Publications

Anyamba, A, Tucker, CJ, Huete, A & Boken, VJ 2005, 'Monitoring Drought Using Coarse-Resolution Polar-Orbiting Satellite Data' in Boken, V, Cracknell, AP & Heathcote, RL (eds), Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought: A Global Study, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 57-78.
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Botten, L, McPhedran, R, de Sterke, M, Nicorovic, N, Asatryan, A, Smith, G, Langtry, T, White, T, Fussell, D & Kuhlmey, B 2005, 'From Multipole Methods to Photonic Crystal Device Modeling' in Yasumoto, K (ed), Optical Science and Engineering, CRC Press, Florida, USA, pp. 47-122.
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Carroll, RJ 2005, 'Measurement Error in Epidemiologic Studies', Wiley.
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AbstractThis article concerns measurement error in epidemilogic studies, often called errors‐in‐variables. I discuss what measurement error is, its impact on parameter estimates and hypothesis tests, and how to perform statistical analyses that account for the measurement error.

Combes, V & Grau, GE 2005, 'Cytokines and defense and pathology of the CNS' in Cytokines and the CNS, pp. 243-267.
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Homeostasis implies constantly operational defense mechanisms, against both outside and inside aggressions. Among these, infectious agents represent a major functional compartment. During any infection, the release of a vast array of cytokines is elicited in the host. These pleiomorphic mediators are of prime importance in the defense of the host, both in the systemic circulation and at sites of tissue injury, particularly the blood-brain barrier. Here we will focus on mechanisms by which cytokines can achieve this defense of the CNS against pathogens, but we also discuss the conditions under which cytokines can trigger tissue lesions, i.e., mediate immunopathological reactions. We will address malaria parasites vs. other pathogens and the involvement of cytokines in the pathogenesis of other insults to the CNS, such as ischemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress.

Duggin, IG & Wilce, JA 2005, 'Termination of Replication in Bacteria' in Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, Wiley, United States, pp. 1-7.
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Abstract In the case of a circular bacterial chromosome, termination of DNA replication occurs when the two replication forks, progressing in opposite directions, meet and fuse in a specific region of the chromosome, which is generally diametrically opposed to the site of initiation of DNA replication. Most research has focused on the systems utilized by the rod‐shaped Gram‐negative Escherichia coli and Gram‐positive Bacillus subtilis .

George, AM 2005, 'Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance' in White, DG, Alekshun, MN & McDermott, PF (eds), Frontiers in Antimicrobial Resistance: a Tribute to Stuart B. Levy, ASM Press, Washington DC, USA, pp. 151-164.

Huete, A 2005, 'Spectral Mixtures' in Encyclopedia of Soil Science, Second Edition, CRC Press.
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Huete, AR 2005, 'Estimation of Soil Properties Using HyperspectralVIS/IRSensors' in Anderson, MG (ed), Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences, Wiley, New York, pp. 887-902.
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AbstractKnowledge of soil properties and processes are crucial to the understanding of the terrestrial hydrologic cycle and the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. In this paper, we present the current state and potential of hyperspectral remote sensing techniques for quantitative retrieval of soil properties. Remote sensing is used to detect chemical and physical soil properties either (i) directly from the bare soil pixels, (ii) through advanced spectroscopy methods in mixed “soil‐vegetation‐litter” pixels, and (iii) by measurements of the overlying vegetated canopy to infer soil properties and moisture status. Optical‐geometric properties of soil surfaces reveal information on soil physical features, such as soil structure, crusting, and erosion. We also investigate the use of vegetation water indices to infer soil drying and wetting in the soil root zone. We conclude with a discussion on future needs and directions for remote sensing of soil properties.

Liptser, R & Novikov, A 2005, 'On tail distributions of supremum and quadratic variation of local martingales' in Kubanov, Y, Lipster, R & Stoyanov, J (eds), From Stochastic Calculus to Mathematical Finance, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 421-432.
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We extend some known results relating the distribution tails of a continuouslocal martingale supremum and its quadratic variation to the case of locallysquare integrable martingales with bounded jumps. The predictable and optionalquadratic variations are involved in the main result.

MILTHORPE, B 2005, 'Protein adsorption to surfaces and interfaces' in Vadgama, P (ed), Surfaces and Interfaces for Biomaterials, Elsevier, Great Britain, pp. 763-781.
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Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2005, 'The Nature of the Special‐pair Radical Cation Produced by Primary Charge Separation During Photosynthesis' in Artificial Photosynthesis, Wiley, pp. 109-126.
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Zinder, Y & Do, V 2005, 'Scheduling UET tasks on two parallel machines with the criteria of makespan and total completion time' in Kendall, G, Burke, E, Petrocic, S & Gendreau, M (eds), Multidisciplinary Scheduling: Theory and applications, Springer, USA, pp. 83-109.
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Two extensions of the classical scheduling model with two parallel identical machines and a partially ordered set of unit execution time tasks are considered. It is well known that the Coffman-Graham algorithm constructs for this model a so-called ideal schedule: that is, a schedule which is optimal for both makespan and total completion time criteria simultaneously. The question of the existence of such a schedule for the extension of this model, where each task has a release time, has remained open over seneral decades. The paper gives a positive answer to this question and presents the corresponding polynormal-time algorithm.Another straightforward generalisation of the considered classcial model is obtained by the introduction of multiprocessor tasks. It is shown that, despite the fact tha a slightly modified Coffman-Graham algorithm solves the makespan problem with multiprocessor tasks for arbirtary precedence constraints, generally an ideal schedule does not exist and the problem with the criterion of total completion time turns out to be NP-hard ithe strong sense even for in-trees.

Abraham, JH, Finn, PW, Milton, DK, Ryan, LM, Perkins, DL & Gold, DR 2005, 'Infant home endotoxin is associated with reduced allergen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and IL-13 production in childhood', JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 116, no. 2, pp. 431-437.
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Background: Infant endotoxin exposure has been proposed as a factor that might protect against allergy and the early childhood immune responses that increase the risk of IgE production to allergens. Objective: Using a prospective study design, we tested the hypothesis that early-life endotoxin exposure is associated with allergen- and mitogen-induced cytokine production and proliferative responses of PBMCs isolated from infants with a parental history of physician-diagnosed asthma or allergy. Methods: We assessed household dust endotoxin at age 2 to 3 months and PBMC proliferative and cytokine responses to cockroach allergen (Bla g 2), dust mite allergen (Der f 1), cat allergen (Fel d 1), and the nonspecific mitogen PHA at age 2 to 3 years. Results: We found that increased endotoxin levels were associated with decreased IL-13 levels in response to cockroach, dust mite, and cat allergens, but not mitogen stimulation. Endotoxin levels were not correlated with allergen- or mitogen-induced IFN-γ, TNF-α, or IL-10. Increased endotoxin levels were associated with decreased lymphocyte proliferation after cockroach allergen stimulation. An inverse, although nonsignificant, association was also found between endotoxin and proliferation to the other tested stimuli. Conclusion: Increased early-life exposure to household endotoxin was associated with reduced allergen-induced production of the TH2 cytokine IL-13 and reduced lymphoproliferative responses at age 2 to 3 years in children at risk for allergy and asthma. Early-life endotoxin-related reduction of IL-13 production might represent one pathway through which increased endotoxin decreases the risk of allergic disease and allergy in later childhood. © 2005 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology.

Abraham, JH, Gold, DR, Dockery, DW, Ryan, L, Park, JH & Milton, DK 2005, 'Within-home versus between-home variability of house dust endotoxin in a birth cohort', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 113, no. 11, pp. 1516-1521.
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Endotoxin exposure has been proposed as an environmental determinant of allergen responses in children. To better understand the implications of using a single measurement of house dust endotoxin to characterize exposure in the first year of life, we evaluated room-specific within-home and between-home variability in dust endotoxin obtained from 470 households in Boston, Massachusetts. Homes were sampled up to two times over 5-11 months, We analyzed 1,287 dust samples from the kitchen, family room, and baby's bedroom for endotoxin. We fit a mixed-effects model to estimate mean levels and the variation of endotoxin between homes, between rooms, and between sampling times. Endotoxin ranged from 2 to 1,945 units per milligram of dust. Levels were highest during summer and lowest in the winter. Mean endotoxin levels varied significantly from room to room. Cross-sectionally, endotoxin was moderately correlated between family room and bedroom floor (r = 0.30), between family room and kitchen (r = 0.32), and between kitchen and bedroom (r = 0.42). Adjusting for season, the correlation of endotoxin levels within homes over time was 0.65 for both the bedroom and kitchen and 0.54 for the family room. The temporal within-home variance of endotoxin was lowest for bedroom floor samples and highest for kitchen samples. Between-home variance was lowest in the family room and highest for kitchen samples. Adjusting, for season, within-home variation was less than between-home variation for all three rooms. These results suggest that room-to-room and home-to-home differences in endotoxin influence the total variability more than factors affecting endotoxin levels within a room over time.

Ahn, JH, Kim, YJ, Wang, GX & Liu, HK 2005, 'Li Storage Properties of Ag and SnO ₂ Nanopowders Synthesized from Reverse Micelles', Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 1-7.
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Ag and SnO2 nanopowders were synthesized by reverse-micelle method. The reverse micelles were prepared to form tiny aqueous droplets dispersed in oil-based solvents. Two reverse micelles containing metallic salts and reductive agents were rigorously mixed to form nanoparticles inside aqueous droplets by a reductive reaction. The spherical powders of 20~50 nm were formed during the process. The resulting Ag and SnO2 nanopowders were examined as the anode electrode for lithium-ion cells. The reversible discharge capacity of the Ag and SnO2 nanopowders after 25 cycles were 315 and 380 mAh/g, respectively.

Albert, MH, Elder, M, Rechnitzer, A, Westcott, P & Zabrocki, M 2005, 'On the Wilf-Stanley limit of 4231-avoiding permutations and a conjecture of Arratia', Advances in Applied Mathematics 36(2) Special Issue on Pattern Avoiding Permutations (2006) pages 96-105, vol. 36, pp. 96-105.
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We construct a sequence of finite automata that accept subclasses of theclass of 4231-avoiding permutations. We thereby show that the Wilf-Stanleylimit for the class of 4231-avoiding permutations is bounded below by 9.35.This bound shows that this class has the largest such limit among all classesof permutations avoiding a single permutation of length 4 and refutes theconjecture that the Wilf-Stanley limit of a class of permutations avoiding asingle permutation of length k cannot exceed (k-1)^2.

Ammit, AJ 2005, 'The role of mRNA stability in airway remodelling', Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 405-415.
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Andrew, CR, Kemper, LJ, Busche, TL, Tiwari, AM, Kecskes, MC, Stafford, JM, Croft, LC, Lu, S, Moënne-Loccoz, P, Huston, W, Moir, JWB & Eady, RR 2005, 'Accessibility of the Distal Heme Face, Rather than Fe−His Bond Strength, Determines the Heme-Nitrosyl Coordination Number of Cytochromesc‘:  Evidence from Spectroscopic Studies', Biochemistry, vol. 44, no. 24, pp. 8664-8672.
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Arnold, MD, Hodgkinson, IJ, Wu, QH & Blaike, RJ 2005, 'Multi-axis retarder arrays by masked oblique deposition', JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 1398-1404.
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We report a technique for single-deposition production of arrays with differently oriented nano-structured elements, which we optimize for application to form-birefringent retarder arrays. The technique involves masking of oblique physical vapor deposition, manipulating the local availability of vapor angles to create spatially variant properties in the structured coating. We have designed a variety of retarder arrays using symmetry considerations, and constructed a selection based on suitability for spatially multiplexed complete-Stokes polarimetry. In particular, we emphasize square lattice designs with a two-by-two repeat unit, consisting of three retarders with azimuths at 0°, 45° and 90° and a zero-retardation element. The silicon retarder arrays were tested using visible-wavelength transmission techniques which confirm the success of the method. Finally, we discuss some considerations for application of the technique to microlithography, and we infer a lateral resolution limit related to the coating thickness.

Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC, Byrne, MA, Langtry, TN, Nicorovici, NA, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM & Robinson, PA 2005, 'Conductance of photons in disordered photonic crystals', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 71, no. 3.
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Bakker, JM, Langford, SJ, Latter, MJ, Lee, KA & Woodward, CP 2005, 'Template-Directed Assembly of a Macrocyclic Porphyrin Tetramer Using Olefin Metathesis', Australian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 58, no. 11, pp. 757-757.
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A macrocyclic porphyrin tetramer was prepared in 52% yield by olefin metathesis employing a 5,10,15,20-tetrapyridylporphyrin template.

Baladandayuthapani, V, Mallick, BK & Carroll, RJ 2005, 'Spatially Adaptive Bayesian Penalized Regression Splines (P-splines)', Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 378-394.
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Barreiro, JT, Langford, NK, Peters, NA & Kwiat, PG 2005, 'Generation of Hyperentangled Photon Pairs', Physical Review Letters, vol. 95, no. 26.
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Bauer, M 2005, 'Appointment of new editorial board members', Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 413-413.
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Bellamy, SL, Li, Y, Lin, XH & Ryan, LM 2005, 'Quantifying PQL bias in estimating cluster-level covariate effects in generalized linear mixed models for group-randomized trials', STATISTICA SINICA, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1015-1032.
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We derive the asymptotic bias and variance of the penalized quasilikelihood (PQL) estimator of the cluster-level covariate effect in generalized linear mixed models for group-randomized trials where the number of clusters n is small and the cluster size m is large. We show that the asymptotic bias is of order O-p(1/m) and the asymptotic variance is of order Op(1/n) + Op{1/(nm)}. The practical implication of our results is that the PQL method works well in settings involving small numbers of large clusters which are typical in grouped randomized trials. We illustrate the results using simulation studies.

Belousoff, MJ, Langford, SJ, Latter, MJ & Lau, VL 2005, '4′,4′′,5′,5′′-Tetranitro-2,3:11,12-dibenzo- 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadeca-2,11-diene acetonitrile solvate monohydrate', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 61, no. 10, pp. o3283-o3284.
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Bilic, A, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2005, 'The structure, energetics, and nature of the chemical bonding of phenylthiol adsorbed on the Au(111) surface: Implications for density-functional calculations of molecular-electronic conduction 1.1850455g', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 122, no. 9.
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Black, JL, Ge, Q, Boustany, S, Johnson, PRA, Poniris, MH, Glanville, AR, Oliver, BGG, Moir, LM & Burgess, JK 2005, 'In vitrostudies of lymphangioleiomyomatosis', European Respiratory Journal, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 569-576.
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Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is associated with abnormal airway smooth muscle that leads to the characteristic pathology of lung nodule formation and destruction of lung tissue. The current authors have previously identified abnormal behaviour of airway smooth muscle cells from patients with asthma.In this study, cells and tissue sections derived from patients with LAM (n = 7), asthma (n = 8), and nonasthmatic controls (n = 9) were compared. The presence of the antigen human melanosome (HM)B-45 was investigated, along with the proliferation and release of extracellular matrix proteins, release of endogenous prostaglandin E2(PGE2), vascular endothelial growth factor and connective tissue growth factor, and the expression of integrins.Positive HMB-45 staining was found in all LAM patients and no controls. Proliferation of LAM cells was not different from control cells nor was its inhibition by β-agonists, corticosteroids, rapamycin or PGE2. However, endogenous PGE2levels were markedly decreased in LAM cells, and this was associated with decreased expression of the inducible form of cyclooxygenase (COX-2). The increased levels of connective tissue growth factor seen in asthma cells were not observed in LAM. Elastin mRNA in response to transforming growth factor-β stimulation was markedly lower in LAM cells than either asthma or control cells.In conclusion, lymphangioleiomyomatosis cells exhibit abnormal propertiesin vitrothat may contribute to pathophysiology and symptomatology in patients with lymphangioleiomyomatosis.

Borovkov, K & Novikov, A 2005, 'Explicit Bounds for Approximation Rates of Boundary Crossing Probabilities for the Wiener Process', Journal of Applied Probability, vol. 42, no. 01, pp. 82-92.
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We give explicit upper bounds for convergence rates when approximating both one- and two-sided general curvilinear boundary crossing probabilities for the Wiener process by similar probabilities for close boundaries of simpler form, for which computation of the boundary crossing probabilities is feasible. In particular, we partially generalize and improve results obtained by Pötzelberger and Wang in the case when the approximating boundaries are piecewise linear. Applications to barrier option pricing are also discussed.

Borovkov, K & Novikov, A 2005, 'Explicit Bounds for Approximation Rates of Boundary Crossing Probabilities for the Wiener Process', Journal of Applied Probability, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 82-92.
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We give explicit upper bounds for convergence rates when approximating both one- and two-sided general curvilinear boundary crossing probabilities for the Wiener process by similar probabilities for close boundaries of simpler form, for which computation of the boundary crossing probabilities is feasible. In particular, we partially generalize and improve results obtained by Pötzelberger and Wang in the case when the approximating boundaries are piecewise linear. Applications to barrier option pricing are also discussed.

