semiconductor technology can be used to mass-produce a cheap and convenient single photon source for applications in quantum information technology.

Zhu, H, Thuruthyil, SJ, Rice, S, Kjelleberg, S, Kumar, N, Read, RW, Erickson, P & Willcox, MDP 1970, 'Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors by furanones', INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE, Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology, ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, FT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA, pp. U207-U207.

Schlögl, E 2002, Extracting the Joint Volatility Structure of Foreign Exchange and Interest Rates from Option Prices, no. 79.

Tarran, J, Orwell, RL, Burchett, M, Wood, R & Torpy, FR Horticulture Australia 2002, Quantification of the Capacity of Indoor Plants to Remove Volatile Organic Compounds Under Flow-through Conditions, pp. 1-85, Sydney, Australia.

Aerts, M, Geys, H, Molenberghs, G & Ryan, LM 2002, 'Topics in modelling of clustered data', pp. 1-310.
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Many methods for analyzing clustered data exist, all with advantages and limitations in particular applications. Compiled from the contributions of leading specialists in the field, Topics in Modelling of Clustered Data describes the tools and techniques for modelling the clustered data often encountered in medical, biological, environmental, and social science studies. It focuses on providing a comprehensive treatment of marginal, conditional, and random effects models using, among others, likelihood, pseudo-likelihood, and generalized estimating equations methods. The authors motivate and illustrate all aspects of these models in a variety of real applications. They discuss several variations and extensions, including individual-level covariates and combined continuous and discrete outcomes. Flexible modelling with fractional and local polynomials, omnibus lack-of-fit tests, robustification against misspecification, exact, and bootstrap inferential procedures all receive extensive treatment. The applications discussed center primarily, but not exclusively, on developmental toxicity, which leads naturally to discussion of other methodologies, including risk assessment and dose-response modelling. Clearly written, Topics in Modelling of Clustered Data offers a practical, easily accessible survey of important modelling issues. Overview models give structure to a multitude of approaches, figures help readers visualize model characteristics, and a generous use of examples illustrates all aspects of the modelling process.

Buhlmann, H & Platen, E 2002, 'A Discrete Time Benchmark Approach for Finance and Insurance'.
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This paper proposes an integrated appraoch to discrete time modelling in finance and insurance. This approach is based on the existence of a specific benchmark portfolio, known as the growth optimal portfolio. When used as numeraire, this portfolio ensures that all benchmarked price processes are super-martingales. A fair market is characterized in terms of the type of maximum that the optimal growth rate attains. In general, arbitrage amounts arise due to supermartingale property of benchmarked traded prices. No measure transformation is needed for the pricing of insurance policies and derivatives in a fair market.

Heath, D & Platen, E 2002, 'Consistent pricing and hedging for a modified constant elasticity of variance model'.
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This paper considers a modification of the well known constant elasticity of variance model where it is used to model the growth optimal portfolio (GOP). It is shown that, for this application, there is no equivalent risk neutral pricing measure and therefore the classical risk neutral pricing methodology fails. However, a consistent pricing and hedging framework can be established by application of the benchmark approach. Perfect hedging strategies can be constructed for European style contingent claims, where the underlying risky asset is the GOP. In this framework, fair prices for contingent claims are the minimal prices that permit perfect replication of the claims. Numerical examples show that these prices may differ significantly from the corresponding 'risk neutral' prices. © 2002 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.

Heath, DP & Platen, E 2002, 'A variance reduction technique based on integral representations', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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Research Paper Number: 75 Abstract: Standard Monte Carlo methods can often be significantly improved with the addition of appropriate variance reduction techniques. In this paper a new and powerful variance reduction technique is presented. The method is based directly on the Ito calculus and is used to find unbiased variance reduced estimators for the expectation of functionals of Ito diffusion processes. The approach considered has wide applicability, for instance, it can be used as a means of approximating solutions of parabolic partial differential equations or applied to valuation problems that arise in mathematical finance. We illustrate how the method can be applied by considering the pricing of European style derivative securities for a class of stochastic volatility models, including the Heston model.

Murray, B 2002, 'Book review: Introduction to Plant Population Biology', Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd., pp. 201-202.

Platen, E 2002, 'A Benchmark Framework for Integrated Risk Management'.
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The paper describes a consistent, integrated framework for modeling and pricing in finance, insurance and other areas of risk management. The growth optimal portfolio is taken as a benchmark. In the resulting price system expected future benchmarked, nonnegative prices are not greater that the last observed benchmarked price. The resulting benchmark model does not permit the generation of wealth from zero initial capital or the systemtic outperformance of the benchmark. Benchmarked fair price processes are defined as best forecasts of their benchmarked future values. Risk neutral and actuarial pricing formulae are obtained as special cases. Certain arbitrage amounts can still be modeled in this framework.

Platen, E & Runggaldier, W 2002, 'A Benchmark Approach to Filtering in Finance'.
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The paper proposes the use of the growth optimal portfolio for the construction of financial market models with unobserved factors that have to be filtered. This benchmark approach avoids any measure transformation for the pricing of derivatives. The suggested framework allows to measure the reduction of the variance of derivative prices for increasing degrees of available information.