Allen, WE, Gale, PA, Brown, CT, Lynch, VM & Sessler, JL 1996, 'Binding of Neutral Substrates by Calix[4]pyrroles', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 118, no. 49, pp. 12471-12472.
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Andersen, J, Goetghebeur, E & Ryan, L 1996, 'Missing cause of death information in the analysis of survival data', STATISTICS IN MEDICINE, vol. 15, no. 20, pp. 2191-2201.
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Goetghebeur and Ryan proposed a method for proportional hazards analyses of competing risks failure-time data when the failure type is missing for some cases. This paper evaluates the properties of the method using data from a clinical trial in Hodgkin's disease. We generated several patterns of missingness in the cause of death in 'pseudo-studies' derived from the study database. We found that the proposed method provided regression coefficients and inferences that were less biased than those from other methods over an increasing percentage of missingness in the failure type when missingness is random, when it depends on an important covariate, when it depends on failure type, and when it depends on follow-up time. We present suggestions for study design with planned missingness in the failure type.
Andersson, CR, Jensen, EO, Llewellyn, DJ, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 1996, 'A new hemoglobin gene from soybean: A role for hemoglobin in all plants', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 93, no. 12, pp. 5682-5687.
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Andersson, CR, Jensen, EO, Llewellyn, DJ, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 1996, 'Hemoglobin — the missing link', Trends in Plant Science, vol. 1, no. 9, pp. 293-293.
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Ariyavisitakul, S, Darcie, TE, Greenstein, LJ, Phillips, MR & Shankaranarayanan, NK 1996, 'Performance of simulcast wireless techniques for personal communication systems', IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 632-643.
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Broadband analog transport facilities using fiber or fibercoax cable can play a significant role in the evolution of the network infrastructure for personal communications services (PCSs), Low-power PCS systems require a dense grid of radio ports to prov
Armstrong, RS, Gallagher, SH, Lay, PA, Reimers, JR & Reed, CA 1996, 'Reply to comment on 'solvent effects on the electronic spectrum of C60'', Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol. 100, no. 13, p. 5604.
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Armstrong, RS, Gallagher, SH, Lay, PA, Reimers, JR & Reed, CA 1996, 'Solvent effects on the electronic spectrum of C-60 - Reply', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 100, no. 13, pp. 5604-5604.
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Ashton, PR, Langford, SJ, Spencer, N, Stoddart, JF, White, AJP & Williams, DJ 1996, 'The self-assembly of a complex with a [3]pseudorotaxane superstructure', Chemical Communications, no. 11, pp. 1387-1387.
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Ballardini, R, Balzani, V, Credi, A, Gandolfi, MT, Langford, SJ, Menzer, S, Prodi, L, Fraser Stoddart, J, Venturi, M & Williams, DJ 1996, 'Einfache molekulare Maschinen: chemisch gesteuertes Ausfädeln und Rückeinfädeln eines [2]Pseudorotaxans', Angewandte Chemie, vol. 108, no. 9, pp. 1056-1059.
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Das Ausfädeln des 2,7‐Dibenzyldiazoniapyren‐Dikations 22+ aus dem Pseudorotaxan 12+ gelingt durch Zugabe eines aliphatischen Amins A; Protonierung des Amins unterbricht die Wechselwirkung zwischen A und 22+ wieder, wodurch sich 22+ erneut in die 1,5‐Dinaphtho‐[38]krone‐l0 3 einfädeln kann, was den gesamten Prozeß reversibel gestaltet. Die Änderung der relativen Positionen der Komponenten kann durch Absorptions‐ und Lumineszenzspektroskopie verfolgt werden.magnified image
Ballardini, R, Balzani, V, Credi, A, Gandolfi, MT, Langford, SJ, Menzer, S, Prodi, L, Stoddart, JF, Venturi, M & Williams, DJ 1996, 'Simple Molecular Machines: Chemically Driven Unthreading and Rethreading of a [2]Pseudorotaxane', Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 978-981.
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Bannari, A, Huete, AR, Morin, D & Zagolski, F 1996, 'Effects of soil color and brightness on vegetation indexes', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1885-1906.
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Bannari, A, Huete, AR, Morin, D & Zagolski, F 1996, 'Effets de la couleur et de la brillance du sol sur les indices de végétation', International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1885-1906.
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Variations in the spectral properties of soils related to their colour and brightness considerably influence the detection of sparse vegetation in heterogeneous environments using vegetation indices. During the last decade, a new generation of vegetation indices (NDVI, PVI, SAVI, MSAVI, TSAVI, TSARVI, ARVI, GEMI, and AVI) was developed in order to minimize these effects. To evaluate the sensitivity of these indices to soil colour and brightness and to test their potential for a more precise description of the vegetation cover for different cover rates, a number of simulations were carried out using a first order radiative transfer model. The model was adapted for studying directly the contribution of the optical properties of bare soils on the vegetation index. The results show that the first order radiative transfer model constitutes a valuable tool for analysing and understanding the interactions between the electromagnetic radiation, the vegetation cover and bare soil. It makes it possible to analyse the effect of colour and brightness on the reflectance factor and, consequently, on the vegetation index. The GEMI, AVI, NDVI, ARVI and PVI indices show lower performance for the management of sparse or moderately dense vegetation environments. They are marked by non-negligible errors related to the optical properties of bare soils. The AVI leads to results that do not reflect the theoretical behaviour of vegetation indices. As to the TSAVI, TSARVI, SAVI and MSAVI indices, they are more resistant to changes in the optical properties of soils and permit better discrimination between the vegetation from the bare soil background in an heterogeneous and relatively complex environment. © 1996 Taylor & Francis Ltd.
BANNARI, A, HUETE, AR, MORIN, D & ZAGOLSKI, F 1996, 'Effets de la couleur et de la brillance du sol sur les indices de végétation', International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1885-1906.
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Variations in the spectral properties of soils related to their colour and brightness considerably influence the detection of sparse vegetation in heterogeneous environments using vegetation indices. During the last decade, a new generation of vegetation indices (NDVI, PVI, SAVI, MSAVI, TSAVI, TSARVI, ARVI, GEMI, and AVI) was developed in order to minimize these effects. To evaluate the sensitivity of these indices to soil colour and brightness and to test their potential for a more precise description of the vegetation cover for different cover rates, a number of simulations were carried out using a first order radiative transfer model. The model was adapted for studying directly the contribution of the optical properties of bare soils on the vegetation index. The results show that the first order radiative transfer model constitutes a valuable tool for analysing and understanding the interactions between the electromagnetic radiation, the vegetation cover and bare soil. It makes it possible to analyse the effect of colour and brightness on the reflectance factor and, consequently, on the vegetation index. The GEMI, AVI, NDVI, ARVI and PVI indices show lower performance for the management of sparse or moderately dense vegetation environments. They are marked by non-negligible errors related to the optical properties of bare soils. The AVI leads to results that do not reflect the theoretical behaviour of vegetation indices. As to the TSAVI, TSARVI, SAVI and MSAVI indices, they are more resistant to changes in the optical properties of soils and permit better discrimination between the vegetation from the bare soil background in an heterogeneous and relatively complex environment.
Begue, A, Roujean, JL, Hanan, NP, Prince, SD, Thawley, M, Huete, A & Tanre, D 1996, 'Shortwave radiation budget of Sahelian vegetation .1. Techniques of measurement and results during HAPEX-Sahel', AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY, vol. 79, no. 1-2, pp. 79-96.
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Shortwave radiative budgets of Sahelian savannas and a millet crop were measured during the 1992 HAPEX-Sahel field experiment, in Niger, West Africa. Measurements were conducted on four land cover types: shrub fallow, grass fallow, degraded shrubland, and a millet field. Each land unit was equipped with sets of sensors to measure the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and near-infrared (NIR) radiative fluxes within the canopies, and were operated throughout the entire growing season. Daily fractional PAR and NIR interception by vegetation was rather low (less than 60% and 30% for natural vegetation and crop, respectively). The sparse vegetation and bright sandy soils meant that the PAR absorption and interception were similar (they were equal at a value of approximately 20%). The albedo of the plots varied little diurnally and seasonally, and was strongly affected by the reflection from the soil. The interception and absorption and, to a lesser degree, the albedo exhibited distinct directional effects related to solar zenith angle. © 1996 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Bendavid, A, Martin, PJ, Smith, GB, Wielunski, L & Kinder, TJ 1996, 'The mechanical and structural properties of Ti films prepared by filtered arc deposition', VACUUM, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 1179-1188.
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In this study the development of residual stress of are deposited Ti films as a function of the; energy of deposited atoms was investigated. A comparison with the momentum transfer model for Ti films deposited under substrate bias indicate that the films
Bennett, AF, Chua, BS & Leslie, LM 1996, 'Generalized inversion of a global numerical weather prediction model', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 60, no. 1-3, pp. 165-178.
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Bishop, R, Craig, DC, Dance, IG, Gizachew, D, Scudder, ML & Ung, AT 1996, 'Helical tubulate inclusion compounds: Size, shape, and stoichiometry', MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SECTION A-MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS, vol. 278, pp. 65-76.
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Bosch, RJ, Wypij, D & Ryan, LM 1996, 'A semiparametric approach to risk assessment for quantitative outcomes', RISK ANALYSIS, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 657-665.
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Characterizing the dose-effect relationship and estimating acceptable exposure levels are the primary goals of quantitative risk assessment. A semiparametric approach is proposed for risk assessment with continuously measured or quantitative outcomes which has advantages over existing methods by requiring fewer assumptions. The approach is based on pairwise ranking between the response values in the control group and those in the exposed groups. The work generalizes the rank-based Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, which for the two-group comparison is effectively a test of whether a response from the control group is different from (larger than) a response in an exposed group. We develop a regression framework that naturally extends this metric to model the dose effect in terms of a risk function. Parameters of the regression model can be estimated with standard software. However, inference requires an additional step to estimate the variance structure of the estimated parameters. An effective dose (ED) and associated lower confidence limit (LED) are easily calculated. The method is supported by a simulation study and is illustrated with a study on the effects of aconiazide. The method offers flexible modeling of the dose effect, and since it is rank- based, it is more resistant to outliers, nonconstant variance and other departures from normality than previously described approaches.
Boswell, JS, Reedy, BJ, Kulathila, R, Merkler, D & Blackburn, NJ 1996, 'Structural investigations on the coordination environment of the active-site copper centers of recombinant bifunctional peptidylglycine alpha-amidating enzyme', BIOCHEMISTRY, vol. 35, no. 38, pp. 12241-12250.
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The structure and coordination chemistry of the copper centers in the bifunctional peptidylglycine alpha-amidating enzyme (alpha-AE) have been investigated by EPR, EXAFS, and FTIR spectroscopy of a carbonyl derivative, The enzyme contains 2 coppers per 7
Carroll, RJ & Ruppert, D 1996, 'The Use and Misuse of Orthogonal Regression in Linear Errors-in-Variables Models', The American Statistician, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 1-6.