Breymann, W, Kelly, L & Platen, E 2005, 'Intraday Empirical Analysis and Modeling of Diversified World Stock Indices', Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-28.
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This paper proposes an approach to the intraday analysis of diversified world stock accumulation indices. The growth optimal portfolio (GOP) is used as reference unit or benchmark in a continuous financial market model. Diversified portfolios, covering the world stock market, are constructed and shown to approximate the GOP, providing the basis for a range of financial applications. The normalized GOP is modeled as a time transformed square root process of dimension four. Its dynamics are empirically verified for several world stock indices. Furthermore, the evolution of the transformed time is modeled as the integral over a rapidly evolving mean-reverting market activity process with deterministic volatility. The empirical findings suggest a rather simple and robust model for a world stock index that reflects the historical evolution, by using only a few readily observable parameters.

Brightling, CE, Ammit, AJ, Kaur, D, Black, JL, Wardlaw, AJ, Hughes, JM & Bradding, P 2005, 'The CXCL10/CXCR3 Axis Mediates Human Lung Mast Cell Migration to Asthmatic Airway Smooth Muscle', American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 171, no. 10, pp. 1103-1108.
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Brooks, SJ, Birkin, PR & Gale, PA 2005, 'Electrochemical measurement of switchable hydrogen bonding in an anthraquinone-based anion receptor', Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 1351-1356.
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Brooks, SJ, Gale, PA & Light, ME 2005, 'Carboxylate complexation by 1,1′-(1,2-phenylene)bis(3-phenylurea) in solution and the solid state', Chemical Communications, no. 37, pp. 4696-4696.
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Brooks, SJ, Gale, PA & Light, ME 2005, 'ortho-Phenylenediamine bis-urea–carboxylate: a new reliable supramolecular synthon', CrystEngComm, vol. 7, no. 95, pp. 586-586.
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Burden, S, Guha, S, Morgan, G, Ryan, L, Sparks, R & Young, L 2005, 'Spatio-temporal analysis of acute admissions for ischemic heart disease in NSW, Australia', ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 427-448.
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The recently funded Spatial Environmental Epidemiology in New South Wales (SEE NSW) project aims to use routinely collected data in NSW Australia to investigate risk factors for various chronic diseases. In this paper, we present a case study focused on the relationship between social disadvantage and ischemic heart disease to highlight some of the methodological challenges that are likely to arise. © 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

Burger, F, Dawson, M, Roux, C, Maynard, P, Doble, P & Kirkbride, P 2005, 'Forensic analysis of condom and personal lubricants by capillary electrophoresis', TALANTA, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 368-376.
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Condoms may offer sexual assailants a simple and relatively effective means by which they may remove and dispose of the biological evidence of their contact with the victim. Without this valuable probative evidence, the investigator may need to turn to s

Butt, AJ, Dickson, KA, Jambazov, S & Baxter, RC 2005, 'Enhancement of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Growth Inhibition by Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-5 (IGFBP-5), But Not IGFBP-3 in Human Breast Cancer Cells', Endocrinology, vol. 146, no. 7, pp. 3113-3122.
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AbstractExpression of IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and IGFBP-5 in human breast cancer cells induces apoptosis and is associated with modulations in Bcl-2 proteins, suggesting that these IGFBPs induce an intrinsic apoptotic pathway. In this study we demonstrate that although both IGFBPs induced the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9, the expression of IGFBP-5, but not IGFBP-3, sensitized MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells to the inhibitory effects of TNFα. This sensitivity to TNFα was associated with a block in nuclear factor-κB-mediated cell survival signals. IGFBP-5 expression was also associated with a caspase-8-independent activation of Bid, increased levels of cytosolic second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac)/direct inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) binding protein with low pI (DIABLO), and an enhanced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, both basally and in response to TNFα. These results suggest that IGFBP-5 expression may influence extrinsic apoptotic pathways via a differential modulation of downstream cell survival and cell death pathways. Furthermore, although IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 share much structural and functional homology, they can modulate distinct apoptotic pathways in human breast cancer cells.

Cai, ZL & Reimers, JR 2005, 'First singlet (n,pi) excited state of hydrogen-bonded complexes between water and pyrimidine', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A, vol. 109, no. 8, pp. 1576-1586.
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Carroll, RJ 2005, 'Correction', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 24, no. 17, pp. 2746-2746.
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Cavanagh-Steer, K, Du Pasquier, E, Roux, C & Lennard, C 2005, 'The transfer and persistence of petrol on car carpets', Forensic Science International, vol. 147, no. 1, pp. 71-79.
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The significance of the presence of petrol in motor vehicle fires has often been challenged due to the possibility of a natural occurrence of petrol residues inside the vehicle. Transfer and persistence studies were undertaken to investigate the potentia

Charpy-Roubaud, C & Larkum, AWD 2005, 'Dinitrogen fixation by exposed communities on the rim of Tikehau atoll (Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia)', Coral Reefs, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 622-628.
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Various types of sub-aerially exposed microbial mats, including emergent mats, beach sand, beach rock and Kopara mats, are widespread on the 78 km (25 km2) of rim surrounding the Tikehau atoll lagoon. These mats form laminated accretions or diffuse microbial communities growing under high insolation and temperatures, and are therefore subject to desiccation. Both heterocystous and non-heterocystous cyanobacteria occur in these mats. Using acetylene reduction techniques, nitrogenase activity was observed at all sites over a period of 5 years and was 3-17 times higher during daylight than at night in all communities except for beach rock. 15N2 measurements indicated a molar ratio of acetylene reduction to N2 fixed of 1.6 for all exposed communities. Estimated N2 fixation ranged from 1.44 to 8.0 mg N m-2 day-1 in these exposed communities (mean of 4.66 mg N m-2 day-1) with beachrock showing the highest rates. For the whole reef rim, daily N2 fixation amounted to 98.42 kg N day-1 which represents 28% of the rate of fixation in the entire lagoon (area 400 km2). © Springer-Verlag 2005.

Chatterjee, N & Carroll, RJ 2005, 'Semiparametric maximum likelihood estimation exploiting gene-environment independence in case-control studies', Biometrika, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 399-418.
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Chatterjee, N, Kalaylioglu, Z & Carroll, RJ 2005, 'Exploiting gene‐environment independence in family‐based case‐control studies: Increased power for detecting associations, interactions and joint effects', Genetic Epidemiology, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 138-156.
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AbstractFamily‐based case‐control studies are popularly used to study the effect of genes and gene‐environment interactions in the etiology of rare complex diseases. We consider methods for the analysis of such studies under the assumption that genetic susceptibility (G) and environmental exposures (E) are independently distributed of each other within families in the source population. Conditional logistic regression, the traditional method of analysis of the data, fails to exploit the independence assumption and hence can be inefficient. Alternatively, one can estimate the multiplicative interaction between G and E more efficiently using cases only, but the required population‐based G‐E independence assumption is very stringent. In this article, we propose a novel conditional likelihood framework for exploiting the within‐family G‐E independence assumption. This approach leads to a simple and yet highly efficient method of estimating interaction and various other risk parameters of scientific interest. Moreover, we show that the same paradigm also leads to a number of alternative and even more efficient methods for analysis of family‐based case‐control studies when parental genotype information is available on the case‐control study participants. Based on these methods, we evaluate different family‐based study designs by examining their relative efficiencies to each other and their efficiencies compared to a population‐based case‐control design of unrelated subjects. These comparisons reveal important design implications. Extensions of the methodologies for dealing with complex family studies are also discussed. Genet Epidemiol. 28:138–156, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Chave, J, Andalo, C, Brown, S, Cairns, MA, Chambers, JQ, Eamus, D, Folster, H, Fromard, F, Higuchi, N, Kira, T, Lescure, JP, Nelson, BW, Ogawa, H, Puig, H, Riera, B & Yamakura, T 2005, 'Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests', OECOLOGIA, vol. 145, no. 1, pp. 87-99.
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Tropical forests hold large stores of carbon, yet uncertainty remains regarding their quantitative contribution to the global carbon cycle. One approach to quantifying carbon biomass stores consists in inferring changes from long-term forest inventory plots. Regression models are used to convert inventory data into an estimate of aboveground biomass (AGB). We provide a critical reassessment of the quality and the robustness of these models across tropical forest types, using a large dataset of 2,410 trees ≥ 5 cm diameter, directly harvested in 27 study sites across the tropics. Proportional relationships between aboveground biomass and the product of wood density, trunk cross-sectional area, and total height are constructed. We also develop a regression model involving wood density and stem diameter only. Our models were tested for secondary and old-growth forests, for dry, moist and wet forests, for lowland and montane forests, and for mangrove forests. The most important predictors of AGB of a tree were, in decreasing order of importance, its trunk diameter, wood specific gravity, total height, and forest type (dry, moist, or wet). Overestimates prevailed, giving a bias of 0.5-6.5% when errors were averaged across all stands. Our regression models can be used reliably to predict aboveground tree biomass across a broad range of tropical forests. Because they are based on an unprecedented dataset, these models should improve the quality of tropical biomass estimates, and bring consensus about the contribution of the tropical forest biome and tropical deforestation to the global carbon cycle. © Springer-Verlag 2005.

Cheah, IK, Langford, SJ & Latter, MJ 2005, 'Concept Transfer—From Genetic Instruction to Molecular Logic', Supramolecular Chemistry, vol. 17, no. 1-2, pp. 121-128.
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Chen, CZ, Wang, XB, Wang, LH, Yang, F, Tang, GF, Xing, HX, Ryan, L, Lasley, B, Overstreet, JW, Stanford, JB & Xu, XP 2005, 'Effect of environmental tobacco smoke on levels of urinary hormone markers', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 113, no. 4, pp. 412-417.
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Our recent study showed a dose-response relationship between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and the risk f early pregnancy loss. Smoking is known to affect female reproductive hormones. We explored whether ETS affects reproductive hormone profiles as characterized by urinary pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG) and estrone conjugate (E1C) levels. We prospectively studied 371 healthy newly married nonsmoking women in China who intended to conceive and had stopped contraception. Daily records of vaginal bleeding, active and passive cigarette smoking, and daily first-morning urine specimens were collected for up to 1 year or until a clinical pregnancy was achieved. We determined the day of ovulation for each menstrual cycle. The effects of ETS exposure on daily urinary PdG and E1C levels in a ±10 day window around the day of ovulation were analyzed for conception and nonconception cycles, respectively. Our analysis included 344 nonconception cycles and 329 conception cycles. In nonconception cycles, cycles with ETS exposure had significantly lower urinary E1C levels (β = -0.43, SE = 0.08, p < 0.001 in log scale) compared with the cycles without ETS exposure. There was no significant difference in urinary PdG levels in cycles having ETS exposure (β = -0.07, SE = 0.15, p = 0.637 in log scale) compared with no ETS exposure. Among conception cycles, there were no significant differences in E1C and PdG levels between ETS exposure and nonexposure. In conclusion, ETS exposure was associated with significantly lower urinary E1C levels among nonconception cycles, suggesting that the adverse reproductive effect of ETS may act partly through its antiestrogen effects.

Chen, H, Vlahos, R, Bozinovski, S, Jones, J, Anderson, GP & Morris, MJ 2005, 'Effect of Short-Term Cigarette Smoke Exposure on Body Weight, Appetite and Brain Neuropeptide Y in Mice', Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 713-719.
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Although nicotinic receptors have been demonstrated in hypothalamic appetite-regulating areas and nicotine administration alters food intake and body weight in both animals and humans, the mechanisms underlying the effects of smoking on appetite circuits remain unclear. Conflicting effects of nicotine on the major orexigenic peptide, neuropeptide Y (NPY), have been observed in the brain, but the effects of smoking are unknown. Thus, we aimed to investigate how cigarette smoking affects body weight, food intake, plasma leptin concentration, hypothalamic NPY peptide, adipose mass and mRNA expression of uncoupling proteins (UCP), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α. Balb/C mice (8 weeks) were exposed to cigarette smoke (three cigarettes, three times a day for 4 consecutive days) or sham exposed. Body weight and food intake were recorded. Plasma leptin and brain NPY were measured by radioimmunoassay. UCPs and TNF α mRNA were measured by real-time PCR. Food intake dropped significantly from the first day of smoking, and weight loss became evident within 2 days. Brown fat and retroperitoneal white fat masses were significantly reduced, and plasma leptin concentration was decreased by 34%, in line with the decreased fat mass. NPY concentrations in hypothalamic subregions were similar between two groups. UCPI mRNA was decreased in white fat and UCP3 mRNA increased in brown fat in smoking group. Short-term cigarette smoke exposure led to reduced body weight, food intake, and fat mass. The reduction in plasma leptin concentration may have been too modest to increase NPY production; alternatively, change in NPY or its function might have been offset by nicotine or other elements in cigarette smoke. © 2005 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved.

Chen, JC, Christiani, DC & Ryan, LM 2005, 'Predicting exposure levels', EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 135-135.
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Chen, M, Bibby, TS, Nield, J, Larkum, A & Barber, J 2005, 'Iron deficiency induces a chlorophyll d-binding Pcb antenna system around Photosystem I in Acaryochloris marina', BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS, vol. 1708, no. 3, pp. 367-374.
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The prochlorophyte-like cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina contains two pcb genes, pcbA and pcbC, which encode chlorophyll (Chl) d-binding antenna proteins PcbA and PcbC, respectively. Using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), it is shown that when Acaryochloris cells are grown in an iron-deficient medium, the transcription of the pcbC gene is up-regulated compared to that of pcbA. Biochemical and immunological analyses indicated that under the same iron-deficient conditions, the level of Photosystem I (PSI) decreased compared with that of Photosystem II (PSII). Electron microscopy revealed that concomitant with these changes was the formation of Pcb-PSI supercomplexes which, in their largest form, were composed of 18 Pcb subunits forming a ring around the trimeric PSI reaction centre core. Mass spectrometry indicated that the PcbC protein is the main constituent of this outer PSI antenna system. It is therefore concluded that in Acaryochloris, the PcbC protein forms an antenna for PSI when iron levels become limiting and in this way compensates for the drop in the level of PSI relative to PSII which occurs under these conditions. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chen, M, Bibby, TS, Nield, J, Larkum, AWD & Barber, J 2005, 'Structure of a large photosystem II supercomplex from Acaryochloris marina', FEBS Letters, vol. 579, no. 5, pp. 1306-1310.
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Acaryochloris marina is a prochlorophyte‐like cyanobacterium containing both phycobilins and chlorophyll d as light harvesting pigments. We show that the chlorophyll d light harvesting system, composed of Pcb proteins, functionally associates with the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center (RC) core to form a giant supercomplex. This supercomplex has a molecular mass of about 2300 kDa and dimensions of 385 Å × 240 Å. It is composed of two PSII‐RC core dimers arranged end‐to‐end, flanked by eight symmetrically related Pcb proteins on each side. Thus each PSII‐RC monomer has four Pcb subunits acting as a light harvesting system which increases the absorption cross section of the PSII‐RC core by almost 200%.

Chen, M, Eggink, LL, Hoober, JK & Larkum, AWD 2005, 'Influence of Structure on Binding of Chlorophylls to Peptide Ligands', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 127, no. 7, pp. 2052-2053.
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Four classes of chlorophyll (Chl), a, b, c, and d, are involved in photosynthesis within cyanobacteria, algae, and plants. These classes have different evolutionary origins, chemical properties, and biological functions. Our results demonstrate that peptide-bound ligands provided by the imidazole group of histidine and the charge-compensated glutamate-arginine ion pair readily form coordination bonds with Chls a and d but do not interact significantly with Chls b and c. These ligands are apparently not sufficiently strong Lewis bases to displace strongly coordinated water from Chls b and c. These differences determine specificity of binding of Chls in light-harvesting complexes and play an important role in assembly of stable Chl-protein complexes, which has had a profound impact on the evolution of photosynthetic organisms. Copyright © 2005 American Chemical Society.

Chen, M, Hiller, RG, Howe, CJ & Larkum, AWD 2005, 'Unique Origin and Lateral Transfer of Prokaryotic Chlorophyll-b and Chlorophyll-d Light-Harvesting Systems', Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 21-28.
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pcb genes, encoding proteins binding light-harvesting chlorophylls, were cloned and sequenced from the Chl d-containing cyanobacterium, Acaryochloris marina, and the Chl b-containing cyanobacterium, Prochloron didemni. Both organisms contained two tandem pcb genes. Peptide fingerprinting confirmed the expression of one of the A. marina pcb genes. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction using distance-matrix and maximum-likelihood methods indicated a single origin of the pcb gene family, whether occurring in Chl b-containing or Chl d-containing organisms. This may indicate widespread lateral transfer of the Pcb protein-based light-harvesting system.