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Orthogonal regression is one of the standard linear regression methods to correct for the effects of measurement error in predictors. We argue that orthogonal regression is often misused in errors-in-variables linear regression because of a failure to account for equation errors. The typical result is to overcorrect for measurement error, that is, overestimate the slope, because equation error is ignored. The use of orthogonal regression must include a careful assessment of equation error, and not merely the usual (often informal) estimation of the ratio of measurement error variances. There are rarer instances, for example, an example from geology discussed here, where the use of orthogonal regression without proper attention to modeling may lead to either overcorrection or undercorrection, depending on the relative sizes of the variances involved. Thus our main point, which does not seem to be widely appreciated, is that orthogonal regression, just like any measurement error analysis, requires careful modeling of error. © 1996 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Carroll, RJ, Freedman, LS & Hartman, AM 1996, 'Use of Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaires to Estimate the Distribution of Usual Intake', American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 143, no. 4, pp. 392-404.
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Carroll, RJ, Kuchenhoff, H, Lombard, F & Stefanski, LA 1996, 'Asymptotics for the SIMEX Estimator in Nonlinear Measurement Error Models', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 91, no. 433, pp. 242-242.
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Carroll, RJ, Küchenhoff, H, Lombard, F & Stefanski, LA 1996, 'Asymptotics for the SIMEX Estimator in Nonlinear Measurement Error Models', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 91, no. 433, pp. 242-250.
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Cook and Stefanski have described a computer-intensive method, the SIMEX method, for approximately consistent estimation in regression problems with additive measurement error. In this article we derive the asymptotic distribution of their estimators and show how to compute estimated standard errors. These standard error estimators can either be used alone or as prepivoting devices in a bootstrap analysis. We also give theoretical justification to some of the phenomena observed by Cook and Stefanski in their simulations. Copyright 1996 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Catalano, PJ, Ryan, LM & Kaden, DA 1996, 'Statistical design aspects of the NTP/HEI collaborative study on the health effects of chronic ozone inhalation', INHALATION TOXICOLOGY, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 229-249.
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The purpose of the NTP/HEI Collaborative Study was to assess exposure- and concentration-related health effects associated with chronic exposure to ozone. Data were obtained from 164 animals specially dedicated to HEI from a standard ozone inhalation study conducted by Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories for the National Toxicology Program. The study involved a number of investigators, each interested in assessing a different type of ozone- related health effect, including respiratory function, as well as structural, cellular and biochemical changes in the nose, lungs, and airways. Designing and analyzing a study with multiple investigators raises many statistical challenges. The highest design priority was that each investigator's data be individually interpretable as an independent study. This means that each investigator had to be assigned an adequate number of animals, balanced with respect to concentration level and other factors such as gender and time of sacrifice. An additional feature of the collaborative study was the opportunity it provided to assess and quantify the effect of ozone exposure on a broad spectrum of outcomes, and to explore the relationship between the different types of effect. For example, the data allowed an assessment of whether the animals with the greatest degree of structural damage were also the ones with altered biochemistry. Maximizing the potential to assess these types of correlations required that investigators overlap as much as possible on measurements in individual animals. This aspect of the statistical design requires careful consideration of the compatibility between various investigators. Fortunately, the degree of compatibility was high. In most cases, for example, it was possible to assess respiratory function in the animals prior to their sacrifice, and then to divide the tissue between several different investigators. This article focuses on the statistical design of the collaborative project. Brief ...
Chapple, RM, Chaudhury, AM, Blomer, KC, Farrell, LB & Dennis, ES 1996, 'Construction of a YAC contig of 2 megabases around the MS1 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 453-465.
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Chiarella, C & El-Hassan, N 1996, 'A Preference Free Partial Differential Equation for the Term Stucture of Interest Rates', U. of Technology, Sydney Finance and Economics Working Paper, vol. 3, no. 63, pp. 217-238.
Chin, J, Gil, FS, Novak, M, Eamens, G, Djordjevic, S, Simecka, J, Duncan, J & Mullbacher, A 1996, 'Manipulating systemic and mucosal immune responses with skin-deliverable adjuvants', Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 44, no. 1-3, pp. 13-19.
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ChinAtkins, AN, Craig, S, Hocart, CH, Dennis, ES & Chaudhury, AM 1996, 'Increased endogenous cytokinin in the Arabidopsis amp1 mutant corresponds with de-etiolation responses', PLANTA, vol. 198, no. 4, pp. 549-556.
Cole, L, Dewey, FM & Hawes, CR 1996, 'Infection mechanisms of Botrytis species: pre-penetration and pre-infection processes of dry and wet conidia', Mycological Research, vol. 100, no. 3, pp. 277-286.
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Croan, D & Ellis, J 1996, 'Phylogenetic relationships between Leishmania, Viannia and Sauroleishmania inferred from comparison of a variable domain within the RNA polymerase II largest subunit gene', Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 97-102.
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CronjéGrové, JJ, Holzapfel, CW & Williams, DBG 1996, 'One-pot SmI2-promoted transformation of carbohydrate derivatives into cyclopentanols', Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 37, no. 32, pp. 5817-5820.
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CronjéGrové, JJ, Holzapfel, CW & Williams, DBG 1996, 'Stereoselective SmI2-mediated conversion of carbohydrates into cyclopentanols', Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 1305-1308.
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Dajani, K & Dooley, AH 1996, 'The Mean Ratio Set for $ax + b$ Valued Cocycles', Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 671-688.
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deBruxelles, GL, Peacock, WJ, Dennis, ES & Dolferus, R 1996, 'Abscisic acid induces the alcohol dehydrogenase gene in Arabidopsis', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 111, no. 2, pp. 381-391.
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deFeyter, R, Young, M, Schroeder, K, Dennis, ES & Gerlach, W 1996, 'A ribozyme gene and an antisense gene are equally effective in conferring resistance to tobacco mosaic virus on transgenic tobacco', MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS, vol. 250, no. 3, pp. 329-338.
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Dennis, ES, Finnegan, EJ, Bilodeau, P, Chaudhury, A, Genger, R, Helliwell, CA, Sheldon, CC, Bagnall, DJ & Peacock, WJ 1996, 'Vernalization and the initiation of flowering', SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 441-448.
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Dooley, A & Gupta, S 1996, 'On norms of trigonometric polynomials on SU(2)', Pacific Journal of Mathematics, vol. 175, no. 2, pp. 491-505.
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Dooley, AH & Eigen, SJ 1996, 'A family of generalized Riesz products', CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS-JOURNAL CANADIEN DE MATHEMATIQUES, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 302-315.
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Dooley, AH & Gupta, SK 1996, 'Continuous singular measures with absolutely continuous convolution squares', PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY, vol. 124, no. 10, pp. 3115-3122.
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Dooley, AH, Orsted, B & Zhang, G 1996, 'Relative discrete series of line bundles over bounded symmetric domains', ANNALES DE L INSTITUT FOURIER, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 1011-&.
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Dowd, A, Smith, J & Wolfe, J 1996, 'Real time, non-invasive measurements of vocal tract resonances: Application to speech training', Acoustics Australia, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 53-60.
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This study reports the determination in real time of the frequencies of the first two resonances of the human vocal tract from measurements of the acoustic impedance spectrum of the tract in parallel with the external field. The measurements were made using a broad band, frequency-independent acoustic current source, a microphone and a spectrum analyser which displays the acoustic impedance spectrum. The display provided real-time, visual feedback whereby subjects learned to imitate target vowel sounds without hearing them. Inexperienced subjects who used this feedback produced sounds that were approximately as well recognised as those produced by the same subjects imitating target vowel sounds after listening to them. The recognition rate improves with the subjects' experience in using the impedance feedback technique. This non-invasive technique could thus have possible applications in speech training and language teaching.
Dunn, RD, Weston, KM, Longhurst, TJ, Lilley, GG, Rivett, DE, Hudson, PJ & Raison, RL 1996, 'Antigen binding and cytotoxic properties of a recombinant immunotoxin incorporating the lytic peptide, melittin', IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 229-240.
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Background: The majority of immunotoxins studied to date incorporate toxins that act in the cytosol and thus need to be endocytosed by the target cell. An alternative strategy for immunotoxin development is the use of membrane active toxins, such as the
Eng, C 1996, 'The relationship between specific RET proto-oncogene mutations and disease phenotype in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. International RET mutation consortium analysis', JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 276, no. 19, pp. 1575-1579.
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Fagan, PK, Djordjevic, SP, Eamens, GJ, Chin, J & Walker, MJ 1996, 'Molecular characterization of a ribonucleotide reductase (nrdF) gene fragment of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and assessment of the recombinant product as an experimental vaccine for enzootic pneumonia', Infection and Immunity, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 1060-1064.
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A Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae clone bank was screened with hyperimmune pig serum. One clone exhibited sequence homology to the prokaryotic R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase and was expressed as an 11-kDa protein fused to beta-galactosidase. The vaccine potential of the fusion protein was assessed in pig trials. Following experimental challenge with a virulent isolate of M. hyopneumoniae, gross lung pathology (mean Goodwin lung score) of vaccinated animals, irrespective of adjuvant treatment, was significantly reduced compared with that of control unvaccinated pigs (P < 0.05).
Finnegan, EJ, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 1996, 'Reduced DNA methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana results in abnormal plant development', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 93, no. 16, pp. 8449-8454.
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Fisher, AT, Zwart, G, Shipley, T, Ogawa, Y, Ashi, J, Blum, P, Bruckmann, W, Filice, F, Goldberg, D, Henry, P, Housen, B, Jurado, MJ, Kastner, M, Labaume, P, Laier, T, Leitch, E, Maltman, A, Meyer, A, Moore, JC, Moore, G, Peacock, S, Rabaute, A, Steiger, T, Tobin, H, Underwood, M, Xu, Y, Yin, H & Zheng, Y 1996, 'Relation between permeability and effective stress along a plate-boundary fault, Barbados accretionary complex', GEOLOGY, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 307-310.
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Ford, MJ, Moore, JH, Coplan, MA, Cooper, JW & Doering, JP 1996, 'Partitioning of momentum in electron-impact double ionization of magnesium', PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, vol. 77, no. 13, pp. 2650-2653.
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FRANKLIN, LA, SEATON, GGR, LOVELOCK, CE & LARKUM, AWD 1996, 'Photoinhibition of photosynthesis on a coral reef', Plant, Cell & Environment, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 825-836.
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ABSTRACTPhotoinhibition of macroalgae in the epilithic algal community (KAC) of coral reefs was studied using chlorophyll fluorescence techniques at One Tree Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Fv/Fm (variable to maximum fluorescence, darkened samples) of shallow macroalgae declined by 50% on fine summer and winter days, recovering in late afternoon. Within a species, thalli from low‐light habitats were more photoinhibited (2h at 1400μimol m−2 s−1) than those from high‐light habitats. The sensitivity of Lobophora variegata (Phacophyta) and Chlorodesmis fastigiata (Chlorophyta) increased with depth (1 versus 20 m). However, shallow Halimeda tuna (Chlorophyta) plants growing between corals were more photoinhibited than those from deep, open areas.Photoinhibition and recovery were depth‐ and species‐specific. Shallow Lobophora and Chlorodesmis maintained a greater degree of QA oxidation during photoinhibition. In deep thalli, reduced effective quantum yield of open photosystem II centres reflected lower proportions and excitation capture efficiencies of open centres. In Lobophora, zeaxanthin formation accompanied non‐photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ), but in Chlorodesmis NPQ was limited and no zeaxanthin or antherxanthin formed. Higher photosynthetic efficiency in the lower storey of the EAC may compensate for photoinhibition in the upper storey, thereby reconciling photoinhibition of individual thalli with previous observations of no net inhibition of community productivity.