Chen, M, Telfer, A, Lin, S, Pascal, A, Larkum, AWD, Barber, J & Blankenship, RE 2005, 'The nature of the photosystem II reaction centre in the chlorophyll d-containing prokaryote, Acaryochloris marina', Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 1060-1064.
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Pigment–protein complexes enriched in photosystem II (PS II) have been isolated from the chlorophyll (Chl) d containing cyanobacterium, Acaryochloris marina. A small PS II-enriched particle, we call ‘crude reaction centre’, contained 20 Chl d, 0.5 Chl a and 1 redox active cytochrome b-559 per 2 pheophytin a, plus the D1 and D2 proteins. A larger PS II-enriched particle, we call ‘core’, additionally bound the antenna complexes, CP47 and CP43, and had a higher chlorophyll per pheophytin ratio. Pheophytin a could be photoreduced in the presence of a strong reductant, indicating that it is the primary electron acceptor in photosystem II of A. marina. A substoichiometric amount of Chl a (less than one chlorophyll a per 2 pheophytin a) strongly suggests that Chl a does not have an essential role in the photochemistry of PS II in this organism. We conclude that PS II, in A. marina, utilizes Chl d and not Chl a as primary electron donor and that the primary electron acceptor is one of two molecules of pheophytin a. © 2005 The Royal Society of Chemistry and Owner Societies.

Chen, S, Helliwell, CA, Wu, LM, Dennis, ES, Upadhyaya, NM, Zhang, R, Waterhouse, PM & Wang, MB 2005, 'A novel T-DNA vector design for selection of transgenic lines with simple transgene integration and stable transgene expression', FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 671-681.
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Chen, XY, Hutley, LB & Eamus, D 2005, 'Soil organic carbon content at a range of north Australian tropical savannas with contrasting site histories', PLANT AND SOIL, vol. 268, no. 1-2, pp. 161-171.
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Soils play an important role in the global carbon cycle, and can be major source or sink of CO2 depending upon land use, vegetation type and soil management practices. Natural and human impact on soil carbon concentration and storage is poorly understood

Chiarella, C & Platen, E 2005, 'Special issue: Introduction to Selected Proceedings from the Quantitative Methods in Finance 2004 Conference (QMF 2004)', QUANTITATIVE FINANCE, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 235-235.
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Choi, AH, Ben-Nissan, B & Conway, R 2005, 'Three-dimensional modelling and finite element analysis of the human mandible during clenching', AUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 42-48.
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Background. Until recently, very few papers have been published concerning the development, analysis and experimental verification of three-dimensional, finite element modelling of the human adult edentulous mandible. The purpose of this study was to imp

Chowdhury, H, Xu, XD, Huynh, P & Cortie, MB 2005, 'Radiative heat transfer across glass coated with gold nano-particles', JOURNAL OF SOLAR ENERGY ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME, vol. 127, no. 1, pp. 70-75.
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Solar glazing based on reflective or absorptive coatings of noble metals or dielectric compounds respectively is well-known. However the use of gold nano-particles in an absorptive role has hardly been considered. The performance of such coatings was ass

Christensen, MM & Platen, E 2005, 'A general benchmark model for stochastic jump sizes', STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONS, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1017-1044.
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Under few technical assumptions and allowing for the absence of an equivalent martingale measure, we show how to price and hedge in a sequence of incomplete markets driven by Wiener noise and a marked point process. We investigate the structure of market

Christopherson, RI, Cinquin, O, Shojaei, M, Kuehn, D & Menz, RI 2005, 'Cloning and Expression of Malarial Pyrimidine Enzymes', ChemInform, vol. 36, no. 11.
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Cole, JN, Ramirez, RD, Currie, BJ, Cordwell, SJ, Djordjevic, SP & Walker, MJ 2005, 'Surface Analyses and Immune Reactivities of Major Cell Wall-Associated Proteins of Group A Streptococcus', Infection and Immunity, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 3137-3146.
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ABSTRACT A proteomic analysis was undertaken to identify cell wall-associated proteins of Streptococcus pyogenes . Seventy-four distinct cell wall-associated proteins were identified, 66 of which were novel. Thirty-three proteins were immunoreactive with pooled S. pyogenes -reactive human antisera. Biotinylation of the GAS cell surface identified 23 cell wall-associated proteins that are surface exposed.

Combes, V, Coltel, N, Alibert, M, van Eck, M, Raymond, C, Juhan-Vague, I, Grau, GE & Chimini, G 2005, 'ABCA1 Gene Deletion Protects against Cerebral Malaria', The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 166, no. 1, pp. 295-302.
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Combes, V, Souza, JBD, Rénia, L, Hunt, NH & Grau, GE 2005, 'Cerebral malaria: Which parasite? Which model?', Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 141-147.
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Cerebral malaria (CM) is a complex condition whose pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Our current knowledge is based on input from clinical, autopsy and genetic studies and from research in model systems, particularly in mice, which are well characterised in terms of histopathology, gene deficiencies and immune response pathways. This short review outlines several in vivo and in vitro models that are highly appropriate for interdisciplinary approaches for the investigation of CM pathogenesis. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cortie, MB, Maaroof, AI & Smith, GB 2005, 'Electrochemical capacitance of mesoporous gold', GOLD BULLETIN, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 14-22.
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The surfaces of nanoscale gold particles and components are oxide-free under normal ambient conditions. This unusual attribute permits the exploration of microstructures and functionalities that would not be feasible for less noble metals. Here we consider the electrochemical properties of mesoporous gold sponges, prepared by de-alloying an AuAl2_precursor. The sponges have a high specific surface area, with an average pore diameter of 12_nm, but are prone to sinter. They may be prepared in bulk, or, more usefully, as coatings. Their electrochemical capacitance divided by their nominal surface area is high and, at a cell voltage of 0.6_V, reaches 100_mF/cm2 for bulk samples and 2_mF/cm2 for coatings. This is up to a thousand times greater than the 50_to 100_?F/cm2 exhibited by a planar gold surface.

Cortie, MB, Zareie, MH, Ekanayake, SR & Ford, MJ 2005, 'Conduction, storage, and leakage in particle-on-SAM nanocapacitors', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 406-414.
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Individual gold nanoparticles exhibit discrete capacitances of the order of 1 aF, and they can be tethered to a conductive substrate using a bi-functional monolayer of a suitable organic molecule. However the conduction, retention and leakage of charge by such an attached 'nanocapacitor' will be an important issue in any practical application of this concept. Here we investigate the electrical properties of the particles using a combination of scanning tunneling spectroscopy and numerical modeling based on equalizing Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin style tunneling currents. Application of the model provides the voltage division across the structure, and, together, with an estimate of the capacitance of the particle, provides an indication of likely stored charge and energy and its decay. The methodology was tested with I-V data measured for an Au{111}-α, α'-p-xylyldithiol-Au nanoparticle system in air. About 25 eV can be stored on the nanoparticles using a charging voltage of 3 V, corresponding to up to twenty electrons. However, leakage of the charge will occur by tunneling in approximately 6×10-9 s. Therefore, these nanocapacitors would discharge completely in any electric circuit slower than about 1.5 GHz. © 2005 IEEE.

Courtenay, G, Gladstone, W & Schreider, M 2005, 'Assessing the response of estuarine intertidal assemblages to urbanised catchment discharge', ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT, vol. 107, no. 1-3, pp. 375-398.
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Measurement of intertidal rock assemblages was investigated as a potential biological indicator to provide a quantitative estimate of the impact of urbanised catchment discharge on the estuaries of Sydney, Australia, from 1995 to 1999. Based on the presence and characteristics of adjacent human activities, sampling locations were categorised as: Bush; Urban; Urban with Sewer Overflows; and Industry with Sewer Overflows. In Sydney Harbour, variation in assemblage structure was measured between most impact categories, however differences between impact categories were not consistent for each year. Nevertheless, in years of above average rainfall (19981999), reference assemblages adjacent to national parks and distant from urbanisation were different to all other putatively impacted assemblages.

Coyne, KJ, Handy, SM, Demir, E, Whereat, EB, Hutchins, DA, Portune, KJ, Doblin, MA & Cary, SC 2005, 'Improved quantitative real-time PCR assays for enumeration of harmful algal species in field samples using an exogenous DNA reference standard', LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY-METHODS, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 381-391.
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© 2005, by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. Quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) is a powerful and sensitive method for quantitative detection of microorganisms. Application of this methodology for enumeration of harmful algal bloom (HAB) species has the potential to revolutionize our approach to HAB research, making it possible to identify correlations between cell abundances and factors that regulate bloom dynamics. Its application to ecological studies, however, has produced mixed results. QPCR assays typically rely on the generation of standard curves from plasmids or laboratory cultures that may be unrealistic when compared to amplification of DNA extracted from field samples. In addition, existing methods often fail to incorporate controls to assess variability in extraction and amplification efficiencies, or include controls that are sequence-specific and preclude the investigation of multiple species. Here, we describe the development and rigorous analysis of QPCR assays for two HAB species, Chattonella subsalsa and Heterosigma akashiwo, in which we introduce a known concentration of exogenous DNA plasmid into the extraction buffer as a reference standard. Since the target DNA is extracted in the presence of the reference standard, inherent variability in extraction and amplification efficiencies affect both target and standard equally. Furthermore, the reference standard is applicable to QPCR analysis of any microbial species. Using environmental bloom samples as calibrators, we evaluated the accuracy of the comparative Ct method for enumeration of target species in several field samples. Our investigation demonstrates that the comparative Ct method with an exogenous DNA reference standard provides both accurate and reproducible quantification of HAB species in environmental samples.

Crainiceanu, C, Ruppert, D & Wand, MP 2005, 'Bayesian Analysis for Penalized Spline Regression UsingWinBUGS', Journal of Statistical Software, vol. 14, no. 14.
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Penalized splines can be viewed as BLUPs in a mixed model framework, which allows the use of mixed model software for smoothing. Thus, software originally developed for Bayesian analysis of mixed models can be used for penalized spline regression. Bayesian inference for nonparametric models enjoys the flexibility of nonparametric models and the exact inference provided by the Bayesian inferential machinery. This paper provides a simple, yet comprehensive, set of programs for the implementation of nonparametric Bayesian analysis in Win BUGS. Good mixing properties of the MCMC chains are obtained by using low-rank thin-plate splines, while simulation times per iteration are reduced employing WinBUGS specific computational tricks.

Crainiceanu, C, Ruppert, D, Claeskens, G & Wand, MP 2005, 'Exact likelihood ratio tests for penalised splines', Biometrika, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 91-103.
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Penalised-spline-based additive models allow a simple mixed model representation where the variance components control departures from linear models. The smoothing parameter is the ratio of the random-coefficient and error variances and tests for linear regression reduce to tests for zero random-coefficient variances. We propose exact likelihood and restricted likelihood ratio tests for testing polynomial regression versus a general alternative modelled by penalised splines. Their spectral decompositions are used as the basis of fast simulation algorithms. We derive the asymptotic local power properties of the tests under weak conditions. In particular we characterise the local alternatives that are detected with asymptotic probability one. Confidence intervals for the smoothing parameter are obtained by inverting the tests for a fixed smoothing parameter versus a general alternative. We discuss F and R tests and show that ignoring the variability in the smoothing parameter estimator can have a dramatic effect on their null distributions. The powers of several known tests are investigated and a small set of tests with good power properties is identified. The restricted likelihood ratio test is among the best in terms of power. © 2005 Biometrika Trust.

Custelcean, R, Delmau, LH, Moyer, BA, Sessler, JL, Cho, W, Gross, D, Bates, GW, Brooks, SJ, Light, ME & Gale, PA 2005, 'Calix[4]pyrrole: An Old yet New Ion‐Pair Receptor', Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 44, no. 17, pp. 2537-2542.
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Custelcean, R, Delmau, LH, Moyer, BA, Sessler, JL, Cho, W, Gross, D, Bates, GW, Brooks, SJ, Light, ME & Gale, PA 2005, 'Calix[4]pyrrole: An Old yet New Ion‐Pair Receptor', Angewandte Chemie, vol. 117, no. 17, pp. 2593-2598.
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Custelcean, R, Delmau, LH, Moyer, BA, Sessler, JL, Cho, W, Gross, D, Bates, GW, Brooks, SJ, Light, ME & Gale, PA 2005, 'Cover Picture: Calix[4]pyrrole: An Old yet New Ion‐Pair Receptor (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 17/2005)', Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 44, no. 17, pp. 2459-2459.
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Ion‐pair complexation properties of the calix[4]pyrroles could open up a new chapter in their chemistry, with potential applications in salt extraction and crystal engineering. In their Communication on page 2537 ff., B. A. Moyer, J. L. Sessler, P. A. Gale, and co‐workers examine the binding properties of this macrocycle, which was first synthesized almost 120 years ago and continues to provide surprises. The cover picture shows various representations of the calix[4]pyrrole unit binding with large diffuse cations, such as the cesium and imidazolium ions, and various halide and oxo‐anions.

Custelcean, R, Delmau, LH, Moyer, BA, Sessler, JL, Cho, W, Gross, D, Bates, GW, Brooks, SJ, Light, ME & Gale, PA 2005, 'Titelbild: Calix[4]pyrrole: An Old yet New Ion‐Pair Receptor (Angew. Chem. 17/2005)', Angewandte Chemie, vol. 117, no. 17, pp. 2513-2513.
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Ionenpaarkomplexierungseigenschaften mit möglichen Anwendungen in der Salzextraktion und im Kristall‐Engineering könnten ein neues Kapitel in der Chemie von Calix[4]pyrrolen aufschlagen. B. Moyer, J. Sessler, P. Gale et al. untersuchen in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 2593 ff. die Bindungseigenschaften dieses Makrocyclus, der erstmals vor fast 120 Jahren synthetisiert wurde und noch immer für Überraschungen gut ist. Das Titelbild zeigt mehrere Darstellungen der an große Kationen, wie Caesium‐ und Imidazolium‐Ionen, und unterschiedliche Halogenid‐ und Oxo‐Anionen gebundenen Calix[4]pyrrol‐Einheit.

Dahia, PLM, Ross, KN, Wright, ME, Hayashida, CY, Santagata, S, Barontini, M, Kung, AL, Sanso, G, Powers, JF, Tischler, AS, Hodin, R, Heitritter, S, Moore, F, Dluhy, R, Sosa, JA, Ocal, IT, Benn, DE, Marsh, DJ, Robinson, BG, Schneider, K, Garber, J, Arum, SM, Korbonits, M, Grossman, A, Pigny, P, Toledo, SPA, Nosé, V, Li, C & Stiles, CD 2005, 'A HIF1α Regulatory Loop Links Hypoxia and Mitochondrial Signals in Pheochromocytomas', PLoS Genetics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. e8-e8.
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Pheochromocytomas are neural crest-derived tumors that arise from inherited or sporadic mutations in at least six independent genes. The proteins encoded by these multiple genes regulate distinct functions. We show here a functional link between tumors with VHL mutations and those with disruption of the genes encoding for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) subunits B (SDHB) and D (SDHD). A transcription profile of reduced oxidoreductase is detected in all three of these tumor types, together with an angiogenesis/hypoxia profile typical of VHL dysfunction. The oxidoreductase defect, not previously detected in VHL-null tumors, is explained by suppression of the SDHB protein, a component of mitochondrial complex II. The decrease in SDHB is also noted in tumors with SDHD mutations. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function analyses show that the link between hypoxia signals (via VHL) and mitochondrial signals (via SDH) is mediated by HIF1a. These findings explain the shared features of pheochromocytomas with VHL and SDH mutations and suggest an additional mechanism for increased HIF1a activity in tumors. © 2005 Dahia et al.

Dahlbom, MG & Reimers, JR 2005, 'Successes and failures of time-dependent density functional theory for the low-lying excited states of chlorophylls', MOLECULAR PHYSICS, vol. 103, no. 6-8, pp. 1057-1065.
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De Silva, L, Hodgkinson, I, Murray, P, Wu, QH, Arnold, M, Leader, J & McNaughton, A 2005, 'Natural and nanoengineered chiral reflectors: Structural color of manuka beetles and titania coatings', ELECTROMAGNETICS, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 391-408.
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A parallel study of natural and nanoengineered structurally chiral reflecting coatings is described. It is shown that the nanostructures are different in a minor way but are optically equivalent. Refractive index matching of nanoengineered chiral coatings on a plane substrate is shown to improve the saturation of structural color. Optical and electron microscopies reveal complexity in the multilayered chiral coatings that produce green metallic-like reflections from manuka (scarab) beetles. In particular, the reflectors are shown to have the form of small concave pits and troughs that are filled with contouring chiral material. Each chiral microreflector presents a range of pitch and tilt to an incident beam of light. Physical properties of the textured coatings are related to optical properties such as spectral reflectance, angle of spread, and perceived color, which has a high degree of saturation due to the filling of the pits. Observations of overlapping chiral mediums in beetle reflectors have inspired nanoengineering of related handed media such as Bragg reflectors for elliptically polarized light.