GAIL, MH, MARK, SD, CARROLL, RJ, GREEN, SB & PEE, D 1996, 'ON DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND RANDOMIZATION-BASED INFERENCE FOR COMMUNITY INTERVENTION TRIALS', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 1069-1092.
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Gale, PA, Sessler, JL, Král, V & Lynch, V 1996, 'Calix[4]pyrroles: Old Yet New Anion-Binding Agents', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 118, no. 21, pp. 5140-5141.
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Gale, PA, Sessler, JL, Lynch, V & Sansom, PI 1996, 'Synthesis of a new cylindrical calix[4]arene-calix[4]pyrrole pseudo dimer', Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 37, no. 44, pp. 7881-7884.
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Garrett, Q & Milthorpe, BK 1996, 'Human serum albumin adsorption on hydrogel contact lenses in vitro', INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE, vol. 37, no. 13, pp. 2594-2602.
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To improve the understanding of the formation of protein deposits on hydrogel lenses. METHODS: A study of protein adsorption on three commercial hydrogel contact lenses of different materials, Etafilcon A (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate [HEMA] polymer with sodium methacrylate and 2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol trimethacrylate), tefilcon (poly[HEMA] cross-linked and copolymerized with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate), and vifilcon A (methacrylic acid polymer with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, HEMA and N-vinyl pyrrolidone) was undertaken by using a single protein solution, human serum albumin (HSA), and a radiolabel-tracer technique. RESULTS: Static adsorption leading to multilayer adsorption was observed. Complete reversibility for adsorbed HSA on lenses did not exist. Some was tightly bound, whereas most was loosely bound and could be removed easily by rinsing in phosphate-buffered saline. Irreversible adsorption of HSA on the lenses was found to be time dependent and did not reach a maximum value even after 48 hours of adsorption. The amount of HSA adsorbed on the lenses-irreversibly as well as totally adsorbed protein- was in the order of vifilcon A > tefilcon > etafilcon A. Adsorption of HSA on the lenses increases with decreasing pH (range, 7.4 to 4) but always follows the above trend with respect to the different types of lenses. CONCLUSIONS: Irreversible binding of HSA on lenses is governed by the kinetics of protein denaturation. Electrostatic interactions may not play a major role in HSA adsorption on hydrogel lenses. Some other factors, such as hydrophobic dehydration, and special monomer units, such as N-vinyl pyrrolidone in the lens materials, may favor adsorption of HSA.
George, A 1996, 'Multidrug resistance in enteric and other Gram-negative bacteria', FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 139, no. 1, pp. 1-10.
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George, AM 1996, 'Multidrug resistance in enteric and other Gram-negative bacteria', FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 139, no. 1, pp. 1-10.
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George, AM, Davey, MW & Mir, AA 1996, 'Functional Expression of the HumanMDR1Gene inEscherichia coli', Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 333, no. 1, pp. 66-74.
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Gladstone, W 1996, 'Unique Annual Aggregation of Longnose Parrotfish (Hipposcarus harid) at Farasan Island (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea)', Copeia, vol. 1996, no. 2, pp. 483-483.
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Glover, JA, Blomer, KC, Farrell, LB, Chaudhury, AM & Dennis, ES 1996, 'Searching for tagged male-sterile mutants of arabidopsis', PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 330-342.
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González-Manteiga, W, Sánchez-Sellero, C & Wand, MP 1996, 'Accuracy of binned kernel functional approximations', Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 1-16.
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Virtually all common bandwidth selection algorithms are based on a certain type of kernel functional estimator. Such estimators can be computationally very expensive, so in practice they are often replaced by fast binned approximations. This is especially worthwhile when the bandwidth selection method involves iteration. Results for the accuracy of these approximations are derived and then used to provide an understanding of the number of binning grid points required to achieve a given level of accuracy. Our results apply to both univariate and multivariate settings. Multivariate contexts are of particular interest since the cost due to having a higher number of grid points can be quite significant.
Hall, P & Wand, MP 1996, 'On the Accuracy of Binned Kernel Density Estimators', Journal of Multivariate Analysis, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 165-184.
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Hall, P, Matthews, D & Platen, E 1996, 'Algorithms for Analyzing Nonstationary Time Series with Fractal Noise', Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 351-364.
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Arguably the best-known applications of fractal methods are in relatively homogeneous, stationary settings, where the environment is controllable by scientists or engineers. For example, in applications to surface science, an unblemished portion of a surface is selected for analysis; and in environmental science, an artificial soil bed of controlled homogeneity is subjected to uniformly distributed water droplets, to model the effect of actual rain on a real soil surface. In some applications, however, the environment is uncontrollable, with the result that measurements are subject to irregular fluctuations that are not so plausibly modeled by fractal processes. The fluctuations may include discontinuities and nonlinear drift in the mean. Some approaches to analysis do not distinguish between this nonstationary contamination and the “background,” with the result that a jump process may provide a significantly better explanation of the data than a fractal process. In this article we suggest decomposing an irregular time series into at least three components—a jump process, a nonlinear drift, and a fractal background. We identify the jump process using threshold methods, and subtract it out. Then we estimate the nonlinear drift using local regression. After the jumps and drift have been removed, the fractal background is relatively homogeneous. It may be analyzed using techniques based on the variogram, and its dimension used to quantify the “erraticism” of the environment that produced the data. © 1996 American Statistical Association, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and Interface Foundation of North America.
Hansen, RM, Ryan, L, Anderson, T, Krzywda, B, Quebbeman, E, Benson, A, Haller, DG & Tormey, DC 1996, 'Phase III Study of Bolus Versus Infusion Fluorouracil With or Without Cisplatin in Advanced Colorectal Cancer', JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 88, no. 10, pp. 668-674.
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Background: Phase II studies of fluorouracil (5-FU) administered by protracted intravenous infusion have suggested an improved response rate and decreased toxicity profile when compared with 5-FU given by bolus injection in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Additional studies have suggested further enhancement of infusion 5-FU activity when it is combined with low-dose weekly cisplatin administration. Purpose: This phase III study in adults with metastatic colorectal cancer was planned as a comparison of objective response rates, toxicity, and survival in patients receiving bolus versus protracted-infusion 5-FU with or without cisplatin. Methods: Four hundred ninety-seven previously untreated patients with advanced, measurable metastatic colorectal cancer were randomly assigned to receive treatment A (bolus 5-FU at 500 mg/m2 for 5 days followed in 2 weeks by weekly bolus 5- FU at 600 mg/m2), treatment B (bolus 5-FU at 500 mg/m2 for 5 days followed in 2 weeks by weekly bolus 5-FU at 600 mg/m2, plus weekly cisplatin at 20 mg/m2), treatment C (5-FU at 300 mg/m2 per day by continuous infusion), or treatment D (5-FU at 300 mg/m2 per day by continuous infusion plus weekly cisplatin at 20 mg/m2). All drugs were administered intravenously. Enrollment in the trial occurred from August 1987 through December 1990, and follow-up was through September 1995. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate overall and disease-free survival, and Cox regression models were used to assess the effects of patient characteristics on survival. All P values resulted from two-sided tests. Results: Objective tumor response was observed in 28 (18%) of 153 patients receiving treatment A, in 45 (28%) of 159 patients receiving treatment C (C versus A; P = .045), and in 47 (31%) of 153 patients receiving treatment D (D versus A; P = .016). Because of excessive toxicity, treatment B was discontinued after only 12 patients had begun treatment. Median time to disease progression...
Harcourt, RL, Llewellyn, D, Morton, R, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 1996, 'Effectiveness of purified Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner insecticidal proteins in controlling three insect pests of Australian eucalypt plantations', JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY, vol. 89, no. 6, pp. 1392-1398.
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Heath, D & Platen, E 1996, 'Valuation of FX barrier options under stochastic volatility', Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 195-215.
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This paper describes European-style valuation and hedging procedures for a class of knockout barrier options under stochastic volatility. A pricing framework is established by applying mean self-financing arguments and the minimal equivalent martingale measure. Using appropriate combinations of stochastic numerical and variance reduction procedures we demonstrate that fast and accurate valuations can be obtained for down-and-out call options for the Heston model.
Hockless, DCR, Wild, SB, McDonagh, AM, Whittall, IR & Humphrey, MG 1996, 'trans-Dichlorobis[(R,R)-1,2-phenylenebis(methylphenylphosphine-P)]ruthenium(II)', Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 1639-1641.
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Hossain, MA, Huq, E, Grover, A, Dennis, ES, Peacock, WJ & Hodges, TK 1996, 'Characterization of pyruvate decarboxylase genes from rice', PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 761-770.
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Housen, BA, Tobin, HJ, Labaume, P, Leitch, EC, Maltman, AJ & Ocean Drilling Program Leg 156 Shipboard Science Party 1996, 'Strain decoupling across the decollement of the Barbados accretionary prism', Geology, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 127-130.
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The interrelation between deformation styles and behavior of fluids in accretionary prisms is under debate, particularly the possibility that overpressuring within the basal decollement may enable mechanical decoupling of the prism from the subducting material. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data from sediments spanning the basal decollement of the Barbados accretionary prism show a striking progression across this structure that strongly supports the hypothesis that it is markedly overpressured. In the accretionary prism, above the decollement, the minimum AMS axes are subhorizontal and oriented nearly east-west, whereas the maximum AMS axes are oriented nearly north-south and shallowly inclined. At the top of the decollement, the minimum AMS axes orientations abruptly change to nearly vertical; this orientation is maintained throughout the decollement and in the underthrust sediments below. The AMS orientations in the prism sediments above the decollement are consistent with lateral shortening due to regional tectonic stress, as the minimum axes generally parallel the convergence vector of the subducting South American plate and the maximum axes are trench-parallel. Because the orientations of the AMS axes in deformed sediments usually parallel the orientations of the principal strains, the AMS results indicate that the incremental strain state in the Barbados prism is one dominated by subhorizontal shortening. In contrast, the AMS axes within and below the decollement are consistent with a strain state dominated by vertical shortening (compaction). This abrupt change in AMS orientations at the top of the decollement at Site 948 is a direct manifestation of mechanical decoupling of the off-scraped prism sediments from the underthrust sediments. The decoupling horizon occurs at the top of the decollement zone, coinciding with the location of flowing, high-pressure fluids.
Housen, BA, Tobin, HJ, Labaume, P, Leitch, EC, Maltman, AJ, Shipley, T, Ogawa, Y, Ashi, J, Blum, P, Bruckmann, W, Felice, F, Fisher, A, Goldberg, D, Henry, P, Jurado, MJ, Kastner, M, Laier, T, Meyer, A, Moore, JC, Moore, G, Peacock, S, Rabaute, A, Steiger, T, Underwood, M, Xu, Y, Yin, H, Zheng, Y & Zwart, G 1996, 'Strain decoupling across the decollement of the Barbados accretionary prism', Geology, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 127-130.