Death, AK, McGrath, KCY & Handelsman, DJ 2005, 'Valproate is an anti-androgen and anti-progestin', Steroids, vol. 70, no. 14, pp. 946-953.
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Anti-convulsant treatment is associated with a high prevalence of reproductive dysfunction compared with age-matched non-epileptics. We examined the widely used anti-convulsants valproate (VPA) and carbamazepine (CBZ) for steroidal bioactivity using a yeast-based steroid receptor-β-galactosidase reporter assay for the androgen receptor (AR), progesterone receptor (PR) or estrogen receptor (ER). Bioassays were performed (a) to detect agonist activity by exposing yeast to 100 μM CBZ or VPA or (b) to detect antagonist activity by exposing yeast stimulated with testosterone (5 × 10-9 M, AR), progesterone (1.6 × 10-9 M, PR) or estradiol (2.6 × 10-11 M, ER) together with either VPA or CBZ for 4 (PR) or 16 (AR, ER) hours. VPA showed dose-dependent (1-800 μM) inhibition of progesterone-induced PR- and testosterone-induced AR activity but had no ER antagonist bioactivity and no significant PR, AR or ER agonist bioactivity. VPA also showed a dose-dependent (1-200 μM) blockade of DHT's suppression of AR-mediated NF-κB activation in human mammalian cells. By contrast, CBZ had no significant PR, AR or ER agonist or AR and ER antagonist bioactivity but at the highest concentration tested (800 μM) it did antagonize PR activity. We conclude that VPA is a non-steroidal antagonist for human AR and PR but not ER. VPA's androgen and progesterone antagonism at concentrations within therapeutic blood levels (350-700 μM) seems likely to contribute to the frequency of reproductive endocrine disturbances among patients treated with VPA. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Delessert, C, Kazan, K, Wilson, IW, Van Der Straeten, D, Manners, J, Dennis, ES & Dolferus, R 2005, 'The transcription factor ATAF2 represses the expression of pathogenesis-related genes in Arabidopsis', PLANT JOURNAL, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 745-757.
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Dilda, PJ & Hogg, PJ 2005, 'Selective targeting of mitochondria for the treatment of cancer.', Discov Med, vol. 5, no. 25, pp. 70-73.
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Extract: Mitochondria fuel cellular activities via the production of ATP. They help control calcium levels within the cell and produce reactive oxygen species that function in cell signaling. The increased permeability of the mitochondrial membranes, known as permeabilization, is one stage, a point of no return, in the death of a cell. The mitochondrion is an attractive drug target because agents that seek and destroy mitochondria should be less prone to the perils of drug resistance. The trick is being able to selectively target mitochondria in one cell type and not another. This is now proving to be possible. When cells wake up from a period of inactivity with a burst of reproductive zeal, their mitochondrial function changes. This allows scientists to selectively target the mitochondria in certain cellular settings. Small positively-charged molecules accumulate at higher concentrations in the mitochondria of carcinomas, the most common type of solid tumor, due to bioenergetic differences between normal and cancerous cells. Most cancer treatments employ agents to interfere with cell division. Recently, growth signals that drive the proliferation and survival of tumor cells and tumor blood vessels have been successfully targeted. Mitochondria are the focal point for a variety of pro- and anti-apoptotic stimuli. The means by which tumor cells acquire resistance to apoptosis (cell suicide or programmed cell death) suggests that targeting of mitochondria or mitochondrial proteins may afford an effective means to circumvent the resistance of most tumor cells to apoptosis. Scientists are looking to exploit the pro-apoptotic function of mitochondria to trigger the death of cancer cells.

Dilda, PJ, Decollogne, S, Rossiter-Thornton, M & Hogg, PJ 2005, 'Para to Ortho Repositioning of the Arsenical Moiety of the Angiogenesis Inhibitor 4-(N-(S-Glutathionylacetyl)Amino)Phenylarsenoxide Results in a Markedly Increased Cellular Accumulation and Antiproliferative Activity', Cancer Research, vol. 65, no. 24, pp. 11729-11734.
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Abstract The synthetic tripeptide arsenical 4-(N-(S-glutathionylacetyl)amino)p-phenylarsenoxide (p-GSAO) is an angiogenesis inhibitor that inactivates mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) by cross-linking a pair of matrix-facing cysteine residues. This causes an increase in superoxide levels and proliferation arrest of endothelial cells followed by mitochondrial depolarization and apoptosis. p-GSAO induces proliferation arrest in endothelial cells and is a selective inhibitor of endothelial cells compared with tumor cells. An analogue of p-GSAO has been made in which the arsenical moiety is at the ortho instead of the para position on the phenyl ring. o-GSAO, like p-GSAO, bound to ANT in a dithiol-dependent manner but was ∼8-fold more efficient than p-GSAO at triggering the mitochondria permeability transition in isolated mitochondria. o-GSAO was an ∼50-fold more potent inhibitor of endothelial and tumor cell proliferation than p-GSAO. The mechanism of this effect was a consequence of ∼300-fold faster rate of accumulation of o-GSAO in the cells, which is due, at least in part, to impaired export by the multidrug resistance–associated protein 1. Administration of o-GSAO to tumor-bearing mice delayed tumor growth by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis but there were side effects not observed with p-GSAO administration. (Cancer Res 2005; 65(24): 11729-34)

Ding, XZ, Bhattacharjee, A, Nikolich, MP, Paulsen, IT, Myers, G, Seshadri, R & L. Hoover, D 2005, 'Cloning, expression, and purification of Brucella suis outer membrane proteins', Protein Expression and Purification, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 134-141.
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Donnelly, S, Dalton, JP & Loukas, A 2005, 'Proteases in Helminth- and Allergen- Induced Inflammatory Responses', Chemical Immunology and Allergy, vol. 90, pp. 45-64.
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Proteolytic activity is a central biochemical property that endows molecules with intrinsic allergenicity. Thus, the cysteine protease of dust mite, Der p1, the aspartic protease of cockroach, Bla g 2, the serine protease of Aspergillus fumigatus and the bacterial subtilisins are all major allergenic molecules responsible for the increase in asthma and atopic conditions worldwide. These proteases induce Th2-driven inflammatory responses in the airways by disrupting the epithelial cell junctions so that these, and other molecules, gain access to, and alter the function of, underlying cells of the innate immune system (dendritic cells, mast cells, basophils and macrophages) and B and T cells. Helminth parasites secrete proteases to gain entry into their hosts, and to feed on and migrate through tissues. Their action leads to tissue damage and the activation of inflammatory responses dominated by elevated IgE, eosinophilia and Th2 cells, much like allergenic responses. In certain situations, such as in acute infections (especially with zoonotic helminths), proteases secreted by helminths may sensitise individuals to allergens. However, the anti-inflammatory responses observed in chronic helminthiases, involving IL-10 and TGFβ, that are primarily responsible for controlling immune-mediated damage to the host that is initiated by secreted proteases, coincidentally protects against similar inflammatory damage by allergens. Copyright © 2006 S. Karger AG.

Donnelly, S, O'Neill, SM, Sekiya, M, Mulcahy, G & Dalton, JP 2005, 'Thioredoxin peroxidase secreted by Fasciola hepatica induces the alternative activation of macrophages', INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 166-173.
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Alternatively activated macrophages (AAMφ) are primarily associated with the chronic stages of parasitic infections and the development of a polarized Th2 response. We have shown that Fasciola hepatica infection of BALB/c mice induces a polarized Th2 response during both the latent and chronic stage of disease. The activation status of macrophages was analyzed in this model of helminth infection by evaluating the expression of genetic markers of alternative activation, namely, Fizz1, Ym1, and Arg1. AAMφ were recruited to the peritoneum of mice within 24 h of F. hepatica infection and after intraperitoneal injection of parasite excretory-secretory (ES) products. Administration of a recombinant antioxidant thioredoxin peroxidase (TPx), which is contained within the ES products, also induced the recruitment of AAMφ to the peritoneum. In vitro studies showed that this recombinant TPx directly converts RAW 264.7 macrophages to an alternatively activated phenotype characterized by the production of high levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), prostaglandin E2, corresponding with low levels of IL-12. Our data suggest that the Th2 responses induced by the helminth F. hepatica are mediated through the secretion of molecules, one of which is TPx, that induce the recruitment and alternative activation of macrophages.

DOOLEY, A & QUAS, A 2005, 'Approximate transitivity for zero-entropy systems', Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 443-453.
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Doyle, CJ & Lim, RP 2005, 'Sexual behavior and impregnation success of adult male mosquitofish following exposure to 17 beta-estradiol', ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 392-397.
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The effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on the sexual activity of adult male mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) were assessed. Sexually mature males were exposed to nominal concentrations of 20, 100, and 500 ng/L of E 2 and a solvent control (0.00001% ethanol v/v) for 84 days under continuous flow conditions. Following exposure, males exposed to E2 at concentrations of 20 ng/L and above displayed a lower level of sexual activity, measured as the number of approaches and copulation attempts made toward nonexposed females, than the control males. In addition, E 2-exposed males were less capable of impregnating females than the control males. Exposure to E2 had no significant effect on spermatozeugmata production or the secondary sexual characteristics, indicating that the reduced impregnation efficiency of the E2-exposed males was most likely due to the decline in sexual activity. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Drake, LA, Meyer, AE, Forsberg, RL, Baier, RE, Doblin, MA, Heinemann, S, Johnson, WP, Koch, M, Rublee, PA & Dobbs, FC 2005, 'Potential invasion of microorganisms and pathogens via 'interior hull fouling': biofilms inside ballast water tanks', BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 969-982.
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Surfaces submerged in an aquatic milieu are covered to some degree with biofilms - organic matrices that can contain bacteria, microalgae, and protozoans, sometimes including disease-causing forms. One unquantified risk of aquatic biological invatsions is the potential for biofilms within ships' ballast water tanks to harbour pathogens, and, in tuen, seed othe waters. To begin to evaluate this vector, we collected biofilm samples fromtanks' surfaces and deployed controlled-surface sampling units within tanks. We then measured a variety of microbial metrics within the biofilms to test the hypotheses that pathogens are present in biofilms and that biofilms have higher microbial densities compared to ballst water. Field experiments and sampling of coastwise and oceangoing ships arriving at ports in Chesapeake Bay and the North American Great Lakes showed the presence of abundant microorganisms, including pathogens, in biofilms. These results suggest that ballast-tank biofilms represent an additional risk of microbial invasion, provided they release cells into the water or they are sloughed off during normal ballasting operations.

Drozdowicz-Tomsia, K, Goldys, EM, Motlan, M, Zareie, H & Phillips, MR 2005, 'Growth-temperature-dependent cathodoluminescence properties of GaSb/GaAs quantum-dot multilayer structures', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 86, no. 17, pp. 1-3.
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Multilayer GaSb/GaAs quantum-dot (QD) structures grown by atmospheric-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on semi-insulating GaAs (100) substrates with varying growth temperature of the confinement layers are studied by the cathodoluminescence (CL). Two main features assigned to wetting layer and QDs are observed in the CL spectra. Their relative positions strongly depend on the growth conditions of the confinement layers. The highest separation of 270 meV is achieved for GaAs confinement layers grown at 540 °C. © 2005 American Institute of Physics.

Duggin, IG, Matthews, JM, Dixon, NE, Wake, RG & Mackay, JP 2005, 'A complex mechanism determines polarity of DNA replication fork arrest by the replication terminator complex of Bacillus subtilis', JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 280, no. 13, pp. 13105-13113.
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Two dimers of the replication terminator protein (RTP) of Bacillus subtilis bind to a chromosomal DNA terminator site to effect polar replication fork arrest. Cooperative binding of the dimers to overlapping half-sites within the terminator is essential for arrest. It was suggested previously that polarity of fork arrest is the result of the RTP dimer at the blocking (proximal) side within the complex binding very tightly and the permissive-side RTP dimer binding relatively weakly. In order to investigate this differential binding affinity model, we have constructed a series of mutant terminators that contain half-sites of widely different RTP binding affinities in various combinations. Although there appeared to be a correlation between binding affinity at the proximal half-site and fork arrest efficiency in vivo for some terminators, several deviated significantly from this correlation. Some terminators exhibited greatly reduced binding cooperativity (and therefore have reduced affinity at each half-site) but were highly efficient in fork arrest, whereas one terminator had normal affinity over the proximal half-site, yet had low fork arrest efficiency. The results show clearly that there is no direct correlation between the RTP binding affinity (either within the full complex or at the proximal half-site within the full complex) and the efficiency of replication fork arrest in vivo. Thus, the differential binding affinity over the proximal and distal half-sites cannot be solely responsible for functional polarity of fork arrest. Furthermore, efficient fork arrest relies on features in addition to the tight binding of RTP to terminator DNA

Durbán, M, Harezlak, J, Wand, MP & Carroll, RJ 2005, 'Simple fitting of subject‐specific curves for longitudinal data', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 1153-1167.
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AbstractWe present a simple semiparametric model for fitting subject‐specific curves for longitudinal data. Individual curves are modelled as penalized splines with random coefficients. This model has a mixed model representation, and it is easily implemented in standard statistical software. We conduct an analysis of the long‐term effect of radiation therapy on the height of children suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia using penalized splines in the framework of semiparametric mixed effects models. The analysis revealed significant differences between therapies and showed that the growth rate of girls in the study cannot be fully explained by the group‐average curve and that individual curves are necessary to reflect the individual response to treatment. We also show how to implement these models in S‐PLUS and R in the appendix. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Duty, SM, Calafat, AM, Silva, MJ, Ryan, L & Hauser, R 2005, 'Phthalate exposure and reproductive hormones in adult men', HUMAN REPRODUCTION, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 604-610.
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Background: Phthalates are used in personal and consumer products, food packaging materials, and polyvinyl chloride plastics and have been measured in the majority of the general population of the USA. Consistent experimental evidence shows that some phthalates are developmental and reproductive toxicants in animals. This study explored the association between environmental levels of phthalates and altered reproductive hormone levels in adult men. Methods: Between 1999 and 2003, 295 men were recruited from Massachusetts General Hospital. Selected phthalate metabolites were measured in urine. Linear regression models explored the relationship between specific gravity-adjusted urinary phthalate monoester concentrations and serum levels of reproductive hormones, including FSH, LH, sex hormone-binding globulin, testosterone, and inhibin B. Results: An interquartile range (IQR) change in monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) exposure was significantly associated with a 10% [95% confidence interval (CI): -16, -4.0] decrease in FSH concentration. Additionally, an IQR change in monobutyl phthalate (MBP) exposure was associated with a 4.8% (95% CI: 0, 10) increase in inhibin B but this was of borderline significance. Conclusions: Although we found associations between MBP and MBzP urinary concentrations and altered levels of inhibin B and FSH, the hormone concentrations did not change in the expected patterns. Therefore, it is unclear whether these associations represent physiologically relevant alterations in these hormones, or whether they represent associations found as a result of conducting multiple comparisons. © The Author 2004. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved.

Eamus, D, Macinnis-Ng, CMO, Hose, GC, Zeppel, MJB, Taylor, DT & Murray, BR 2005, 'Ecosystem services: an ecophysiological examination', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 1-19.
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This review aims to discuss ecosystem services, provide illustrative case studies at catchment and local scales and present future research needs. This review discusses the following: (1) Ecosystem services (ES) are those goods and services that are provided by or are attributes of ecosystems that benefit humans. Examples of ES include the timber derived from a forest, the prevention of soil and coastal erosion by vegetation and the amelioration of dryland salinity through prevention of rises in the water table by trees. The provision of ES globally is in decline because of a lack of awareness of the total economic value of ES in the public, policy and political fora. (2) Providing a scientific understanding of the relationships among ecosystem structure, function and provision of ES, plus determining actual economic value of ES, are the central challenges to environmental scientists (including triple-bottom-line economists). (3) Some ES are widely dispersed throughout many different ecosystems. Carbon accumulation in trees and the contribution of biodiversity to ES provision are two examples of highly dispersed attributes common to many ecosystems. In contrast, other ES are best considered within the context of a single defined ecosystem (although they may occur in other ecosystems too). Mangroves as 'nursery' sites for juvenile fish is one example. (4) Examples of catchment-scale and local-scale provision of ES are discussed, along with future research issues for the nexus between ES and environmental sciences. © CSIRO 2005.

Elder, M 2005, 'Permutations generated by a stack of depth 2 and an infinite stack in series', Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 13 (2006) Issue 1 article R68, vol. 13, pp. Research Paper 68-12.
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We prove that the set of permutations generated by a stack of depth two andan infinite stack in series has a basis (defining set of forbidden patterns)consisting of 20 permutations of length 5, 6, 7 and 8. We prove this via a``canonical'' generating algorithm.

Ellis, J & Morrison, DA 2005, 'Application of bioinformatics to parasitology', International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 463-464.
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Esseiva, P, Anglada, F, Dujourdy, L, Taroni, F, Margot, P, Du Pasquier, E, Dawson, M, Roux, C & Doble, P 2005, 'Chemical profiling and classification of illicit heroin by principal component analysis, calculation of inter sample correlation and artificial neural networks', TALANTA, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 360-367.
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Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were utilised to validate illicit drug classification in the profiling method used at Institut de Police Scientifique of the University of Lausanne (IPS). This method established links between samples using a combination

Fagerlind, MG, Nilsson, P, Harlén, M, Karlsson, S, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2005, 'Modeling the effect of acylated homoserine lactone antagonists in Pseudomonas aeruginosa', Biosystems, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 201-213.
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Fallon, GD, Langford, SJ & Lau, V-L 2005, 'Synthesis and X-Ray Structure of a Ditopic Ligand for Constructing Crown Ether-Based Metalloassemblies', Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, vol. 440, no. 1, pp. 223-233.
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Fernando, SL, Saunders, BM, Sluyter, R, Skarratt, KK, Wiley, JS & Britton, WJ 2005, 'Gene Dosage Determines the Negative Effects of Polymorphic Alleles of the P2X₇Receptor on Adenosine Triphosphate–Mediated Killing of Mycobacteria by Human Macrophages', The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 192, no. 1, pp. 149-155.
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Finnegan, EJ, Kovac, KA, Jaligot, E, Sheldon, CC, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2005, 'The downregulation of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) expression in plants with low levels of DNA methylation and by vernalization occurs by distinct mechanisms', PLANT JOURNAL, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 420-432.
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Flynn, K, O'Leary, R, Lennard, C, Roux, C & Reedy, BJ 2005, 'Forensic applications of infrared chemical imaging: Multi-layered paint chips', JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 832-841.
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This paper examines the potential of infrared chemical (hyperspectral) imaging as a technique for the forensic analysis or automotive paint chips in particular, and multicomponent (e.g., layered) samples in general. Improved sample preparation procedures

Ford, MJ, Hoft, RC & McDonagh, A 2005, 'Theoretical study of ethynylbenzene adsorption on Au(111) and implications for a new class of self-assembled monolayer', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, vol. 109, no. 43, pp. 20387-20392.
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Density functional calculations of the adsorption of ethynylbenzene on the Au(111) surface show that, after cleavage of the C-H bond, the terminal carbon makes a strong covalent bond to the surface. The bond energy is shown to be about 70 kcal·mol-1 with the fcc hollow site being most stable and the molecule oriented perpendicular to the surface. Adsorption without elimination of hydrogen is also possible via a hydrogen 1,2 shift to form a vinylidene surface-bound species, or opening of the C-C triple bond and adsorption through the two carbon atoms in a flat conformation. The reaction energy for formation of the surface-bound vinylidene is estimated to be 5 kcal·mol-1 exothermic relative to the isolated ethynylbenzene and gold substrate. © 2005 American Chemical Society.

Freedman, LS, Midthune, D, Carroll, RJ, Krebs-Smith, S, Subar, AF, Troiano, RP, Dodd, K, Schatzkin, A, Bingham, SA, Ferrari, P & Kipnis, V 2005, 'Erratum: Adjustments to improve the estimation of usual dietary intake distributions in the population (Journal of Nutrition (2004) 134 (1836-1843))', Journal of Nutrition, vol. 135, no. 6, p. 1524.

Fu, LJ, Liu, H, Li, C, Wu, YP, Rahm, E, Holze, R & Wu, HQ 2005, 'Electrode materials for lithium secondary batteries prepared by sol-gel methods', PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 881-928.
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Since the commercialization of lithium secondary batteries in the early of 1990s, their development has been rapid. Nowadays, improving the preparation technology and electrochemical performance of their electrode materials is a major focus in research and development of the materials, power sources and chemistry. Sol-gel methods are a promising way to prepare electrode materials due to their evident advantages over traditional methods, for example, homogeneous mixing at the atomic or molecular level, lower synthesis temperature, shorter heating time, better crystallinity, uniform particle distribution and smaller particle size at nanometer level. In this paper, latest progress in the preparation of electrode materials by sol-gel methods is reviewed, including cathodic ones, e.g., lithium cobalt oxides, lithium nickel oxides, spinel and layered lithium manganese oxides, vanadium oxides and ferrous phosphates, and anodic ones, e.g., tin oxides and titanium oxides. Compared with those prepared by traditional solid-state reaction, the structure stability of the prepared electrode materials and the behavior of lithium intercalation and de-intercalation are much improved. As a result, the prepared products provide better electrochemical performance including reversible capacity, cycling behavior and rate capability. In addition, sol-gel methods can be used to prepare new kinds of electrode materials such as nanowires of LiCoO 2 and nanotubes of V2O5, which cannot be easily created by the traditional methods. Further development and application of sol-gel methods will bring about new and better electrode materials, meaning a great promotion to lithium secondary batteries. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fu, WJ, Dougherty, ER, Mallick, B & Carroll, RJ 2005, 'How many samples are needed to build a classifier: a general sequential approach', Bioinformatics, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 63-70.
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AbstractMotivation: The standard paradigm for a classifier design is to obtain a sample of feature-label pairs and then to apply a classification rule to derive a classifier from the sample data. Typically in laboratory situations the sample size is limited by cost, time or availability of sample material. Thus, an investigator may wish to consider a sequential approach in which there is a sufficient number of patients to train a classifier in order to make a sound decision for diagnosis while at the same time keeping the number of patients as small as possible to make the studies affordable.Results: A sequential classification procedure is studied via the martingale central limit theorem. It updates the classification rule at each step and provides stopping criteria to ensure with a certain confidence that at stopping a future subject will have misclassification probability smaller than a predetermined threshold. Simulation studies and applications to microarray data analysis are provided. The procedure possesses several attractive properties: (1) it updates the classification rule sequentially and thus does not rely on distributions of primary measurements from other studies; (2) it assesses the stopping criteria at each sequential step and thus can substantially reduce cost via early stopping; and (3) it is not restricted to any particular classification rule and therefore applies to any parametric or non-parametric method, including feature selection or extraction.Availability: R-code for the sequential stopping rule is available at http://stat.tamu.edu/~wfu/microarray/sequential/R-code.htmlContact:  wfu@stat.tamu.edu

Fujii, M, Omaki, N, Tahara, M, Sakagami, I, Poulton, C, Freude, W & Russer, P 2005, 'Optimization of nonlinear dispersive APML ABC for the FDTD analysis of optical solitons', IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 448-454.
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We have investigated the parameter optimization for the nonlinear dispersive anisotropic perfectly matched layer (A-PML) absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) for the two- and the three-dimensional (2D and 3D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analyses of optical soliton propagation. The proposed PML is applied to the FDTD method of the standard and the high-spatial-order schemes. We first searched for the optimum values of the loss factor, permittivity, and the order of polynomial grading for particular numbers of APML layers in a two-dimensional (2-D) setting with Kerr and the Raman nonlinearity and Lorentz dispersion, and then we applied the optimized APML to a full three-dimensional (3-D) analysis of nonlinear optical pulse propagation in a glass substrate. An optical pulse of spatial and temporal soliton profile has been launched with sufficient intensity of electric field to yield a soliton pulse, and a reflection of - 60 dB has been typically obtained both for the 2-D and the 3-D cases. © 2005 IEEE.

Gale, PA 2005, 'Amidopyrroles: From Anion Receptors to Membrane Transport Agents', ChemInform, vol. 36, no. 48.
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AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Gale, PA 2005, 'Amidopyrroles: from anion receptors to membrane transport agents', Chemical Communications, no. 30, pp. 3761-3761.
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Gale, PA 2005, 'Supramolecular Chemistry', ChemInform, vol. 36, no. 21.
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AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Gale, PA, Light, ME & Quesada, R 2005, 'Solvent-induced supramolecular isomerism in [Pt(SC(NH2)2)4]2+ croconate salts', Chemical Communications, no. 47, pp. 5864-5864.
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Gale, PA, Light, ME, McNally, B, Navakhun, K, Sliwinski, KE & Smith, BD 2005, 'Co-transport of H+/Cl– by a synthetic prodigiosin mimic', Chemical Communications, no. 30, pp. 3773-3773.
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Ganguli, B, Staudenmayer, J & Wand, MP 2005, 'ADDITIVE MODELS WITH PREDICTORS SUBJECT TO MEASUREMENT ERROR', Australian <html_ent glyph='@amp;' ascii='&amp;'/> New Zealand Journal of Statistics, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 193-202.
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This paper develops a likelihood-based method for fitting additive models in the presence of measurement error. It formulates the additive model using the linear mixed model representation of penalized splines. In the presence of a structural measurement error model, the resulting likelihood involves intractable integrals, and a Monte Carlo expectation maximization strategy is developed for obtaining estimates. The method's performance is illustrated with a simulation study. © 2005 Australian Statistical Publishing Association Inc.

Gasanov, U, Hughes, D & Hansbro, PM 2005, 'Methods for the isolation and identification ofListeriaspp. andListeria monocytogenes: a review', FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 851-875.
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Listeria monocytogenes is an important food-borne pathogen and is widely tested for in food, environmental and clinical samples. Identification traditionally involved culture methods based on selective enrichment and plating followed by the characterization of Listeria spp. based on colony morphology, sugar fermentation and haemolytic properties. These methods are the gold standard; but they are lengthy and may not be suitable for testing of foods with short shelf lives. As a result more rapid tests were developed based on antibodies (ELISA) or molecular techniques (PCR or DNA hybridization). While these tests possess equal sensitivity, they are rapid and allow testing to be completed within 48 h. More recently, molecular methods were developed that target RNA rather than DNA, such as RT-PCR, real time PCR or nucleic acid based sequence amplification (NASBA). These tests not only provide a measure of cell viability but they can also be used for quantitative analysis. In addition, a variety of tests are available for sub-species characterization, which are particularly useful in epidemiological investigations. Early typing methods differentiated isolates based on phenotypic markers, such as multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, phage typing and serotyping. These phenotypic typing methods are being replaced by molecular tests, which reflect genetic relationships between isolates and are more accurate. These new methods are currently mainly used in research but their considerable potential for routine testing in the future cannot be overlooked.

Gilchrist, A, Langford, NK & Nielsen, MA 2005, 'Distance measures to compare real and ideal quantum processes', Physical Review A, vol. 71, no. 6.
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Gladstone, W & Alexander, T 2005, 'A test of the higher-taxon approach in the identification of candidate sites for marine reserves', BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION, vol. 14, no. 13, pp. 3151-3168.
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Alternatives to species-level identification have been advocated as one solution to the problem of selecting marine reserves with limited information on the distribution of marine biodiversity.This study evaluated the effects on selection of candidate sites for marine reserves from using the higher-taxon approach as a surrogate for species-level identification of intertidal molluscs and rocky reef fishes. These effects were evaluated by determining the percentage of species included in candidate reserves identified from genus-, family- and order-level data by a complementarity-based reserve selection algorithm, and by testing for correlations between the irreplaceability values of locations. Candidate reserves identified from genus- and family-level data of intertidal molluscs included a similar percentage of all species as the reserves identified from species-level data. Candidate reserves selected from genus- and family-level data of rocky reef fishes included, respectively, 37% and 1423% fewer species than reserves selected from species-level data.

Godlewski, M, Ivanov, VY, Lusakowska, E, Bozek, R, Miasojedovas, S, Jursenas, S, Kazlauskas, K, Zukauskas, A, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Bottcher, T, Figge, S & Hommel, D 2005, 'Influence of n-type doping on light emission properties of GaN layers and GaN-based quantum well structures', E-MRS 2004 Fall Meeting Symposia C and F, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1056-1059.
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Effects of n-type doping of GaN epilayers and InGaN/GaN quantum well structures are studied. We evaluate the influence of n-type doping on a structural quality of the samples (using atomic force and scanning electron microscopy), on light emission intensity and on in-plane emission intensity variations. Possible mechanisms responsible for strong enhancement of light emission from doped samples are discussed. © 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Godlewski, M, Phillips, MR, Czernecki, R, Targowski, G, Perlin, P, Leszczynski, M & Figge, S 2005, 'Light emission properties of GaN-based laser diode structures', ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A, vol. 108, no. 4, pp. 675-680.
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Cathodoluminescence is applied for evaluation of in-depth and in-plane variations of light emission from two types of GaN-based laser diode structures. We evaluate in-depth properties of the laser diode emission and demonstrate that potential fluctuations still affect emission of laser diodes for e-beam currents above thresholds for a stimulated emission.

Godlewski, M, Yatsunenko, S, Drozdowicz-Tomsia, K, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Klar, PJ & Heimbrodt, W 2005, 'Dynamics of light emission in CdMnS nanoparticles', ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A, vol. 108, no. 4, pp. 681-688.
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We demonstrate coexistence of slow and fast components of photoluminescence decay of the Mn²^(+) intra-shell emission in nanoparticles of CdMnS. We explain the observed decrease in PL lifetime of the Mn²^(+) intra-shell transition by high efficiency of spin dependent magnetic interactions between localized spins of Mn²^(+) ions and free carriers. This mechanism is enhanced in nanostructures, but it is also present in bulk samples.

Godlewski, M, Yatsunenko, S, Ivanov, VY, Khachapuridze, A, Swiatek, K, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Klar, PJ & Heimbrodt, W 2005, 'Origin of ultrafast component of photoluminescence decay in nanostructures doped with transition metal or rare-earth ions', ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 65-74.
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Bulk samples, layers, quantum well, and quantum dot structures of II-Mn-VI samples all show coexistence of slow and fast components of Mn2+ photoluminescence decay. Thus, fast photoluminescence decay cannot be related to low dimensionality of a host material. This also means that the model of the so-called quantum confined atom is incorrect. Based on the results of time-resolved photoluminescence and optically detected magnetic resonance investigations we relate the observed lifetime decrease in Mn2+ intra-shell transition to spin dependent magnetic interactions between localized spins of Mn2+ ions and between Mn2+ ions and spins/magnetic moments of free carriers. The latter mechanism is enhanced in nanostructures.

Goh, W, Rice, S & Kumar, N 2005, 'Theoretical Study of Molecular Determinants Involved in Signal Binding to the TraR Protein of Agrobacterium tumefaciens', Molecules, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 1263-1271.
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N-acylated homoserine lactone (AHL) mediated cell-cell communication in bacteria is dependent on the recognition of the cognate signal by its receptor. This interaction allows the receptor-ligand complex to act as a transcriptional activator, controlling the expression of a range of bacterial phenotypes, including virulence factor expression and biofilm formation. One approach to determine the key features of signal- binding is to model the intermolecular interactions between the receptor and ligand using computational-based modeling software (LigandFit). In this communication, we have modeled the crystal structure of the AHL receptor protein TraR and its AHL signal N-(3- oxooctanoyl)-homoserine lactone from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and compared it to the previously reported antagonist behaviour of a number of AHL analogues, in an attempt to determine structural constraints for ligand binding. We conclude that (i) a common conformation of the AHL in the hydrophobic and hydrophilic region exists for ligand-binding, (ii) a tail chain length threshold of 8 carbons is most favourable for ligand-binding affinity, (iii) the positive correlation in the docking studies could be used a virtual screening tool.

Greenlees, MJ, Webb, JK & Shine, R 2005, 'Led by the blind: Bandy-Bandy snakes Vermicella annulata (Elapidae) follow blindsnake chemical trails', COPEIA, vol. 2005, no. 1, pp. 184-187.
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The ability to detect and follow prey chemical trails is important for actively foraging nocturnal snakes. We investigated whether a nocturnal, ophiophagous (snake-eating) predator, the Bandy-Bandy (Vermicella annulata) can detect and follow blindsnake chemical trails. Adult Bandy-Bandys were offered the choice between control trails (distilled water) and chemical trails from three sympatric squamate species. Bandy-Bandys ignored distilled water trails and the trails of the burrowing Yellow-Bellied Three-Toed Skink (Saiphos equalis) and the nocturnal Golden Crowned Snake (Cacophis squamulosus). In contrast, all of the Bandy-Bandys followed chemical trails from the Blackish Blindsnake (Ramphotyphlops nigrescens), and three snakes followed the blindsnake trails along their entire length (mean distance followed = 0.93 m, range 0.2-1.4 m). Our results suggest Bandy-Bandys use chemical cues to locate blindsnakes but do not respond to chemical trails of other sympatric squamate species. © 2005 by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists.

Gregson, MA & Booth, DJ 2005, 'Zooplankton patchiness and the associated shoaling response of the temperate reef fish Trachinops taeniatus', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 299, pp. 269-275.
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The grouping behaviour of fishes plays an important role in the success of the group and individual in terms of foraging, reproduction and predator avoidance. The temperate Sydney (Australia) reef fish species Trachinops taeniatus was investigated between February and September 2002 to determine whether there was a relationship between shoal dynamics and zooplankton prey distribution. The diet of T. taeniatus consisted mainly of Copepoda. T. taeniatus shoals were strongly associated with the largest patches of Copepoda, with shoal size increasing as prey density increased. Available Copepoda per fish, however, decreased with shoal size, presenting a possible 'overmatching' foraging situation. The present study suggests there may be an optimum shoal size to achieve maximum prey intake, and that shoal location and size may be linked to the distribution of zooplankton prey. © Inter-Research 2005.