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The interrelation between deformation styles and behavior of fluids in accretionary prisms is under debate, particularly the possibility that overpressuring within the basal decollement may enable mechanical decoupling of the prism from the subducting material. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data from sediments spanning the basal decollement of the Barbados accretionary prism show a striking progression across this structure that strongly supports the hypothesis that it is markedly overpressured. In the accretionary prism, above the decollement, the minimum AMS axes are subhorizontal and oriented nearly east-west, whereas the maximum AMS axes are oriented nearly north-south and shallowly inclined. At the top of the decollement, the minimum AMS axes orientations abruptly change to nearly vertical; this orientation is maintained throughout the decollement and in the underthrust sediments below. The AMS orientations in the prism sediments above the decollement are consistent with lateral shortening due to regional tectonic stress, as the minimum axes generally parallel the convergence vector of the subducting South American plate and the maximum axes are trench-parallel. Because the orientations of the AMS axes in deformed sediments usually parallel the orientations of the principal strains, the AMS results indicate that the incremental strain state in the Barbados prism is one dominated by subhorizontal shortening. In contrast, the AMS axes within and below the decollement are consistent with a strain state dominated by vertical shortening (compaction). This abrupt change in AMS orientations at the top of the decollement at Site 948 is a direct manifestation of mechanical decoupling of the off-scraped prism sediments from the underthrust sediments. The decoupling horizon occurs at the top of the decollement zone, coinciding with the location of flowing, high-pressure fluids.
Ibrahim, JG & Ryan, LM 1996, 'Use of historical controls in time-adjusted trend tests for carcinogenicity', BIOMETRICS, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1478-1485.
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We develop a method for incorporating historical control information into time-adjusted tests for dose effects in carcinogenicity studies. After discretizing the time scale, we use a multinomial distribution to model the number of animals dying with tumor in each interval. Data from past studies are used to estimate the parameters characterizing the prior. A score test derived from the resulting Dirichlet-multinomial generalizes the test of Tarone (1982, Biometrics 38, 215-220) and reduces, in the limit, to the log-rank test in the case of a diffuse prior. The methodology is illustrated with data from a study of the fire retardant 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol.
James, PL & Larkum, AWD 1996, 'Photosynthetic inorganic carbon acquisition of Posidonia australis', Aquatic Botany, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 149-157.
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Jeffries, AC & Johnson, AM 1996, 'The growing importance of the plastid-like DNAs of the Apicomplexa', International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 1139-1150.
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Organisms in the phylum Apicomplexa possess, in addition to their mitochondrial genome, an extrachromosomal DNA that possesses significant similarities with the extrachromosomal genomes of plastids. To date, the majority of data on these plastid-like DNAs have been obtained from the human malarial organism, Plasmodium falciparum. In common with plastid DNAs, the plastid-like DNA of P. falciparum possesses genes for DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunits β and β' and for organellar-like large- and small-subunit ribosomal RNAs. Both the polymerase subunit and ribosomal RNA gene sequences share a number of features with those from plastid DNAs. In addition, the ribosomal RNA genes are organised in an inverted repeat arrangement, reminiscent of plastid DNAs. Additional molecular features shared between the 2 genomes are discussed. Plastid-like DNAs have also been identified in other Plasmodium species as well as Toxoplasma gondii, Eimeria tenella, Babesia bovis and a number of Sarcocystis species. A cryptic organelle often observed in apicomplexans has been proposed as the organelle that harbours the plastid-like DNAs, but conclusive evidence for this has not yet been obtained. Although approximately 1/4 of the plastid-like DNA of P. falciparum has been sequenced to date, no function has yet been ascribed to this DNA or its putative organelle. Phylogenetic inferences based on sequence data from this DNA have indicated an evolutionary origin from photosynthetic organisms, but the true provenance of the plastid-like DNAs remains to be determined. Because of the specific nature of the plastid-like DNAs, they may prove useful as effective targets for chemotherapeutics.
Jeffries, AC, Amaro, N, Tenter, AM & Johnson, AM 1996, 'Genetic diversity in Sarcocystis gigantea assessed by RFLP analysis of the ITS1 region.', Appl Parasitol, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 275-283.
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The genetic diversity among Sarcocystis gigantea isolates derived from individual cysts within a given infected animal at two abattoirs in Australia and one abattoir in Germany was studied using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the intergenic transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS 1) of the ribosomal RNA gene operon. S. gigantea isolates were obtained from infected sheep from Blayney (New South Wales), Katanning (Western Australia), and Detmold (North-Rhine Westfalia, Germany) in order to assess the level of diversity among isolates from different geographic locations. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and RFLP analysis of the ITSI region with the restriction enzymes HaeIII, NlaIII, and Sau3AI found no genetic variation among the isolates within one animal or among animals in the same or different locations. To our knowledge, such a field study has not yet been performed on a species in the genus Sarcocystis.
Kaden, DA, Warren, J, Ryan, L, Boorman, G & Mellick, P 1996, 'The NTP/HEI collaborative ozone project on the health effects of chronic ozone inhalation', INHALATION TOXICOLOGY, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 213-227.
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Although many people are exposed to ozone, the effects of chronic exposure to this ubiquitous pollutant, especially low-level chronic exposure, are not well understood. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) current national ambient air quality standard for ozone is exceeded in many communities, especially during the summer. The standard is attained when the number of days per calendar year with maximum hourly average concentrations above 0.12 ppm is equal to or less than 1. The U.S. EPA estimates that 67 million people in the United States, or slightly more than a quarter of the residents, live in areas that were out of compliance with the current National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone in 1989. Although there have been some studies of long-term exposure to ozone, many important questions remain about the health effects of chronic ozone exposure. The Health Effects Institute (HEI), in conjunction with the National Toxicology Program (NTP) carcinogenesis studies, has completed a major effort to help answer these questions. NTP included additional animals in its study for HEI investigators. Included in this effort is a set of studies examining histopathological, biochemical, morphological, and functional alterations in rats exposed to 0, 0.12, 0.5 or 1.0 ppm ozone for 20 mo. This article describes several aspects of this effort. This project can serve as a model for other large toxicological studies for which cancer may not be the only endpoint of concern. The additional animals required for the NTP/HEI Collaborative Ozone Project only represented a modest incremental cost, yet provided information on a much broader range of potential effects of ozone than the basic NTP carcinogenesis studies.
Kalceff, MAS, Phillips, MR & Moon, AR 1996, 'Electron irradiation-induced changes in the surface topography of silicon dioxide', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 80, no. 8, pp. 4308-4314.
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The irradiation of crystalline (alpha-SiO2) and amorphous (a-SiO2) silicon dioxide with a stationary electron beam produces characteristic changes in the surface topography. The development of these changes has been investigated using cathodoluminescence
Kempe, J, Radchik, AV & Smith, GB 1996, 'New transform techniques applied to anomolous absorption in the dense chain of metal cylinders', PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES, vol. 452, no. 1951, pp. 1845-1856.
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The quasi-static absorption response, at optical and infrared frequencies, of an infinite chain of circular metal cylinders has been modelled in a new way for arbitrarily small separations between the particles. A number of novel features are predicted.
Kim, WS, Deng, ZM, Nassif, NT, Smith, A & Trent, RJ 1996, 'Establishment of Sequence‐Tagged Sites on 15q11‐q13 by Alu‐Vector PCR Cloning of Yac‐Generated Fragments', Disease Markers, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 241-246.
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Angelman syndrome (AS) is caused by the loss of function of undefined gene(s) on human chromosome 15. The majority of subjects have deletions involving maternally‐derived chromosome 15q II‐q 13, and the shortest region of deletion overlap (SRO) has been localized to the region between D15S10 and D15S113. In this study, yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), 6G‐D4, 9H‐D2 and 37D‐F9, mapping within the AS SRO, were isolated from the ICI Y AC library. Alu‐vector PCR products were amplified from the YACs and from YACs A229A2 and A33FI 0 which had been obtained from the St. Louis Y AC library. The PCR products were cloned and sequenced, and three new sequence‐tagged sites were generated within the AS SRO, facilitating the characterization of gene(s) involved in the Angelman syndrome.
Kim, Y, Yuan, S, Leon, R, Jagadish, C, Gal, M, Johnston, MB, Phillips, MR, Kalceff, MAS, Zou, J & Cockayne, DJH 1996, 'Effects of anodic oxide induced intermixing on the structural and optical properties of quantum wire structure grown on nonplanar GaAs substrate', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 80, no. 9, pp. 5014-5020.
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Effects of anodic oxide induced intermixing on the structural and optical properties of stacked GaAs quantum wire (QWR) structures grown on a sawtooth-type nonplanar GaAs substrate are investigated. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscope (XTEM)
Kloeden, PE, Platen, E, Schurz, H & Sorensen, M 1996, 'On effects of discretization on estimators of drift parameters for diffusion processes', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PROBABILITY, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 1061-1076.
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In this paper statistical properties of estimators of drift parameters for diffusion processes are studied by modem numerical methods for stochastic differential equations. This is a particularly useful method for discrete time samples, where estimators
Langford, SJ & Stoddart, JF 1996, 'Self-assembly in chemical systems', Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 1255-1260.
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Abstract
Le Marshall, JF, Leslie, LM & Spinoso, C 1996, 'The impact of spatial and temporal distribution of satellite observations on tropical cyclone data assimilation: Preliminary results', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 60, no. 1-3, pp. 157-163.
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Lees-Miller, SP, Long, MC, Kilvert, MA, Lam, V, Rice, SA & Spencer, CA 1996, 'Attenuation of DNA-dependent protein kinase activity and its catalytic subunit by the herpes simplex virus type 1 transactivator ICP0', Journal of Virology, vol. 70, no. 11, pp. 7471-7477.
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The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is involved in several fundamental nuclear processes, including DNA double-strand break repair, V(D)J recombination, and transcription by RNA polymerases I and II. In this study, we show that infection of mammalian cells with herpes simplex virus type 1 attenuates DNA-PK activity by specifically depleting the p350/DNA-PKcs catalytic subunit. The half-life of the p350/DNA-PKcs protein decreases from greater than 24 h to less than 4 h following infection. The depletion of DNA-PK activity and p350/DNA-PKcs abundance is dependent on expression of the viral immediate-early protein ICP0. As ICP0 acts as a promoter-independent transactivator of gene expression, these data suggest that ICP0 may function by directly or indirectly targeting the p350/DNA-PKcs subunit of DNA-PK, thereby altering the inhibitory effects of DNA-PK on RNA polymerase II transcription.
Leslie, LM & Fraedrich, K 1996, 'A new general circulation model: formulation and preliminary results in a single- and multi-processor environment', Climate Dynamics, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 35-43.
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Lockhart, PJ, Larkum, AW, Steel, M, Waddell, PJ & Penny, D 1996, 'Evolution of chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll: the problem of invariant sites in sequence analysis.', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 93, no. 5, pp. 1930-1934.
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Competing hypotheses seek to explain the evolution of oxygenic and anoxygenic processes of photosynthesis. Since chlorophyll is less reduced and precedes bacteriochlorophyll on the modern biosynthetic pathway, it has been proposed that chlorophyll preceded bacteriochlorophyll in its evolution. However, recent analyses of nucleotide sequences that encode chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic enzymes appear to provide support for an alternative hypothesis. This is that the evolution of bacteriochlorophyll occurred earlier than the evolution of chlorophyll. Here we demonstrate that the presence of invariant sites in sequence datasets leads to inconsistency in tree building (including maximum-likelihood methods). Homologous sequences with different biological functions often share invariant sites at the same nucleotide positions. However, different constraints can also result in additional invariant sites unique to the genes, which have specific and different biological functions. Consequently, the distribution of these sites can be uneven between the different types of homologous genes. The presence of invariant sites, shared by related biosynthetic genes as well as those unique to only some of these genes, has misled the recent evolutionary analysis of oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthetic pigments. We evaluate an alternative scheme for the evolution of chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll.