Hahn, MA & Marsh, DJ 2005, 'Identification of a functional bipartite nuclear localization signal in the tumor suppressor parafibromin', Oncogene, vol. 24, no. 41, pp. 6241-6248.
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Hale, PS, Maddox, LM, Shapter, JG, Voelcker, NH, Ford, MJ & Waclawik, ER 2005, 'Growth kinetics and modeling of ZnO nanoparticles', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION, vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 775-778.
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This article describes a method to measure the growth kinetics of a zinc oxide colloid. Using common instrumentation such as UV–vis spectroscopy, the cut-off wavelength can be determined and hence, the particle size can be estimated. Using existing models of colloidal nanoparticle properties, the absorbance is modeled and compared to the experimental curves. The effect of different parameters in the model such as particle size, refractive index, and solvent type are investigated and conclusions drawn about the nature of nanoparticulate systems.

Hall, CA, Reichel, MP & Ellis, JT 2005, 'Neospora abortions in dairy cattle: diagnosis, mode of transmission and control', VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY, vol. 128, no. 3-4, pp. 231-241.
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Aim: To determine the contribution of Neospora caninum to abortions on a dairy farm in NSW (Australia), determine the mode of transmission and develop and trial a control option for infection. Methods: Two whole herd bleeds were conducted 12 months apart and the association between serological status and abortion events were calculated for a number of bovine abortifacients. Family trees were constructed for N. caninum seropositive cattle in the herd. Some N. caninum seropositive cows were culled from the herd and no female offspring was retained from seropositive cows. Results: At the first whole-herd bleed in December 2002 a seroprevalence of 10.2% for N. caninum infection was detected. Cows with N. caninum infection were 13 times more likely to abort than uninfected ones. Seventy-five percent of seropositive animals in the herd were related, suggesting a high degree of congenital infection/transmission. Only 15% of infections were likely to be postnatally acquired. Selective culling of seropositive cows and not breeding from them reduced the number of seropositive animals. Only one newly sero-converted cow was detected at the second whole-herd bleed 12 months later. Conclusions: Seroepidemiological approaches were able to establish a high degree of association between N. caninum infection and low-level abortion in the dairy herd. Vertical transmission of infection was the predominant mode of infection and hence control efforts aimed at selectively culling seropositive animals from the herd were highly successful in reducing the level of infection. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hamilton, MA, Murray, BR, Cadotte, MW, Hose, GC, Baker, AC, Harris, CJ & Licari, D 2005, 'Life-history correlates of plant invasiveness at regional and continental scales', ECOLOGY LETTERS, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 1066-1074.
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We implemented cross-species and independent-contrasts multiple regression models to compare life-history correlates of invasion success between regional and continental spatial scales among non-native plants of eastern Australia. We focussed on three life-history traits that represent major axes of variation in plant life history: specific leaf area (SLA), plant height and seed mass. After controlling for residence time and cross-correlation with other life-history traits, small seed mass was significantly and uniquely correlated with invasion success at continental and regional scales. High SLA was significantly and uniquely correlated with invasion success at the continental scale only. Plant height could not explain unique variation in invasion success at either spatial scale. Variation among spatial scales in the significance and strength of life-history relationships with invasion success suggests that the search for predictive tools of invasion need not be fruitless, as long as predictive investigations are targeted at appropriate spatial scales. ©2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/CNRS.

Handy, SM, Coyne, KJ, Portune, KJ, Demir, E, Doblin, MA, Hare, CE, Cary, SC & Hutchins, DA 2005, 'Evaluating vertical migration behavior of harmful raphidophytes in the Delaware Inland Bays utilizing quantitative real-time PCR', AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 121-132.
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Mixed blooms of 4 species of harmful raphidophytes (Chattonella cf. verruculosa, Chattonella subsalsa, Heterosigma akashiwo, and Fibrocapsa japonica) occur in the shallow (1 ti 2m) Delaware Inland Bays (DIB), USA. Raphidophytes vertically migrate in other deeper water ecosystems to utilise deep nutrient stocks at night, and thus obtain an advantage over non-migrating algae.Anoxic DIB sediments release high levels of bioavailable phosphate, which could potentially be used by vertically migrating flagellates. This study aimed to characterise and understamd the migration oatterns of DIB raphidiphytes, and determine whether benthic phosphate fluxes could provide the cells with P. We demonstrated vertical migration of isolated DIB raphidophyte cultures in the laboratory, where differences inthe response of C. subsalsa and H. akashiwo to light:dark period manipulations suggested possible diffeerneces in external versus endogenous regulation of migration behaviour in the 2 species. Natural blooms in the filed (enclosed in a mesocosm system) also exhibited patterns of diel vertical distributions of each species. Our data suggested that these 2 photoautotrophic species spend daylight hours near the surface and are found directly on the sediment surface at night. However, diel changes in particulate C:P ratios did not support the hypothesis that there is preferential uptake of sedimentary phosphate at night. Our results also suggested that the migration behaviour may have important implications for designing sampling strategies for monitoring programs. QPCR has a number of decisive advantages over traditional microscopic counting methods, making this a poweful tool for fine spatial temporal scale detection and enum,eration of vertically migrating harmful algal species.

Harezlak, J, Ryan, LM, Giedd, JN & Lange, N 2005, 'Individual and population penalized regression splines for accelerated longitudinal designs', BIOMETRICS, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 1037-1048.
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In an accelerated longitudinal design (ALD), individuals enter the study at different points of their growth trajectory and are observed over a short time span relative to the entire time span of interest. ALD data are combined across independent units to provide an estimate of an overall population curve and predictions of individual patterns of change. As a modest extension of the work of Ruppert et al. (2003, Semiparametric Regression, Cambridge University Press), we develop a computationally efficient procedure for the application of longitudinal semiparametric methods under ALD sampling schemes. We compare balanced and complete longitudinal designs to ALDs using the Berkeley Growth Study data and apply our method to longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain structure size (volume) measurements from an ongoing developmental study. Potential applications extend beyond growth studies to many other fields in which cost and feasibility constraints impose restrictions on sample size and on the numbers and timings of repeated measurements across subjects.

Hastings, AF, Otting, G, Folmer, RHA, Duggin, IG, Wake, RG, Wilce, MCJ & Wilce, JA 2005, 'Interaction of the replication terminator protein of Bacillus subtilis with DNA probed by NMR spectroscopy', BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 335, no. 2, pp. 361-366.
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Termination of DNA replication in Bacillus subtilis involves the polar arrest of replication forks by a specific complex formed between the dimeric 29 kDa replication terminator protein (RTP) and DNA terminator sites. We have used NMR spectroscopy to probe the changes in 1H15N correlation spectra of a 15N-labelled RTP.C110S mutant upon the addition of a 21 base pair symmetrical DNA binding site. Assignment of the 1H15N correlations was achieved using a suite of triple resonance NMR experiments with 15N,13C,70% 2H enriched protein recorded at 800 MHz and using TROSY pulse sequences. Perturbations to 1H15N spectra revealed that the N-termini, ?3-helices and several loops are affected by the binding interaction. An analysis of this data in light of the crystallographically determined apo- and DNA-bound forms of RTP.C110S revealed that the NMR spectral perturbations correlate more closely to protein structural changes upon complex formation rather than to interactions at the proteinDNA interface

Hayashi, M, Ogura, Y, Harry, EJ, Ogasawara, N & Moriya, S 2005, 'Bacillus subtilisYabA is involved in determining the timing and synchrony of replication initiation', FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 247, no. 1, pp. 73-79.
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It is shown here by flow cytometry that Bacillus subtilis YabA negatively regulates the timing of replication initiation. When the level of YabA was reduced, replication began at a decreased cell mass and when the level was increased, initiation was delayed. Synchrony of replication initiation was also disrupted at low levels of YabA. Yfp-YabA localized as foci in cells. Since YabA was reported to interact with DnaN (β subunit of DNA polymerase III), co-localization of Yfp-YabA with the polymerase was examined using a Cfp fusion with DnaX (τ subunit of DNA polymerase III). It is reported that YabA appears to localize at the replication forks only at a late stage of DNA replication. © 2005 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Heath, D & Platen, E 2005, 'Currency Derivatives under a Minimal Market Model with Random Scaling', International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 1157-1177.
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This paper uses an alternative, parsimonious stochastic volatility model to describe the dynamics of a currency market for the pricing and hedging of derivatives. Time transformed squared Bessel processes are the basic driving factors of the minimal market model. The time transformation is characterized by a random scaling, which provides for realistic exchange rate dynamics. The pricing of standard European options is studied. In particular, it is shown that the model produces implied volatility surfaces that are typically observed in real markets.

Hill, R & Ralph, PJ 2005, 'Diel and seasonal changes in fluorescence rise kinetics of three scleractinian corals', FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 549-559.
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The effect of diel oscillations in light on the photosynthetic response of three coral species during summer and winter was studied. Fast induction curves revealed detailed information on primary photochemistry as well as redox states of electron acceptors in photosystem II (PSII). The comparison between seasons revealed that similar physiological mechanisms were operating in response to high-light conditions throughout the year and that environmental variables, such as temperature, had no measurable effect between seasons. A diurnal hysteresis was seen in both seasons in Fv/Fm as well as in the fast induction curves, where photosynthetic capacity was lower in the afternoon than in the morning when light intensities were the same. This suggests the operation of dynamic down regulation, following exposure to midday high light. Fast induction curve analysis revealed a decline in the O, J, I and P steps towards midday and a rapid recovery by the late afternoon. The decrease in J and its rapid recovery indicated a drop in the rate of QA reduction as a result of an increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). The P step increased in amplitude in the first hours of sunlight, which suggests an increased oxidation of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool and a greater capacity for electron transport. Similarly, a rise in Fv/Fm was observed within the first hour of sunlight. This response was attributed to the dark reduction of the PQ pool, induced by night time anaerobic conditions and possibly oxygen-dependent chlororespiration, which would lead to a state 2 transition. The early morning removal of chlororespiration and hypoxic conditions would have returned the photosystems to state 1, resulting in the increased photochemical efficiency of the zooxanthellae. © CSIRO 2005.

Hill, R, Frankart, C & Ralph, PJ 2005, 'Impact of bleaching conditions on the components of non-photochemical quenching in the zooxanthellae of a coral', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, vol. 322, no. 1, pp. 83-92.
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Mass coral bleaching events are a worldwide phenomenon, which generally occur during periods of elevated sea surface temperature and intense sunlight. These conditions result in a decline in photochemical efficiency of symbiotic microalgae (zooxanthellae) which ultimately leads to the expulsion of these symbionts. The physiological mechanism which triggers the release of the zooxanthellae has yet to be adequately determined. Under bleaching conditions, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is used to dissipate excess energy from photosystem II (PSII). NPQ was partitioned into three components, (energy dependent quenching [qE], state transition quenching [qT] and photoinhibitory quenching [qI]), based on relaxation kinetics upon addition of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) and darkening. This investigation revealed that for corals not exposed to bleaching stress, qE was the principle means of energy dissipation (∼60% of the total NPQ). In corals exposed to either high-light (475 μmol photons m-2 s-1 and 25°C) or elevated temperature (225 μmol photons m-2 s -1 and 32°C) treatments, the dominant component of NPQ was qE and the relative proportions did not change during the exposure period (1-8 h). When exposed to bleaching conditions (475 μmol photons m-2 s -1 and 32°C) the contribution of the different components changed after 4 h and the total NPQ increased. At this time, the contribution of qT to the total NPQ significantly increased to equal that of qE (40%), suggesting state transitions become more important under such conditions. Throughout the exposure period in all treatments, no change in the proportion of qI was observed. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hodgkinson, I, Wu, QH, De Silva, L, Arnold, M, Lakhtakia, A & McCall, M 2005, 'Structurally perturbed chiral Bragg reflectors for elliptically polarized light', OPTICS LETTERS, vol. 30, no. 19, pp. 2629-2631.
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The structure of an inorganic chiral medium represented as a stack of identical form-birefringent layers that twist steadily with increasing thickness is perturbed by realigning a fraction of each layer to a fixed direction. Experimental results show that the resulting chiral-birefringent composite medium exhibits Bragg resonance with elliptically polarized light, and simulations indicate that Bragg reflectors can be designed for any polarization including linear.

Hoffmann, K 2005, 'Predicting Exposure Levels', Epidemiology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 134-135.
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Hogan, AC, Stauber, JL, Pablo, F, Adams, MS & Lim, RP 2005, 'The development of marine Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) procedures using the unicellular alga Nitzschia closterium', ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 433-443.
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Unicellular algae are highly sensitive to a wide range of toxicants and have been used extensively in ecotoxicological testing. This, along with their ability to grow in very small test volumes over short test durations, make them ideal test organisms fo

Hogan, CF, Hutchison, JA, Ghiggino, KP, Langford, SJ, Latter, MJ, Lau, V-L & Murali, V 2005, 'A 24-Crown-8 Bearing Naphthalene and Naphthoquinone Chromophores', Supramolecular Chemistry, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 513-519.
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Hong, MY, Bancroft, LK, Turner, ND, Davidson, LA, Murphy, ME, Carroll, RJ, Chapkin, RS & Lupton, JR 2005, 'Fish Oil Decreases Oxidative DNA Damage by Enhancing Apoptosis in Rat Colon', Nutrition and Cancer, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 166-175.
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Hong, MY, Turner, ND, Carroll, RJ, Chapkin, RS & Lupton, JR 2005, 'Differential Response to DNA Damage May Explain Different Cancer Susceptibility Between Small and Large Intestine', Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol. 230, no. 7, pp. 464-471.
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Although large intestine (LI) cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, small intestine (SI) cancer is relatively rare. Because oxidative DNA damage is one possible initiator of tumorigenesis, we investigated if the SI is protected against cancer because of a more appropriate response to oxidative DNA damage compared with the LI. Sixty rats were allocated to three treatment groups: 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS, a DNA-oxidizing agent) for 48 hrs, withdrawal (DSS for 48 hrs + DSS withdrawal for 48 hrs), or control (no DSS). The SI, compared with the LI, showed greater oxidative DNA damage (P < 0.001) as determined using a quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of 8-oxodeoxyguanosine (8-oxodG). The response to the DNA adducts in the SI was greater than in the LI. The increase of TdT–mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive apoptosis after DSS treatment was greater in the SI compared with the LI (P < 0.001), and there was a positive correlation (P = 0.031) between DNA damage and apoptosis in the SI. Morphologically, DSS caused an extensive loss of crypt structure shown in lower crypt height (P = 0.006) and the number of intact crypts (P = 0.0001) in the LI, but not in the SI. These data suggest that the SI may be more protected against cancer by having a more dynamic response to oxidative damage that maintains crypt morphology, whereas the response of the LI makes it more susceptible to loss of crypt architecture. These differential responses to oxidative DNA damage may contribute to the difference in cancer susceptibility between these two anatomic sites of the intestine.

Hornitzky, MA, Mercieca, K, Bettelheim, KA & Djordjevic, SP 2005, 'Bovine Feces from Animals with Gastrointestinal Infections Are a Source of Serologically Diverse Atypical EnteropathogenicEscherichia coliand Shiga Toxin-ProducingE. coliStrains That Commonly Possess Intimin', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 71, no. 7, pp. 3405-3412.
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ABSTRACTShiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) and enteropathogenicE. coli(EPEC) cells were isolated from 191 fecal samples from cattle with gastrointestinal infections (diagnostic samples) collected in New South Wales, Australia. By using a multiplex PCR,E. colicells possessing combinations ofstx1,stx2,eae, andehxAwere detected by a combination of direct culture and enrichment inE. coli(EC) (modified) broth followed by plating on vancomycin-cefixime-cefsulodin blood (BVCC) agar for the presence of enterohemolytic colonies and on sorbitol MacConkey agar for the presence of non-sorbitol-fermenting colonies. The high prevalence of the intimin geneeaewas a feature of the STEC (35 [29.2%] of 120 isolates) and contrasted with the low prevalence (9 [0.5%] of 1,692 fecal samples possessed STEC witheae) of this gene among STEC recovered during extensive sampling of feces from healthy slaughter-age cattle in Australia (M. Hornitzky, B. A. Vanselow, K. Walker, K. A. Bettelheim, B. Corney, P. Gill, G. Bailey, and S. P. Djordjevic, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:6439-6445, 2002). Forty-seven STEC serotypes were identified, including O5:H−, O8:H19, O26:H−, O26:H11, O113:H21, O157:H7, O157:H− and Ont:H− which are known to cause severe disease in humans and 23 previously unreported STEC serotypes. Serotypes Ont:H− and O113:H21 represented the two most frequently isolated STEC isolates and were cultured from nine (4.7%) and seven (3.7%) animals, respectively. Fifteeneae-positiveE. coliserotypes, considered to represent atypical EPEC, were identified, with O111:H− representin...

Hose, GC, Jones, P & Lim, RP 2005, 'Hyporheic macroinvertebrates in riffle and pool areas of temporary streams in south eastern Australia', HYDROBIOLOGIA, vol. 532, no. 1-3, pp. 81-90.
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The hyporheic zone is an important refuge for invertebrates as surface water recedes in temporary streams. In this study, the structure and functional organisation of hyporheic macroinvertebrate assemblages in pool and dry riffle bed habitats of two epis

Hose, GC, Murray, BR, Gordon, G, McCullough, FE & Pulver, N 2005, 'Spatial and rainfall related patterns of bacterial contamination in Sydney Harbour estuary', Journal of Water and Health, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 349-358.
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Water quality in recreational areas in Sydney Harbour, Australia, was analysed first to identify spatial patterns in faecal coliform and enterococci densities, and then to determine the relationship between bacterial densities and catchment rainfall. Non-metric multidimensional scaling separated sites closest to the mouth of the harbour from those further up the harbour's west and north-west arms. Sites closest to the harbour mouth generally had lower frequencies of high bacterial densities that exceeded median water quality guideline values. We attribute this to greater tidal flushing at sites closer to the harbour mouth. Eight site groups were identified within the harbour. Within each group, multiple regression analyses indicated rainfall accounted for between 15 and 66% of the variability in the bacterial densities. Variation in bacterial densities explained by rainfall was lower for sites closer to the harbour mouth where tidal flushing is greatest. Thus, our findings indicate that simple rainfall-based regression models are appropriate for predicting bacterial concentrations when flushing at a site is limited. More complex models incorporating a suite of environmental variables may improve the ability to predict bacterial concentrations at well-flushed sites, but even then, their predictive ability may be low.

Huang, C-D, Ammit, AJ, Tliba, O, Kuo, H-P, Penn, RB, Panettieri, RA & Amrani, Y 2005, 'G-Protein-coupled receptor agonists differentially regulate basal or tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated activation of interleukin-6 and RANTES in human airway smooth muscle cells', Journal of Biomedical Science, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 763-776.
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Huang, M, Peng, G, Leslie, LM, Shao, X & Sha, W 2005, 'Seasonal and regional temperature changes in China over the 50 year period 1951–2000', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 89, no. 1-4, pp. 105-115.
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Hudson, A & Ellis, JT 2005, 'Culture of Neospora caninum in the presence of a Mycoplasma Removal Agent results in the selection of a mutant population of tachyzoites', PARASITOLOGY, vol. 130, no. 6, pp. 607-610.
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Mycoplasmas are common contaminants of eukaryotic cells grown in tissue culture. A commercially available Mycoplasma Removal Agent (MRA) was therefore assessed for its effect on tachyzoites of Neospora caninum, in order to determine its suitability for further use in parasite cell cultures. Analyses of tachyzoite and excreted-secreted proteins and antigens by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting show that MRA treatment results in the rapid selection of a mutant population that differs from the control and parental lines in its protein and antigen content. The treatment of N. caninum cultures with MRA is therefore not recommended for the eradication of Mycoplasma. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.

Hughes, PA, Stevens, MM, Park, HW, Federici, BA, Dennis, ES & Akhurst, R 2005, 'Response of larval Chironomus tepperi (Diptera : Chironomidae) to individual Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis toxins and toxin mixtures', JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 34-39.
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Hultén, LM, Ullström, C, Krettek, A, van Reyk, D, Marklund, SL, Dahlgren, C & Wiklund, O 2005, 'Human macrophages limit oxidation products in low density lipoprotein', Lipids in Health and Disease, vol. 4, no. 1.
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Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that human macrophages have the ability to modify oxidation products in LDL and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) via a cellular antioxidant defence system. While many studies have focused on macrophage LDL oxidation in atherosclerosis development, less attention has been given to the cellular antioxidant capacity of these cells. Compared to cell-free controls (6.2 ± 0.7 nmol/mg LDL), macrophages reduced TBARS to 4.42 ± 0.4 nmol/mg LDL after 24 h incubation with LDL (P = 0.022). After 2 h incubation with oxLDL, TBARS were 3.69 ± 0.5 nmol/mg LDL in cell-free media, and 2.48 ± 0.9 nmol/mg LDL in the presence of macrophages (P = 0.034). A reduction of lipid peroxides in LDL (33.7 ± 6.6 nmol/mg LDL) was found in the presence of cells after 24 h compared to cell-free incubation (105.0 ± 14.1 nmol/mg LDL) (P = 0.005). The levels of lipid peroxides in oxLDL were 137.9 ± 59.9 nmol/mg LDL and in cell-free media 242 ± 60.0 nmol/mg LDL (P = 0.012). Similar results were obtained for hydrogen peroxide. Reactive oxygen species were detected in LDL, acetylated LDL, and oxLDL by isoluminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL). Interestingly, oxLDL alone gives a high CL signal. Macrophages reduced the CL response in oxLDL by 45% (P = 0.0016). The increased levels of glutathione in oxLDL-treated macrophages were accompanied by enhanced catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities. Our results suggest that macrophages respond to oxidative stress by endogenous antioxidant activity, which is sufficient to decrease reactive oxygen species both in LDL and oxLDL. This may suggest that the antioxidant activity is insufficient during atherosclerosis development. Thus, macrophages may play a dual role in atherogenesis, i.e. both by promoting and limiting LDL-oxidation.

Huston, WM, Lowe, EC, Butler, CS & Moir, JWB 2005, 'Purification and characterization of cytochrome c′ from Neisseria meningitidis', Biochemical Society Transactions, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 187-189.
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Cytochrome c′, a c-type cytochrome with unique spectroscopic and magnetic properties, has been characterized in a variety of denitrifying and photosynthetic bacteria. Cytochrome c′ has a role in defence and/or removal of NO but the mechanism of action is not clear. To examine the function of cytochrome c′ from Neisseria meningitidis, the protein was purified after heterologous overexpression in Escherichia coli. The electronic spectra of the oxidized c′ demonstrated a pH-dependent transition (over the pH range of 6–10) typical of known c′-type cytochromes. Interestingly, the form in which NO is supplied determines the redox state of the resultant haem-nitrosyl complex. Fe(III)–NO complexes were formed when Fe(II) or Fe(III) cytochrome c′ was sparged with NO gas, whereas an Fe(II)–NO complex was generated when NO was supplied using DEA NONOate (diazeniumdiolate).

James, KJ, Gillman, M, Amandi, MF, Lopez-Rivera, A, Puente, PF, Lehane, M, Mitrovic, S & Furey, A 2005, 'Amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins in bivalve molluscs in Ireland', TOXICON, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 852-858.
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In December 1999, domoic acid (DA) a potent neurotoxin, responsible for the syndrome Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) was detected for the first time in shellfish harvested in Ireland. Two liquid chromatography (LC) methods were applied to quantify DA in shellfish after sample clean-up using solid-phase extraction (SPE) with strong anion exchange (SAX) cartridges. Toxin detection was achieved using photodiode array ultraviolet (LC-UV) and multiple tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSn). DA was identified in four species of bivalve shellfish collected along the west and south coastal regions of the Republic of Ireland. The amount of DA that was present in three species was within EU guideline limits for sale of shellfish (20 µg DA/g); mussels (Mytilus edulis), <1.0 µg DA/g; oysters (Crassostrea edulis), <5.0 µg DA/g and razor clams (Ensis siliqua), <0.3 µg DA/g. However, king scallops (Pecten maximus) posed a significant human health hazard with levels up to 240 µg DA/g total tissues. Most scallop samples (55%) contained DA at levels greater than the regulatory limit. The DA levels in the digestive glands of some samples of scallops were among the highest that have ever been recorded (2820 µg DA/g).

Jensen, SO, Thompson, LS & Harry, EJ 2005, 'Cell division in bacillus subtilis: FtsZ and FtsA association is Z-ring independent, and FtsA is required for efficient midcell Z-ring assembly', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 187, no. 18, pp. 6536-6544.
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Jensen, SO, Thompson, LS & Harry, EJ 2005, 'Cell Division inBacillus subtilis: FtsZ and FtsA Association Is Z-Ring Independent, and FtsA Is Required for Efficient Midcell Z-Ring Assembly', Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 187, no. 18, pp. 6536-6544.
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ABSTRACTThe earliest stage in cell division in bacteria is the assembly of a Z ring at the division site at midcell. Other division proteins are also recruited to this site to orchestrate the septation process. FtsA is a cytosolic division protein that interacts directly with FtsZ. Its function remains unknown. It is generally believed that FtsA localization to the division site occurs immediately after Z-ring formation or concomitantly with it and that FtsA is responsible for recruiting the later-assembling membrane-bound division proteins to the division site. Here, we report the development of an in vivo chemical cross-linking assay to examine the association between FtsZ and FtsA inBacillus subtiliscells. We subsequently use this assay in a synchronous cell cycle to show that these two proteins can interact prior to Z-ring formation. We further show that in aB. subtilisstrain containing anftsAdeletion, FtsZ localized at regular intervals along the filament but the majority of Z rings were abnormal. FtsA in this organism is therefore critical for the efficient formation of functional Z rings. This is the first report of abnormal Z-ring formation resulting from the loss of a single septation protein. These results suggest that in this organism, and perhaps others, FtsA ensures recruitment of the membrane-bound division proteins by ensuring correct formation of the Z ring.

Jia, Y, Gu, H & Xi, Y 2005, 'Rolling horizon scheduling algorithm for dynamic vehicle scheduling system', Journal of Southeast University (English Edition), vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 92-96.
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Dynamic exclusive pickup and delivery problem with time windows (DE-PDPTW), a special dynamic vehicle scheduling problem, is proposed. Its mathematical description is given and its static properties are analyzed, and then the problem is simplified as the asymmetrical traveling salesman problem with time windows. The rolling horizon scheduling algorithm (RHSA) to solve this dynamic problem is proposed. By the rolling of time horizon, the RHSA can adapt to the problem's dynamic change and reduce the computation time by dealing with only part of the customers in each rolling time horizon. Then, its three factors, the current customer window, the scheduling of the current customer window and the rolling strategy, are analyzed. The test results demonstrate the effectiveness of the RHSA to solve the dynamic vehicle scheduling problem.

Jia, YJ, Gu, HY & Xi, YG 2005, 'Analysis and algorithm of single-vehicle exclusive pickup and delivery problem with time windows', Shanghai Jiaotong Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 409-412.
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The exclusive pickup and delivery problem with time windows (E-PDPTW), an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem existed extensively in the transportation domain, was proposed. The mathematical description of this problem was proposed and its properties were analyzed, and then the problem was simplified as an asymmetric traveling salesman problem (TSP) with time windows. A two-phase quick algorithm to solve single vehicle E-PDPTW was proposed, whose time complexity is only O(n3) and the test results indicate the algorithm is effective and quick.

Jiang, X, Williams, KM, Liauw, WS, Ammit, AJ, Roufogalis, BD, Duke, CC, Day, RO & McLachlan, AJ 2005, 'Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects', British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 425-432.
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AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two common herbal medicines, ginkgo and ginger, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin and the independent effect of these herbs on clotting status.MethodsThis was an open label, three‐way crossover randomized study in 12 healthy male subjects, who received a single 25 mg dose of warfarin alone or after 7 days pretreatment with recommended doses of ginkgo or ginger from herbal medicine products of known quality. Dosing with ginkgo or ginger was continued for 7 days after administration of the warfarin dose. Platelet aggregation, international normalized ratio (INR) of prothrombin time, warfarin enantiomer protein binding, warfarin enantiomer concentrations in plasma and S‐7‐hydroxywarfarin concentration in urine were measured. Statistical comparisons were made using anova and the 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the ratio of log transformed parameters are reported.ResultsINR and platelet aggregation were not affected by administration of ginkgo or ginger alone. The mean (95% CI) apparent clearances of S‐warfarin after warfarin alone, with ginkgo or ginger were 189 (167–210) ml h−1, 200 (173–227) ml h−1 and 201 (171–231) ml h−1, respectively. The respective apparent clearances of R‐warfarin were 127 (106–149) ml h−1, 126 (111–141) ml h−1 and 131 (106–156) ml h−1. The mean ratio (90% CI) of apparent clearance for S‐warfarin was 1.05 (0.98–1.21) and for R‐warfarin was 1.00 (0.93–1.08) when coadministered with ginkgo. The mean ratio (90% CI) of AUC0−168 of INR was 0.93 (0.81–1.05) when coadministered with ginkgo. The mean ratio (90% CI) of apparent clea...

Jones, PM & George, AM 2005, 'Multidrug resistance in parasites: ABC transporters, P-glycoproteins and molecular modelling', International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 555-566.
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Parasitic diseases, caused by protozoa, helminths and arthropods, rank among the most important problems in human and veterinary medicine, and in agriculture, leading to debilitating sicknesses and loss of life. In the absence of vaccines and with the ge

Jonsson, JC, Smith, GB, Deller, C & Roos, A 2005, 'Directional and angle-resolved optical scattering of high-performance translucent polymer sheets for energy-efficient lighting and skylights', APPLIED OPTICS, vol. 44, no. 14, pp. 2745-2753.
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Transparent refractive-index matched micro (TRIMM) particles have proved to be an excellent scattering component for use in translucent sheets. Measurements of hemispheric transmittance and reflectance versus angle of incidence, as well as angle-resolved studies of such translucent sheets, have been carried out to complement earlier published hemispheric reflectance and transmittance spectral measurements carried out at normal angle of incidence. Hemispheric values relative to angle of incidence are of interest for daylighting applications and building simulations, and angle-resolved measurements are vital for verifying that our modeling tools are reliable. Ray-tracing simulations based on Mie scattering for the individual TRIMM particles and angle-resolved measurements are in good agreement, indicating that the simulation method used is practical for the design of new scattering profiles by varying particle concentration or refractive index. © 2005 Optical Society of America.

Kelly, T, Doble, P & Dawson, M 2005, 'Chiral analysis of methadone and its major metabolites (EDDP and EMDP) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry', JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES, vol. 814, no. 2, pp. 315-323.
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Racemic methadone (MET) is administered to heroin users undergoing methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) in Australia. The enantiomers of methadone possess different pharmacological effects, and the enantioselective metabolism of methadone to its two major

Krymskaya, VP, Goncharova, EA, Ammit, AJ, Lim, PN, Goncharov, DA, Eszterhas, A & Panettieri, RA 2005, 'Src is necessary and sufficient for human airway smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration', The FASEB Journal, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1-20.
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Kuhl, M, Chen, M, Ralph, PJ, Schreiber, U & Larkum, AWD 2005, 'A niche for cyanobacteria containing chlorophyll d', NATURE, vol. 433, no. 7028, pp. 820-820.
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The cyanobacterium known as Acaryochloris marina is a unique phototroph that uses chlorophyll d as its principal light-harvesting pigment instead of chlorophyll a, the form commonly found in plants, algae and other cyanobacteria; this means that it depends on far-red light for photosynthesis. Here we demonstrate photosynthetic activity in Acaryochloris-like phototrophs that live underneath minute coral-reef invertebrates (didemnid ascidians) in a shaded niche enriched in near-infrared light. This discovery clarifies how these cyanobacteria are able to thrive as free-living organisms in their natural habitat.

Lamontagne, S, Cook, PG, O'Grady, A & Eamus, D 2005, 'Groundwater use by vegetation in a tropical savanna riparian zone (Daly River, Australia)', JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY, vol. 310, no. 1-4, pp. 280-293.
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Soil water matric potentials (Ψm) and the deuterium (δ2H) composition at natural abundance levels of xylem water, soil water, river water and groundwater were used to evaluate whether trees use groundwater during the dry season in the riparian zone of the Daly River (Northern Territory, Australia). Groundwater was a significant source of water for plant transpiration, probably accounting for more than 50% of the water transpired during the dry season. Groundwater use occurred either when trees used water from the capillary fringe or when low Ψm induced by soil water uptake lifted groundwater in the vadose zone. Several water use strategies were inferred within the riparian plant community. Melaleuca argentea W. Fitzg and Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. appeared to be obligate phreatophytes as they used groundwater almost exclusively and were associated with riverbanks and lower terraces with shallow (<5 m) water tables. Several species appeared to be facultative phreatophytes (including Cathorium umbellatum (Vahl.) Kosterm. and Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.) and tended to rely more heavily on soil water with increased elevation in the riparian zone. The levee-bound Corymbia bella K.D. Hill and L.A.S. Johnson mostly used soil water and is either a facultative phreatophyte or a non-phreatophyte. The temporal variability in groundwater utilisation by the trees is unclear because the study focused on the end of the dry season only. A decline in the regional water table as a result of groundwater pumping may affect the health of riparian zone vegetation in the Daly River because groundwater use is significant during the dry season. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Langford, NK, Weinhold, TJ, Prevedel, R, Resch, KJ, Gilchrist, A, O’Brien, JL, Pryde, GJ & White, AG 2005, 'Demonstration of a Simple Entangling Optical Gate and Its Use in Bell-State Analysis', Physical Review Letters, vol. 95, no. 21.
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Langford, SJ, Latter, MJ & Beckmann, J 2005, 'Synthesis and characterisation of a bis(silyloxy)tin(IV) porphyrin', Inorganic Chemistry Communications, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 920-923.
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Larkum, AWD & Kuhl, M 2005, 'Chlorophyll d: the puzzle resolved', TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 355-357.
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Chlorophyll a (Chl a) has always been regarded as the sole chlorophyll with a role in photochemical conversion in oxygen-evolving phototrophs, whereas chlorophyll d (Chl d), discovered in small quantities in red algae in 1943, was often regarded as an artefact of isolation. Now, as a result of discoveries over the past year, it has become clear that Chl d is the major chlorophyll of a freeliving and widely distributed cyanobacterium that lives in light environments depleted in visible light and enhanced in infrared radiation. Moreover, Chl d not only has a light-harvesting role but might also replace Chl a in the special pair of chlorophylls in both reactions centers of photosynthesis.