Lockhart, PJ, Steel, MA & Larkum, AWD 1996, 'Gene duplication and the evolution of photosynthetic reaction center proteins', FEBS Letters, vol. 385, no. 3, pp. 193-196.
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We investigate the evolutionary relationships between photosynthetic reaction center proteins (D1, D2, L and M) and demonstrate that the pattern of nucleotide substitution in these is more complicated than has been assumed in previous phylogenetic analyses. We show that there are serious violations of methodological assumptions in previous published studies. We conclude that there is equal support for hypotheses indicating (i) a single gene duplication of an ancestral reaction center protein followed by diversification and (ii) two independent gene duplications giving rise to proteins in oxygenic and anoxygenic systems.
Lockhart, PJ, Steel, MA & W.D. Larkum, A 1996, 'Gene duplication and the evaluation of photosynthetic reaction center proteins', FEBS Letters, vol. 390, no. 2, pp. 242-242.
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Lukins, PB, Post, A, Walker, PJ & Larkum, AWD 1996, 'P680+ reduction in oxygen-evolving Photosystem II core complexes', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 209-221.
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The kinetics of P680+ reduction in oxygen-evolving spinach Photosystem II (PS II) core particles were studied using both repetitive and single- flash 830 nm transient absorption. From measurements on samples in which PS II turnover is blocked, we estimate radical-pair lifetimes of 2 ns and 19 ns. Nanosecond single-flash measurements indicate decay times of 7 ns, 40 ns and 95 ns. Both the longer 40 ns and 95 ns components relate to the normal S- state controlled Y(z) → P680+ electron transfer dynamics. Our analysis indicates the existence of a 7 ns component which provides evidence for an additional process associated with modified interactions involving the water- splitting catalytic site. Corresponding microsecond measurements show decay times of 4 μs and 90 μs with the possibility of a small component with a decay time of 20-40 μs. The precise origin of the 4 μs component remains uncertain but appears to be associated with the water-splitting center or its binding site while the 90 μs component is assigned to P680+-Q(A)- recombination. An amplitude and kinetic analysis of the flash dependence data gives results that are consistent with the current model of the oxygen- evolving complex.
Mar, RI, Carver, JA, Sheil, MM, Boschenok, J, Fu, SL & Shaw, DC 1996, 'Primary structure of trypsin inhibitors from Sicyos australis', PHYTOCHEMISTRY, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1265-1274.
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Marsh, DJ, Andrew, SD, Eng, C, Learoyd, DL, Capes, AG, Pojer, R, Richardson, AL, Houghton, C, Mulligan, LM, Ponder, BA & Robinson, BG 1996, 'Germline and somatic mutations in an oncogene: RET mutations in inherited medullary thyroid carcinoma.', Cancer Res, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 1241-1243.
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Inherited cancer syndromes predispose an individual to development of specific tumors. Somatic and germline mutations in the same tumor suppressor gene, as described in Knudson's two-mutation model, are well recognized. Inherited mutations in the RET proto-oncogene, which encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase, predispose individuals to the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) cancer syndromes. The major component tumor of these syndromes is medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). To date, somatic mutations in RET have not been identified in tumors from individuals with MEN 2, although they have been well documented in sporadic MEN 2-related tumors. We have identified, among 16 MEN 2 cases with well-defined RET germline mutations, a somatic missense mutation at codon 918 of RET in 3 of 15 MTCs and in a sample with hyperplastic C-cells (presumed precursor to hereditary MTC). We suggest that the presence of a somatic mutation, in addition to the preexisting germline mutation in hereditary MTCs, may contribute to tumorigenesis in vivo.
Marsh, DJ, Learoyd, DL, Andrew, SD, Krishnan, L, Pojer, R, Richardson, A, Delbridge, L, Eng, C & Robinson, BG 1996, 'Somatic mutations in the RET proto‐oncogene in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma', Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 249-257.
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OBJECTIVE We have determined the frequency of specific mutations in the RET proto‐oncogene in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs) and correlated the presence or absence of a codon 918 mutation with the clinical characteristics of these tumours.DESIGN Thirty paraffin‐embedded sporadic MTCs and two frozen MTCs were collected for analysis of specific mutations in the RET proto‐oncogene in codons 609, 611, 618 and 620 (exon 10); 630 and 634 (exon 11); 768 (exon 13); 883 (exon 15) and 918 (exon 16). A novel primer was designed which introduced a restriction site for RsaI in the presence of the specific codon 918 mutation (ATG → ACG) in these tumour samples. A ‘clinical‐genetic’ correlation was performed comparing the presence or absence of the codon 918 mutation with the following clinical characteristics: age at diagnosis, tumour size, presence or absence of metastases, MTC related morbidity, and base line calcitonin levels at diagnosis or most recent follow‐up.PATIENTS Patients were classified as having sporadic MTC if there was no family history of C‐cell hyperplasia, MTC, phaeochromocytoma or parathyroid disease. Retrospective review of patient records enabled complete clinical data to be obtained in 28 of 32 patients.MEASUREMENTS Base line calcitonin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay or calcitonin enzyme linked immunoassay. Cysteine codons in exons 10 and 11, specifically codons 609, 611, 618, 620, 630 and 634, were screened for the presence of mutations by sequence analysis. Specific mutations occurring at codons 768, 883 and 918 were screened for by restriction endonuclease digestion of PCR products.RESULTS The mutation at codon 918ATG → ACG was found in 21 of 32 (66%) MTCs and the mutation at codon 883GCT → TTT was found in one of 32 MTCs. Where possible, the presence of ‘germline...
Marsh, DJ, McDowall, D, Hyland, VJ, Andrew, SD, Schnitzler, M, Gaskin, EL, Nevell, DF, Diamond, T, Delbridge, L, Clifton‐Bligh, P & Robinson, BG 1996, 'The identification of false positive responses to the pentagastrin stimulation test in RET mutation negative members of MEN 2A families', Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 213-220.
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OBJECTIVE The pentagastrin stimulation test is the traditional test used for the identification of asymptomatic individuals in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A) and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC). The identification of mutations in the RET proto‐oncogene segregating with the disease phenotype in MEN 2A and FMTC families has made it possible to re‐examine the validity of using this test for the identification of affected family members.DESIGN Sequential and single pentagastrin stimulation test data were collected following the identification of RET mutation positive and RET mutation negative members of families with MEN 2A or FMTC.PATIENTS RET mutations were identified in 16 Australian and New Zealand MEN 2A or FMTC families. An analysis of 39 individuals from these families was included in this study. Thirty‐two individuals (14 males, 18 females) had previously been determined as RET mutation negative. Seven individuals (6 males, 1 female) had previously been determined as RET mutation positive. Two RET mutation negative males had thyroidectomy based on prior pentagastrin test results.MEASUREMENTS Serum calcitonin levels in response to stimulation with pentagastrin were measured at 0, 1, 2, 5 and 10 minutes post injection. Mutation analysis of the RET proto‐oncogene was performed in all individuals. In two RET mutation negative individuals from two MEN 2A families, thyroidectomy was performed and C‐cells were quantitated in order to determine the diagnosis of C‐cell hyperplasia.RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.013) between RET mutation negative male and female mean peak calcitonin responses of 282 ± 236 and 96 ± 62 (mean ±SD) ng/l respectively. False positive responses to pentagastrin stimulation were identified in seven individuals who were RET mutation negative in two of the 16 families. Hist...
Mathews, A, Llewellyn, DJ, Wu, YG & Dennis, ES 1996, 'Isolation and characterisation of full-length cDNA clones of the giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhiza) trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor', PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 1035-1039.
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Mattick, JS, Whitchurch, CB & Alm, RA 1996, 'The molecular genetics of type-4 fimbriae in Pseudomonas aeruginosa - A review', GENE, vol. 179, no. 1, pp. 147-155.
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Type-4 fimbriae (or pill) are filaments found at the poles of a wide range of bacterial pathogens, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Moraxella bovis, Dichelobacter nodosus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. They are composed of a small subunit which is highly co
McDonagh, AM, Cifuentes, MP, Whittall, IR, Humphrey, MG, Samoc, M, Luther-Davies, B & Hockless, DCR 1996, 'Organometallic complexes for non-linear optics VII. Cubic optical non-linearities of octahedral trans-bis{bis(diphenylphosphino)methane}ruthenium acetylide complexes; X-ray crystal structure of trans-[Ru(CCPH)(4-CCC6H4NO2)(dppm)2]', Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 526, no. 1, pp. 99-103.
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NA
McDonagh, AM, Whittall, IR, Humphrey, MG, Hockless, DCR, Skelton, BW & White, AH 1996, 'Organometallic complexes for nonlinear optics VI: syntheses of rigid-rod ruthenium σ-acetylide complexes bearing strong acceptor ligands; X-ray crystal structures of trans-[Ru(C CC6H4NO2-4)2(dppm)2] and trans-[Ru(CCC6H4C6H4NO2-4,4′)2(dpppm)2]', Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 523, no. 1, pp. 33-40.
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NA
McPhedran, RC, Dawes, DH, Botten, LC & Nicorovici, NA 1996, 'On-axis diffraction by perfectly conducting capacitive grids', JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1085-1111.
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We describe a formulation for the diffraction of a plane wave normally incident on a square array of perfectly conducting cylinders of specified length. This is a particular case of a thick capacitive grid, for which no previous rigorous model exists. Th
McPhedran, RC, Poulton, CG, Nicorovici, NA & Movchan, AB 1996, 'Low frequency corrections to the static effective dielectric constant of a two-dimensional composite material', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 452, no. 1953, pp. 2231-2245.
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Mears, WE & Rice, SA 1996, 'The RGG box motif of the herpes simplex virus ICP27 protein mediates an RNA-binding activity and determines in vivo methylation', Journal of Virology, vol. 70, no. 11, pp. 7445-7453.
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ICP27 is an essential herpes simplex virus type 1 nuclear regulatory protein that is required for efficient viral gene expression. Although the mechanism by which ICP27 regulates genes is unknown, a variety of evidence suggests that it functions posttranscriptionally, and recent studies indicate that it is an RNA-binding protein. Previously, we noted that a short arginine- and glycine-rich sequence in ICP27 (residues 138 to 152) is similar to an RGG box motif, a putative RNA-binding determinant found in a number of cellular proteins (W. Mears, V. Lam, and S. Rice, J. Virol. 69:935-947, 1995). In the present study, we have further investigated ICP27's association with RNA and examined the role of the RGG box in RNA binding. We find that ICP27 binds efficiently to RNA homopolymers composed of poly(G) and weakly to poly(U) RNA homopolymers. Poly(G) binding activity maps to the N-terminal 189 residues of ICP27 and requires the RGG box sequence. Using a northwestern blotting assay, we demonstrate that the RGG box alone (residues 140 to 152) can mediate RNA binding when attached to a heterologous protein. As many cellular RGG box proteins are methylated on arginine residues, we also investigated the in vivo methylation status of ICP27. Our results demonstrate that ICP27 is methylated in herpes simplex virus-infected cells. Methylation is dependent on the presence of the RGG box, suggesting that one or more arginine residues in the RGG box sequence are modified. These data demonstrate that ICP27 displays the characteristics of an RGG box-type RNA-binding protein.
Menz, RI & Day, DA 1996, 'Identification and Characterization of an Inducible NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase from Red Beetroot Mitochondria', Plant Physiology, vol. 112, no. 2, pp. 607-613.
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Abstract Exogenous NADH oxidation of mitochondria isolated from red beetroots (Beta vulgaris L.) increased dramatically upon slicing and aging the tissue. Anion-exchange chromatography of soluble fractions derived by sonication from fresh and aged beetroot mitochondria yielded three NADH dehydrogenase activity peaks. The third peak from aged beetroot mitochondria was separated into two activities by blue-affinity chromatography. One of these (the unbound peak) readily oxidized dihydrolipoamide, whereas the other (the bound peak) did not. The latter was an NAD(P)H dehydrogenase with high quinone and ferricyanide reductase activity and was absent from fresh beet mitochondria. Further affinity chromatography of the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase indicated enrichment of a 58-kD polypeptide on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We propose that this 58-kD protein is the inducible, external NADH dehydrogenase.
Menz, RI & Day, DA 1996, 'Purification and Characterization of a 43-kDa Rotenone-insensitive NADH Dehydrogenase from Plant Mitochondria', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 271, no. 38, pp. 23117-23120.
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Mertens, CM, Tenter, AM, Vietmeyer, C, Ellis, JT & Johnson, AM 1996, 'Production of a recombinant fusion protein of Sarcocystis tenella and evaluation of its diagnostic potential in an ELISA', VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY, vol. 65, no. 3-4, pp. 185-197.
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We have isolated a cDNA clone encoding an antigenic polypeptide of Sarcocystis tenella by screening a cystozoite-derived cDNA library in lambda gt11 with antibodies from sheep infected experimentally with S. tenella. This clone, termed STC29, was subclon
Millar, AA & Dennis, ES 1996, 'Protein synthesis during oxygen deprivation in cotton', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 341-348.
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Millar, AA & Dennis, ES 1996, 'The alcohol dehydrogenase genes of cotton', PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 897-904.
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Millar, TJ, Herok, G, Koutavas, H, Martin, DK & Anderton, PJ 1996, 'Immunohistochemical and histochemical characterisation of epithelial cells of rabbit lacrimal glands in tissue sections and cell cultures', Tissue and Cell, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 301-312.
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The purpose of this study was to establish conditions for isolation and long term culture of acinar cells from the Harderian gland, and superior and inferior lacrimal glands of the rabbit and to compare the in vitro growth patterns of cultured cells from
Nicorovici, NA, Poulton, CG & McPhedran, RC 1996, 'Analytical results for a class of sums involving Bessel functions and square arrays', Journal of Mathematical Physics, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 2043-2052.
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We consider a class of sums involving Bessel functions summed over the square array. The sums involve the length (ξ) of an arbitrary vector lying within the central unit cell. We establish conditions under which the sums reduce to polynomial forms in ξ (possibly with a single logarithmic term in addition), and show how these polynomials may be conveniently evaluated.
Oakey, HJ, Ellis, JT & Gibson, LF 1996, 'A biochemical protocol for the differentiation of current genomospecies of Aeromonas', ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY VIROLOGY PARASITOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES, vol. 284, no. 1, pp. 32-46.
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A data file consisting of 40 biochemical and physiological tests for the differentiation of aeromonads was constructed based upon existing published data from various geographical locations and laboratories. The data file covers all the current genomospe
Oakey, HJ, Ellis, JT & Gibson, LF 1996, 'Differentiation of Aeromonas genomospecies using random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR)', JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 402-410.
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Random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) was used to investigate the differentiation of the genus Aeromonas at the genomospecies level. Of 20 primers evaluated, six produced profiles which contained multiple bands capable of
O'BRIEN, BA, HARMON, BV, CAMERON, DP & ALLAN, DJ 1996, 'BETA-CELL APOPTOSIS IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF IDDM IN THE MULTIPLE LOW-DOSE STREPTOZOTOCIN MODEL', The Journal of Pathology, vol. 178, no. 2, pp. 176-181.
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Although insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) results from irreversible loss of beta cells, the mode of cell death responsible for this loss has not previously been categorized. In this study, the multiple low-dose streptozotocin (stz) model (intraperitoneal injection of stz at a concentration of 40 mglkg body weight per day for five consecutive days) was used to investigate beta-cell death during the development of IDDM in male C57B116 mice. Apoptotic cells were evident by light microscopy within the islets of Langerhans of treated animals from day 2 (the day of the second stz injection) until day 17. Immunohistochemical localization of insulin to the dying cells confirmed the beta-cell origin of the apoptosis. Two peaks in the incidence of beta-cell apoptosis occurred: the first at day 5, which corresponded to an increase in blood glucose concentration, and the second at day 11, when lymphocytic infiltration of the islets (insulitis) was maximal. Insulitis did not begin until day 9, by which time treated animals had developed overt diabetes as revealed by blood glucose and pancreatic immunoreactive insulin (IRI) measurements. Beta-cell apoptosis preceded the appearance of T-cells in the islets and continued throughout the period of insulitis. Thus, whether induced by stz or a subsequent immune response, apoptosis is the mode of cell death responsible for beta-cell loss in the multiple low-dose stz model of IDDM.
Paludan-Muller, C, Weichart, D, McDougald, D & Kjelleberg, S 1996, 'Analysis of starvation conditions that allow for prolonged culturability of Vibrio vulnificus at low temperature', Microbiology, vol. 142, no. 7, pp. 1675-1684.
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Payne, S 1996, 'Detection of Neospora caninum DNA by the polymerase chain reaction', International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 347-351.
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Platen, E & Rebolledo, R 1996, 'Principles for modelling financial markets', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PROBABILITY, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 601-613.
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The paper introduces an approach focused towards the modelling of dynamics of financial markets. It is based on the three principles of market clearing, exclusion of instantaneous arbitrage and minimization of increase of arbitrage information. The last
Post, A, Lukins, PB, Walker, PJ & Larkum, AWD 1996, 'The effects of ultraviolet irradiation on P680+ reduction in PS II core complexes measured for individual S-states and during repetitive cycling of the oxygen-evolving complex', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 21-27.
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Flash-induced absorbance measurements at 830 nm on both nanosecond and microsecond timescales have been used to characterise the effect of ultraviolet light on Photosystem II core particles. A combination of UV-A and UV-B, closely simulating the spectrum of sunlight below 350 nm, was found to have a primary effect on the donor side of P680. Repetitive measurements indicated reductions in the nanosecond components of the absorbance decay with a concomitant appearance and increase in the amplitude of a component with a 10 μs time constant attributed to slow reduction of P680+ by Tyr(z) when the function of the oxygen evolving complex is inhibited. Single-flash measurements show that the nanosecond components have amplitudes which vary with S-state. Increasing UV irradiation inhibited the amplitude of these components without changing their S-state dependence. In addition, UV irradiation resulted in a reduction in the total amplitude, with no change in the proportion of the 10 μs contribution.
Purser, RJ & Leslie, LM 1996, 'Generalized Adams–Bashforth time integration schemes for a semi‐Lagrangian model employing the second‐derivative form of the horizontal momentum equations', Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 122, no. 531, pp. 737-763.
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AbstractWe present a generic class of semi‐implicit time‐integration methods, the ‘Generalized Adams–Bashforth’ schemes, for the simultaneous treatment in a semi‐Lagrangian model of the equations of horizontal momentum and kinematics in a rotating environment. The salient feature of the approach is that it deals directly with Lagrangian parcel momentum in terms of the parcel's second time‐derivative of position. The classical Adams–Bashforth methods can be generalized to accommodate equations of second‐derivative form and, as we demonstrate, can be formulated in such a way that the further important refinement of a semi‐implicit handling of the fastest gravity modes follows in a natural way.The principal advantages expected of this unified approach over the more conventional separate semi‐Lagrangian treatment of kinematics and momentum are: (i) greater economy of storage at a given order of accuracy, (ii) smaller truncation errors at a given order of accuracy. Tests were run with a full‐physics three‐dimensional regional semi‐Lagrangian forecast model applied on a daily basis to archived operational data over a period of three months. Verifications based on the 48 hour forecasts confirm that the expected benefits of the new schemes are also realized in practice.
Radchik, AV, Paley, AV & Smith, GB 1996, 'Invisibility'' in certain intersecting particles and arrays of such particles in a solid host', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 79, no. 5, pp. 2613-2621.
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Theoretical results recently obtained for polarizability of intersecting spherical particles have been compared with those for polarizability of intersecting cardioidal particles resembling the spherical shape. Calculations based on a modified Parseval R
Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 1996, 'Analytic solutions to resonant and non-resonant through-bridge electronic coupling', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 417-423.
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Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 1996, 'The effects of couplings to symmetric and antisymmetric modes and minor asymmetry on the spectral properties of mixed-valence and related charge-transfer systems', CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 208, no. 2, pp. 177-193.
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Reimers, JR, Lu, TX, Crossley, MJ & Hush, NS 1996, 'Molecular electronic properties of fused rigid porphyrin-oligomer molecular wires', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 424-429.
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Reimers, JR, Lu, TX, Crossley, MJ & Hush, NS 1996, 'Molecular electronic properties of fused rigid porphyrin-oligomer molecular wires', CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 256, no. 4-5, pp. 353-359.
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Reimers, JR, Zeng, J & Hush, NS 1996, 'Vibrational stark spectroscopy .2. Application to the CN stretch in HCN and acetonitrile', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 100, no. 5, pp. 1498-1504.
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Reuben, AJ, Smith, GB, Moses, P, Vagov, AV, Woods, MD, Gordon, DB & Munn, RW 1996, 'Ion trajectories in exactly determined quadrupole fields', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY AND ION PROCESSES, vol. 154, no. 1-2, pp. 43-59.
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The use of multi-electrode structures as mass analysers is now very widespread. These devices are employed as partial pressure analysers, mass filters and ion traps. The first of these devices to utilise an electric quadrupole held for separating ions ac
Ritchie, RJ, Nadolny, C & Larkum, AWD 1996, 'Driving Forces for Bicarbonate Transport in the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus R-2 (PCC 7942)', Plant Physiology, vol. 112, no. 4, pp. 1573-1584.
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Abstract Air-grown Synechococcus R-2 (PCC 7942) cultures grown in BG-11 medium are very alkaline (outside pH is 10.0) and use HCO3- as their inorganic carbon source. The cells showed a dependence on Na+ for photosynthesis, but low Na+ conditions (1 mol m-3) were sufficient to support saturating photosynthesis. The intracellular dissolved inorganic carbon in the light was greater than 20 mol m-3 in both low-Na+ conditions and in BG-11 medium containing the usual [Na+] (24 mol m-3, designated high-Na+ conditions). The electrochemical potential for HCO3- in the light was in excess of 25 kJ mol-1, even in high-Na+ conditions. The Na+-motive force was greater than -12 kJ mol-1 under both Na+ conditions. On thermodynamic grounds, an Na+-driven co-port process would need to have a stoichiometry of 2 or greater ([greater than or equal to]2Na+ in/HCO3–1 in), but we show that Na+ or K+ fluxes cannot be linked to HCO3- transport. Na+ and K+ fluxes were unaffected by the presence or absence of dissolved inorganic carbon. In low-Na+ conditions, Na+ fluxes are too low to support the observed net 14C-carbon fixation rate. Active transport of HCO3- hyperpolarizes (not depolarizes) the membrane potential.
Roche, JL, van der Staay, GWM, Partensky, F, Ducret, A, Aebersold, R, Li, R, Golden, SS, Hiller, RG, Wrench, PM, Larkum, AWD & Green, BR 1996, 'Independent evolution of the prochlorophyte and green plant chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting proteins', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 93, no. 26, pp. 15244-15248.
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The prochlorophytes are oxygenic prokaryotes differing from other cyanobacteria by the presence of a light-harvesting system containing both chlorophylls (Chls) a and b and by the absence of phycobilins. We demonstrate here that the Chl a/b binding proteins from all three known prochlorophyte genera are closely related to IsiA, a cyanobacterial Chl a -binding protein induced by iron starvation, and to CP43, a constitutively expressed Chl a antenna protein of photosystem II. The prochlorophyte Chl a/b protein ( pcb ) genes do not belong to the extended gene family encoding eukaryotic Chl a/b and Chl a/c light-harvesting proteins. Although higher plants and prochlorophytes share common pigment complements, their light-harvesting systems have evolved independently.
Rodgers, KJ, Melrose, J & Ghosh, P 1996, 'Biotinylated trypsin and its application as a sensitive, versatile probe for the detection and characterisation of an ovine chondrocyte serine proteinase inhibitor using Western blotting', ELECTROPHORESIS, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 213-218.
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Biotinylated trypsin (bT) was used as a probe on Western blots of 10-20% polyacrylamide gradient Tris-Tricine gels for the detection of serine proteinase inhibitors (SPIs) isolated from extracts of ovine articular cartilage and from chondrocyte condition
Rodgers, KJ, Melrose, J & Ghosh, P 1996, 'Purification and characterisation of 6 and 58 kDa forms of the endogenous serine proteinase inhibitory proteins of ovine articular cartilage', BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 377, no. 12, pp. 837-845.
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The major ovine articular cartilage (AC) serine proteinase inhibitory protein (SPI), a 58 kDa glycoprotein (SPI-58), was purified to homogeneity by sequential Sephacryl S-300 gel permeation, concanavalin A affinity, Mono Q anion exchange and Superose 12
Roeder, K, Carroll, RJ & Lindsay, BG 1996, 'A Semiparametric Mixture Approach to Case-Control Studies with Errors in Covariables', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 91, no. 434, pp. 722-732.
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Methods are devised for estimating the parameters of a prospective logistic model in a case-control study with dichotomous response D that depends on a covariate X. For a portion of the sample, both the gold standard X and a surrogate covariate W are available; however, for the greater portion of the data, only the surrogate covariate W is available. By using a mixture model, the relationship between the true covariate and the response can be modeled appropriately for both types of data. The likelihood depends on the marginal distribution of X and the measurement error density (W|X, D). The latter is modeled parametrically based on the validation sample. The marginal distribution of the true covariate is modeled using a nonparametric mixture distribution. In this way we can improve the efficiency and reduce the bias of the parameter estimates. The results also apply when there is no validation data provided the error distribution is known or estimated from an independent data source. Many of the results also apply to the easier case of prospective sampling. Copyright 1996 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Roeder, K, Carroll, RJ & Lindsay, BG 1996, 'A Semiparametric Mixture Approach to Case-Control Studies With Errors in Covariables', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 91, no. 434, pp. 722-722.
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Roux, C, Chable, J & Margot, P 1996, 'Fibre transfer experiments onto car seats', SCIENCE & JUSTICE, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 143-151.
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Experiments on the transfer of textile fibres involving various garments, car seats, drivers and driving times were carried out in order to study their influence on the transfer of fibres to the seat of a car after it had been driven. Many fibres were tr
Sammel, MD & Ryan, LM 1996, 'Latent variable models with fixed effects', BIOMETRICS, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 650-663.
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We discuss latent variable models that allow for fixed effect covariates, as well as covariates affecting the latent variable directly. Restricted maximum likelihood and maximum likelihood are used to estimate model parameters. A generalized likelihood ratio test can be used to test significance of the covariates effecting the latent outcomes. Special cases of the proposed model correspond to factor analysis, mixed models, random effects models, and simultaneous equations. The model is applied to birth defects data, where continuous data on the size of infants who were exposed to anticonvulsant medications in utero are compared to controls.
SATIAT‐JEUNEMAITRE, B, COLE, L, BOURETT, T, HOWARD, R & HAWES, C 1996, 'Brefeldin A effects in plant and fungal cells: something new about vesicle trafficking?', Journal of Microscopy, vol. 181, no. 2, pp. 162-177.
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Whilst the function and organization of the secretory machinery in eukaryotic cells exhibit basic similarities, the compartmentation of the endomembrane system can show significant differences between the fungal, plant and animal kingdoms. The use of the antibiotic brefeldin A (BFA) as an inhibitor of secretion in both animal and yeast cells has resulted in a remarkable advance in our understanding of the modes of action of vesicle shuttles between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and within the Golgi apparatus itself. It is now apparent that application of the drug to filamentous fungi and plants will also help unravel the workings of the secretory system in these organisms. In this paper we review recent progress in our laboratories on elucidating the effects of BFA on the morphology of the Golgi apparatus and compare these with recently published data on fungal and plant cells. Variation in the response to BFA are reported, which may not all be attributed to differences in drug concentration and time of treatment. These may reflect differences in cellular sensitivity or multiple sites of action of the drug, and the existence of a specific molecular target for BFA is questioned.
Saunders, BM & Cheers, C 1996, 'Increased Lung Cell Cytotoxic but Not Bactericidal or Phagocytic Activity inMycobacterium aviumComplex-Infected Mice', Cellular Immunology, vol. 171, no. 1, pp. 48-54.
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Saunders, BM & Cheers, C 1996, 'Intranasal infection of beige mice with Mycobacterium avium complex: role of neutrophils and natural killer cells', Infection and Immunity, vol. 64, no. 10, pp. 4236-4241.
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Beige mice show increased susceptibility to intranasal infection with organisms of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) compared with their immunocompetent congenics, C57BL/6 mice. This increased susceptibility was clear 2 weeks postinfection, before the activation of the specific immune response. T lymphocytes from 4-week infected beige mice, cultured in vitro, produced amounts of gamma interferon similar to those found in cells from C57BL/6 mice. Macrophage activation, as judged by NO production and lysis of the macrophage target P815, occurred in the lungs of beige mice. Despite the inability of bone marrow-derived NK cells from beige mice to lyse NK-susceptible YAC-1 cells, their gamma interferon production was normal. Monoclonal antibody to NK1.1 was used to deplete C57BL/10 mice of lytic activity against YAC-1 cells without exacerbating infection between 2 and 6 weeks of observation, making it unlikely that any deficiency in NK cells was the cause of susceptibility in beige mice. There was a striking influx of neutrophils in the lungs of beige mice compared with C57BL/6. More than half of the MAC organisms appeared associated with the neutrophils of beige mice, while in C57BL/6 mice, most MAC organisms were associated with cells of macrophage/monocyte morphology. Injection of monoclonal antibody specific for neutrophils failed to eliminate those cells from the lungs of beige mice. However, in C57BL/6 mice, neutrophil numbers were reduced by 95% without exacerbating the infection. We conclude that, although neutrophils are not essential to the relative resistance of C57BL/6 mice, the known deficiencies in both neutrophils and macrophages account for the susceptibility of beige mice.
Schmid, S, Lobo, C, Withers, RL & Thompson, JG 1996, 'A TEM and Powder XRD Study of New Fluorite and Perovskite-Related Phases in the CaO–ZrO2–Ta2O5System', Journal of Solid State Chemistry, vol. 127, no. 1, pp. 82-86.
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Shine, R, Branch, WR, Harlow, PS & Webb, JK 1996, 'Sexual dimorphism, reproductive biology, and food habits of two species of African filesnakes (Mehelya, Colubridae)', JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, vol. 240, no. Part 2, pp. 327-340.
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The ecology and general biology of African snakes remains virtually unstudied, even in highly distinctive species such as the filesnakes (genera Mehelya and Gonionotophis). Our measurements and dissections of preserved specimens provided information on body sizes, sexual dimorphism in size and bodily proportions, clutch sizes, and food habits of two Mehelya species. In both M. capensis and M. nyassae, females attain sexual maturity at the same size as conspecific males, but grow to much larger sizes. Mehelya capensis displays extreme differences in body shape between males and females at the same body length: females have longer and wider heads, thicker bodies, and larger eyes (relative to both head length and head width) than do conspecific males. Dimorphism in body proportions is less marked in M. nyassae. Female reproductive cycles are seasonal in M. capensis, and clutch sizes are larger in this species than in its smaller congener (5-11 eggs in M. capensis, 2-6 eggs in M. nyassae).
Shine, R, Haagner, GV, Branch, WR, Harlow, PS & Webb, JK 1996, 'Natural history of the African shieldnose snake Aspidelaps scutatus (Serpentes, Elapidae)', JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 361-366.
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Examination and dissection of museum specimens, combined with observations of free-ranging and captive snakes, provided original data on morphology, sexual dimorphism, feeding habits, and reproductive biology of shieldnose snakes (Aspidelaps scutatus) fr
Shine, R, Harlow, PS, Branch, WR & Webb, JK 1996, 'Life on the lowest branch: Sexual dimorphism, diet, and reproductive biology of an African twig snake, Thelotornis capensis (Serpentes, Colubridae)', COPEIA, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 290-299.
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Measurement and dissection of 144 twig snakes (Thelotornis capensis) from southern Africa provided data on morphology, sexual dimorphism, food habits, and reproductive biology of this species. Twig snakes are extremely elongate arboreal species that rema
Shum, BP, Azumi, K, Zhang, SW, Kehrer, SR, Raison, RL, Detrich, HW & Parham, P 1996, 'Unexpected beta(2)-microglobulin sequence diversity in individual rainbow trout', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 93, no. 7, pp. 2779-2784.
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For mammals beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m), the light chain of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, is invariant (or highly conserved) and is encoded by a single gene unlinked to the MHC. We find that beta(2)m of a salmonid fish, t
Simpson, DG, Carroll, RJ, Xie, M & Guth, DJ 1996, 'Weighted logistic regression and robust analysis of diverse toxicology data', Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods, vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 2615-2632.
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Simpson, DG, Carroll, RJ, Zhou, H & Guth, DJ 1996, 'Interval Censoring and Marginal Analysis in Ordinal Regression', Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 354-354.
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This article develops a methodology for regression analysis of ordinal response data subject to interval censoring. This work is motivated by the need to analyze data from multiple studies in toxicological risk assessment. Responses are scored on an ordinal severity scale, but not all responses can be scored completely. For instance, in a mortality study, information on nonfatal but adverse outcomes may be missing. In order to address possible within-study correlations, we develop a generalized estimating approach to the problem, with appropriate adjustments to uncertainty statements. We develop expressions relating parameters of the implied marginal model to the parameters of a conditional model with random effects, and, in a special case, we note an interesting equivalence between conditional and marginal modeling of ordinal responses. We illustrate the methodology in an analysis of a toxicological database. ©1996 American Statistical Association and the International Biometric Society.
Smith, G, Wood, L, Coupland, M, Stephenson, B, Crawford, K & Ball, G 1996, 'Constructing mathematical examinations to assess a range of knowledge and skills', International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 65-77.
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In this paper, we describe aspects of a programme to enhance student learning in undergraduate mathematics. We present ways of constructing formal examinations which assess a range of knowledge and skills and which encourage students to reflect on their learning. To assist with this process, we propose a taxonomy to classify assessment tasks ordered by the nature of the activity required to complete each task successfully, rather than in terms of difficulty. An extensive list of university level examples is given to illustrate descriptors in the taxonomy and to provide ideas for those interested in implementing an alternative approach to writing examination questions. © 1996 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Speer, MS, Leslie, LM, Colquhoun, JR & Mitchell, E 1996, 'The Sydney Australia Wildfires of January 1994 - Meteorological Conditions and High Resolution Numerical Modeling Experiments', International Journal of Wildland Fire, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 145-145.
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Southeastern Australia is particularly vulnerable to wildfires during the spring and summer months, and the threat of devastation is present most years. In January 1994, the most populous city in Australia, Sydney, was ringed by wildfires, some of which penetrated well into suburban areas and there were many other serious fires in coastal areas of New South Wales (NSW). In recent years much research activity in Australia has focussed on the development of high resolution limited area models, for eventual operational prediction of meteorological conditions associated with high levels of wildfire risk. In this study, the period January 7-8, 1994 was chosen for detailed examination, as it was the most critical period during late December 1993/early January 1994 for the greater Sydney area. Routine forecast guidance from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models was very useful in that both the medium and short range models predicted synoptic patterns suggesting extreme fire weather conditions up to several days in advance. However, vital information of a detailed nature was lacking. A new high resolution model was run at the operational resolution of 150 km and the much higher resolutions of 25 km and 5 km. The new model showed statistically significant greater skill in predicting details of wind, relative humidity and temperature patterns both near the surface and above the boundary layer. It also produced skilful predictions of the Forest Fire Danger Index.
STEPHENSON, KA, LEAN, IJ & O'MEARA, TJ 1996, 'The effect of monensin on the chemotactic function of bovine neutrophils', Australian Veterinary Journal, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 315-317.
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Tangye, SG & Raison, RL 1996, 'Leukaemic CD5(+) B-cell apoptosis: Co-incidence of cell death and DNA fragmentation with reduced bcl-2 expression', BRITISH JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 950-953.
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Apoptosis and bcl-2 expression were characterized in leukaemic B cells during in vitro culture. Prior to culture, > 85% of cells from each B-CLL patient expressed high levels of bcl-2. Despite this, all leukaemic B-cell populations underwent apoptosis in
Thompson, JG, Dougherty, J, Melnitchenko, A, Lobo, C & Withers, RL 1996, 'Sodalite-type Na8Mg3Si9O24(OH)2 and Na8Mg3Si9O24(OH,Cl)2: novel framework magnesiosilicates', Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 1933-1933.
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Turlach, BA & Wand, MP 1996, 'Fast Computation of Auxiliary Quantities in Local Polynomial Regression', Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 337-350.
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We investigate the extension of binning methodology to fast computation of several auxiliary quantities that arise in local polynomial smoothing. Examples include degrees of freedom measures, cross-validation functions, variance estimates, and exact measures of error. It is shown that the computational effort required for such approximations is of the same order of magnitude as that required for a binned local polynomial smooth.
Ung, AT & Pyne, SG 1996, 'Synthesis of fluorescent and biotinylated analogues of (1R, 2S, 3R)-2-acetyl-4(5)-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl)imidazole', TETRAHEDRON LETTERS, vol. 37, no. 34, pp. 6209-6212.
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A method for preparing fluorescent and biotinylated analogues of the biologically active compound (1R, 2S, 3R)-2-acetyl-4(5)-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl)imidazole 1 is reported
Ung, AT, Pyne, SG, Skelton, BW & White, AH 1996, 'Asymmetric synthesis of (1R,2S,3R)-2-acetyl-5-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl)thiazole', TETRAHEDRON, vol. 52, no. 44, pp. 14069-14078.
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A method for preparing the thiazole analogue 2 of the biologically active compound (1R, 2S, 3R)-2-acetyl-4(5)-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl)imidazole 1 is reported.
VAN CLEEF, M, HOLT, SA, WATSON, GS & MYHRA, S 1996, 'Polystyrene spheres on mica substrates: AFM calibration, tip parameters and scan artefacts', Journal of Microscopy, vol. 181, no. 1, pp. 2-9.
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Atomic force microscopy (AFM), in various versions, has had major impact as a surface structural and spectroscopic tool since its invention in 1986. At its present state of development, however, the interpretation of AFM images is limited by the current state of methodologies for calibration over the wide dynamic range of magnification. Also, the parameters of individual tips, as well as the generic characteristics of different kinds of tips, affect both the quality of the images and their interpretation. Finally, the very nature of the tip‐to‐surface interaction will generate artefacts, in addition to those associated with tip shape, which need to be fully understood by the practitioners of force microscopy. This project seeks to address and shed light on some of these issues.Polystyrene beads deposited on mica substrates form hexagonal close‐packed layers. The unit cell parameters are suitable for calibration of the AFM in the lateral plane, while the perpendicular spacing of the layers is appropriate for calibration along the vertical axis. Using different size fractions, it is straightforward to determine the extents of linearity, orthogonality, thermal and instrumental drifts over distances from 100 nm to tens of micrometres. The present results show that the methodologies for contact mode operation can be adapted to noncontact modes.It is known that an AFM image arises from a convolution of surface topography and tip shape, and is mediated by the interaction. In principle it is possible to carry out a deconvolution, if we have complete knowledge about two of the three elements (i.e. tip, surface and interaction). In practice we rarely have the requisite information. Prominent artefacts will occur when the characteristic parameters of the tip are comparable to those of the surface topography, and/or if there is a variable strength, or extent of localization, of the interaction. The present results demonstra...
Van Reyk, DM & Dean, RT 1996, 'The Iron-Selective Chelator Desferal Can Reduce Chelated Copper', Free Radical Research, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 55-60.
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vanLeeuwen, WJD & Huete, AR 1996, 'Effects of standing litter on the biophysical interpretation of plant canopies with spectral indices', REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 123-138.
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Litter is frequently present within vegetation canopies and thus contributes to the overall spectral response of a canopy. Consequently, litter will affect spectral indices designed to be sensitive to green vegetation, soil brightness or other features. The main objectives of the current research were to 1) evaluate the spectral properties of green vegetation and litter and 2) quantify the effect of standing litter on the performance of spectral indices. The SAIL (scattering by arbitrarily inclined leaves) model was used to generate canopy reflectance 'mixtures' and to estimate fractions of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) with varying leaf area index (LAI), soil background, combinations of vegetation component spectral properties, and one or two horizontal vegetation layers. Spectral measurements of different bare soils and mature green and senescent leaves of representative plant species at the HAPEX-Sahel (Hydrological Atmospheric Pilot Experiment) study sites were used as input. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and the modified NDVI (MNDVI) and mixture model spectral indices were selected to evaluate their performance with respect to standing litter and green vegetation mixtures. Spectral reflectance signatures of leaf litter varied significantly, but strongly resembled soil spectral characteristics. The biophysical parameters (LAI, fAPAR), derived from spectral vegetation indices, tended to be overestimated for randomly distributed, sparse green and litter vegetation cover mixtures, and underestimated for randomly distributed dense green and litter vegetation cover mixtures. All spectral indices and their biophysical interpretation were significantly altered by variability in 1) green leaf, leaf litter, and bark optical properties, 2) the amount and position of standing leaf litter, 3) leaf angle distribution, and 4) soil background. The NDVI response to these variable...
Wang, G, Liu, H, Meng, X & Cheng, K 1996, 'Clinical application of Omniplane transesophageal echocardiography.', Chin Med Sci J, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 177-179.
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One hundred and twenty-four patients with heart disease (75 cases of rheumatic heart disease, 26 cases of congenital heart disease, 13 cases of aortic disease and 10 cases of other disease) were examined by Omniplane transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). The result showed that Omniplane TEE transducer can be rotated from 0 degree to 180 degrees in probe and had the advantages of broader scope, obtaining more information, less stimulation to esophagus and easy to manipulate. It suggests that Omniplane TEE is a efficient technique in clinical diagnosis and can be extensively used in the future.
Wang, N, Carroll, RJ & Liang, K-Y 1996, 'Quasilikelihood Estimation in Measurement Error Models with Correlated Replicates', Biometrics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 401-401.
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Whitchurch, CB, Alm, RA & Mattick, JS 1996, 'The alginate regulator AlgR and an associated sensor FimS are required for twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 93, no. 18, pp. 9839-9843.
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Mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients produce large amounts of the exopolysaccharide alginate. AlgR has long been considered a key regulator of alginate production, but its cognate sensor has not bee
Williams, P & Ryan, L 1996, 'Design of multiple binary outcome studies with intentionally missing data', BIOMETRICS, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1498-1514.
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We discuss the design and analysis of studies involving multiple binary outcomes in which only a subset of these outcomes can be measured on each individual. Such studies with "intentionally missing data" may arise due to practical or economic constraints; several examples from toxicology serve as illustrations. A global test statistic based on generalized estimating equations is presented and evaluated under a variety of missing patterns and correlation structures. Extensions of the global test statistic to allow for clustered data are also described. The relative efficiency of the global test statistic with missing data relative to that for complete data is investigated, both under a common dose effect alternative and when exposure has differential effects on the multiple endpoints. The implications of these efficiency calculations on study design are explored, and several recommendations are provided.
Wuhrer, R, Yeung, WY, Phillips, MR & McCredie, G 1996, 'Study on dc magnetron sputter deposition of titanium aluminium nitride thin films: Effect of aluminium content on coating', THIN SOLID FILMS, vol. 290, pp. 339-342.
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Titanium aluminium nitride thin films have been deposited on glass slides using a dual unbalanced d.c. magnetron sputter arrangement with separate titanium and aluminium targets. A range of TiperAl/N compositions were produced by varying the aluminium ta
Zeng, J, Hush, NS & Reimers, JR 1996, 'Solvent effects on molecular and ionic spectra .7. Modeling the absorption and electroabsorption spectra of pentaammine-ruthenium(II) pyrazine and its conjugate acid in water', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 118, no. 8, pp. 2059-2068.
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Zeng, J, Hush, NS & Reimers, JR 1996, 'Solvent effects on molecular and ionic spectra .8. The (1)(n,pi*) excited states of pyridazine in water', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 100, no. 22, pp. 9561-9567.
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Zeng, J, Hush, NS & Reimers, JR 1996, 'Solvent effects on molecular and ionic spectra IX: The change in dipole moment accompanying metal to ligand charge transfer absorption in pentaaminopyridylruthenium(II)', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 100, no. 50, pp. 19292-19294.
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