Layez, C 2005, 'Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry protein RSP2 triggers destruction of the erythroid lineage', Blood, vol. 106, no. 10, pp. 3632-3638.
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Lee, HS, Matthews, CJ, Braddock, RD, Sander, GC & Gandola, F 2005, 'Corrigendum to “A MATLAB method of lines template for transport equations” [Environ. Model. Softw. 19 (2004) 603–614]', Environmental Modelling & Software, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 377-377.
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Lei, Y, Birch, D, Davey, M & Ellis, JT 2005, 'Subcellular fractionation and molecular characterization of the pellicle and plasmalemma of Neospora caninum', PARASITOLOGY, vol. 131, pp. 467-475.
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A characteristic structural feature of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum is the presence of a triple-membrane pellicle, on the zoite stages of their complex life-cycle. Here we report the results of electron microscopic studies which show that the p

Lei, Y, Davey, M & Ellis, J 2005, 'Auto fluorescence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum cysts in vitro', JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 17-23.
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Autofluorescence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum was Studied by fluorescence microscopy during their differentiation from tachyzoites to bradyzoites in vitro using Vero as host cells. Stage conversion into bradyzoites and cysts was confirmed by

Lei, Y, Davey, M & Ellis, JT 2005, 'Attachment and invasion of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum to epithelial and fibroblast cell lines in vitro', PARASITOLOGY, vol. 131, no. 5, pp. 583-590.
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Attachment and invasion of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum to a cat and a dog fibroblast cell line and 2 epithelial cell lines (a cat kidney and Vero) were compared in vitro using fluorescence antibody methodology. In addition, trypsin treatment of tachyzoites was used to determine whether protein molecules were essential to the process of invasion. The results show that both T. gondii and N. caninum invaded all 4 cell lines, and that pre-treatment of T. gondii tachyzoites with trypsin caused an increase in the ability of the parasite to invade these host cells. Furthermore T. gondii, in comparison to N. caninum, invaded all 4 cell lines at greater levels. The results here support the conclusion that both T. gondii and N. caninum have the ability to invade a variety of cell types including both dog and cat cells, and questions the utility of Vero cells as an appropriate host cell for in vitro studies on the biology of these taxa. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.

Leslie, LM, Karoly, DJ, Lamb, PJ & Qi, L 2005, 'Introductory Comments: Special Issue on Regional Climate Variability and Change', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 89, no. 1-4, pp. V-V.
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Leslie, LM, Leplastrier, M, Buckley, BW & Qi, L 2005, 'Climatology of meteorological “bombs” in the New Zealand region', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 89, no. 1-4, pp. 207-214.
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Levings, RS, Lightfoot, D, Partridge, SR, Hall, RM & Djordjevic, SP 2005, 'The Genomic Island SGI1, Containing the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Region ofSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium DT104 or Variants of It, Is Widely Distributed in OtherS. entericaSerovars', Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 187, no. 13, pp. 4401-4409.
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ABSTRACTThe global dissemination of the multiply-antibiotic-resistantSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium DT104 clone with the resistance genes located in a class 1 integron, here designated In104, within genomic island SGI1 is a significant public health issue. Here, we have shown that SGI1 and variants of it carrying different combinations of resistance genes are found in severalSalmonella entericaserovars. These are serovars Cerro, Derby, Dusseldorf, Infantis, Kiambu, and Paratyphi B dT+isolated from human infections and serovar Emek from sewage effluent. Two new variants, SGI1-I and SGI1-J, both of which include thedfrA1-orfC cassette array, were identified.

Levings, RS, Partridge, SR, Lightfoot, D, Hall, RM & Djordjevic, SP 2005, 'New Integron-Associated Gene Cassette Encoding a 3- N -Aminoglycoside Acetyltransferase', Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 1238-1241.
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ABSTRACT A fifth gene cassette containing an aacC gene, aacCA5 , was found in an aacCA5-aadA7 cassette array in a class 1 integron isolated from a multiply drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky strain. The AacC-A5 or AAC(3)-Ie acetyltransferase encoded by aacCA5 is related to other AAC(3)-I enzymes and confers resistance to gentamicin.

Leyk, M, Nguyen, DV, Attoor, SN, Dougherty, ER, Turner, ND, Bancroft, LK, Chapkin, RS, Lupton, JR & Carroll, RJ 2005, 'Comparing Automatic and Manual Image Processing in FLARE Assay Analysis for Colon Carcinogenesis', Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology, vol. 4, no. 1.
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Measurement of the amount of oxidative damage to DNA is one tool that can be used to estimate the beneficial effect of diet on the prevention of colon carcinogenesis. The FLARE assay is a modification of the single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay, and provides a measure of the 8OHdG adduct in the cells. In this paper, we present two innovations to the existing methods of analysis. The first one is related to the FLARE assay itself. We describe automated image analysis techniques that can be expected to measure oxidative damage faster, reproducibly, with less noise, and hence achieve greater statistical power. The proposed technique is compared to an existing technique, which was more manual and thus slower. The second innovation is our statistical analysis: we exploit the shape of FLARE intensity histograms, and show statistically significant diet effects in the duodenum. Previous analyses of this data concentrated on simple summary statistics, and found only marginally statistically significant diet effects. With the new imaging method and measure of oxidative damage, we show cells in the duodenum exposed to fish oil as having more oxidative damage than cells exposed to corn oil.

Li, H, Zeng, MS, Zhou, KR, Jin, DY & Lou, WH 2005, 'Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma', Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 170-175.
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Light, ME, Gale, PA & Navakhun, K 2005, '1,4-Phenylene-bis-(3,4-dichloro-5-phenylcarbamoyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide) bis(tetrabutylammonium chloride) acetonitrile disolvate', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. o1300-o1301.
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Light, ME, Gale, PA, Navakhun, K & Maynard-Smith, M 2005, '4-Aminomethyl-phenylamino-bis-(3,4-dichloro-5-phenylcarbamoyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide) tetrabutylammonium salt', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. o1302-o1303.
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Litonjua, AA, Celedon, JC, Hausmann, J, Nikolov, M, Sredl, D, Ryan, L, Platts-Mills, TAE, Weiss, ST & Gold, DR 2005, 'Variation in total and specific IgE: Effects of ethnicity and socioeconomic status', JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 115, no. 4, pp. 751-757.
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Background: Asthma is common in minority and disadvantaged populations, whereas atopic disorders other than asthma appear to be less prevalent. It is unclear whether the same holds true for objective markers of sensitization. Objective: To determine the association of asthma, atopic disorders, and specific sensitization with race and socioeconomic factors. Methods: We analyzed total and specific IgE among 882 women (577 white, 169 black, and 136 Hispanic) who delivered a child at a large tertiary hospital in Boston, Mass, and who were screened for participation in a family and birth cohort study. Race/ethnicity and other characteristics were obtained from screening questionnaires. Addresses were geocoded, and 3 census-based geographic area socioeconomic variables were derived from block group information from the 1990 US Census. Results: Black and Hispanic women were more likely to come from areas with low socioeconomic indicators and were more likely to have asthma than white women. However, these women were less likely to have hay fever and eczema than their white counterparts. Compared with white women, black women had higher mean total IgE levels; had greater proportions of sensitization to indoor, outdoor, and fungal allergens; and were more than twice as likely to be sensitized to ≥3 aeroallergens. Conclusion: The racial/ethnic disparities in atopic disorders may represent either underdiagnosis or underreporting and suggest that allergy testing may be underused in some populations. Differences in total IgE levels and specific allergen sensitization are likely a result of the complex interplay between exposures associated with socioeconomic disadvantage. © 2005 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology.

Liu, J, Cankurtaran, B, McCredie, G, Ford, MJ, Wieczorek, L & Cortie, MB 2005, 'Investigation of the optical properties of hollow aluminium 'nano-caps'', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 3023-3028.
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A colloidal suspension of hollow aluminium, cap-shaped nanoparticles ('nano-caps') can be conveniently produced by evaporation of aluminium onto a spin-coated layer of polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs), followed by sonication and dissolution of the polymer template. Although ordinary spherical aluminium nanoparticles have a plasmon resonance in the ultra-violet, the 'nano-caps' show plasmon absorption between 700 and 1200 nm due to their geometry. The position of their extinction peaks can be tuned by varying the thickness of the aluminium and the shape of the nano-cap. The optical properties of these shapes were modelled using the discrete dipole approximation method, which confirmed that the 'caps' have very significantly red-shifted absorbance and scattering compared to spheres. This finding suggests that aluminium nano-caps might compete with gold and silver nanoparticles in applications requiring absorption in the near infrared. © 2005 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Liu, J, Maaroof, AI, Wieczorek, L & Cortie, MB 2005, 'Fabrication of Hollow Metal “Nanocaps” and Their Red‐Shifted Optical Absorption Spectra', Advanced Materials, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1276-1281.
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The optical and infrared radiation (IR) absorption spectra of randomly oriented suspensions of discrete cap-shaped metal nanoparticles were discussed. Nanocaps of gold, silver, aluminum, copper, and chromium were produced and the effect of variations in deposition angle and thickness were analyzed. The nanocaps were fabricated with the application of 200 nm diameter PSPs onto a glass substrates by spin-coating. The results show that the absorption peaks of these nanocaps are strongly red shifted relative to those of solid nanospheres.

Liu, JQ, Maaroof, AI, Wieczorek, L & Cortie, MB 2005, 'Fabrication of hollow metal 'nanocaps' and their red-shifted optical absorption spectra', ADVANCED MATERIALS, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1276-+.
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Liu, Y, Gu, HY & Xi, YG 2005, 'Planning and scheduling algorithm based on TOC for complex hybrid flow shop problems', Jisuanji Jicheng Zhizao Xitong/Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems, CIMS, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 97-103.
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For complex Hybrid Flow Shop (HFS) problems with reentrance, batch processing, setup-time and multiple optimization objectives, a general description for HFS was presented. And then a planning and scheduling algorithm based on Theory of Constraints (TOC) was proposed. The whole framework of algorithm was based on the five principle steps of TOC. The multiple-objective optimization was realized by using objective programming. The solution was analyzed by computational study. The upper bound was obtained by estimating bottleneck capacity.

Llewelyn, J, Shine, R & Webb, JK 2005, 'Thermal regimes and diel activity patterns of four species of small elapid snakes from south-eastern Australia', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 1-8.
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Two of the most basic biological attributes for any ectothermic animal are the times of day that it is active and the body temperatures that it exhibits. Published studies on reptile biology display a heavy bias towards diurnal lizards from Northern Hemisphere habitats. To help redress this imbalance, we quantified thermal regimes and activity times in four species of small Australian elapid snakes. Mean selected body temperature in a thermal gradient was affected by the time of testing ( i. e. night v. day), with snakes choosing higher body temperatures at night than by day. In outdoor enclosures, whip snakes ( Demansia psammophis) were shuttling heliotherms active only during daylight hours at relatively high body temperatures; in a laboratory thermal gradient these animals selected high body temperatures ( mean 31.3degreesC during the day and 33.2degreesC at night). The other three taxa - golden- crowned snakes ( Cacophis squamulosus), small- eyed snakes ( Cryptophis nigrescens) and marsh snakes ( Hemiaspis signata) - were active mostly at night at relatively low body temperatures, and selected low body temperatures in a thermal gradient ( 18.1 - 23.4degreesC). Thus, mean selected body temperatures differ substantially among sympatric elapid species in south- eastern Australia and are correlated with times of activity.

Lucas, NT, Hook, JM, McDonagh, AM & Colbran, SB 2005, 'Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Functionalized with Pd and W Complexes of a Catecholphosphane Ligand', European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 2005, no. 3, pp. 496-503.
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AbstractPalladium and tungsten complexes containing the bifunctional ligand 4‐diphenylphosphanylcatechol (L1) have been synthesized. The catecholate functionality strongly binds to titanium dioxide nanoparticles, effectively anchoring the complexes to the TiO2 surface. Solid‐state 31P NMR spectroscopy was used to probe the surface‐bound compounds. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy also provided data on surface‐bound tungsten carbonyl complexes. Preliminary experiments show that the palladium phosphane complex [PdBr2(L1)2] supported on TiO2 catalyzes the Sonogashira coupling of phenylacetylene with 4‐iodonitrobenzene. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)

Luo, M, Dennis, ES, Berger, F, Peacock, WJ & Chaudhury, A 2005, 'MINISEED3 (MINI3), a WRKY family gene, and HAIKU2 (IKU2),, a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) KINASE gene, are regulators of seed size in Arabidopsis', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 102, no. 48, pp. 17531-17536.
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Maaroof, AI & Smith, GB 2005, 'Effective optical constants of nanostructured thin silver films and impact of an insulator coating', THIN SOLID FILMS, vol. 485, no. 1-2, pp. 198-206.
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Two distinct electrically percolated types of nanostructured silver (n-Ag) films on glass substrates have been optically and structurally studied and effective refractive indices determined. The first though well above the percolation threshold contains

Maaroof, AI, Cortie, MB & Smith, GB 2005, 'Optical properties of mesoporous gold films', JOURNAL OF OPTICS A-PURE AND APPLIED OPTICS, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 303-309.
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Mesoporous gold thin films on glass substrates were fabricated by sputtering of AuAl2 precursor films followed by a de-alloying etch. The resulting sponge-like Au films have very high internal surface area due to nanoscale pores and channels. Scattering

Macinnis-Ng, CMO, Morrison, DA & Ralph, PJ 2005, 'Temporal and spatial variation in the morphology of the brown macroalga Hormosira banksii (Fucales, Phaeophyta)', BOTANICA MARINA, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 198-207.
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Hormosira banksii is a morphologically variable macroalgal species from southeastern and southern Australia, which has been previously categorised into ecoforms according to habitat. This study is by far the largest quantitative evaluation of morphological variation in H. banksii, covering 74 sites from South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania. Morphological features from 505 samples were analysed using principal components analysis, with the patterns identified being statistically assessed with a Monte Carlo permutation test. There was considerable morphological variation between samples taken at several marine (but not estuarine) sites in both 1994 and 1999. However, this variation was not consistent across either morphological features or populations, and presumably represents random fluctuations. Analysis of the entire dataset demonstrated a significant difference between samples growing in marine and estuarine habitats. Further assessment of variation within these two groups revealed some significantly different populations based on geographical locations but not habitat variation. While this study presents strong evidence for two distinct taxa within H. banksii (marine versus estuarine populations), the taxonomic status of this species should not be altered until genetic studies have been conducted. © 2005 by Walter de Gruyter.

Maitra, A, Poulton, CG, Jin Wang, Leuthold, J & Freude, W 2005, 'Low switching threshold using nonlinearities in stopband-tapered waveguide Bragg gratings', IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 1303-1308.
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We numerically study the nonlinear switching characteristics in a waveguide grating with a linearly tapered stopband. This type of design shows promising results in decreasing the threshold switching power, while simultaneously preserving a significant extinction ratio. We find that the switching threshold changes linearly with the tapering coefficient. The physical explanation for these phenomena is discussed. Potential applications for this type of device include all-optical switches and isolators. © 2005 IEEE.

Margis-Pinheiro, M, Zhou, XR, Zhu, QH, Dennis, ES & Upadhyaya, NM 2005, 'Isolation and characterization of a Ds-tagged rice (Oryza sativa L.) GA-responsive dwarf mutant defective in an early step of the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway', PLANT CELL REPORTS, vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 819-833.
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Masens, C, Ford, MJ & Cortie, MB 2005, 'The effect of surface symmetry on the adsorption energetics of SCH3 on gold surfaces studied using Density Functional Theory', SURFACE SCIENCE, vol. 580, no. 1-3, pp. 19-29.
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Adsorption of methanethiol onto the three, high symmetry gold surfaces has been studied at the density functional level using a linear combination of atomic orbitals approach. In all three cases the bond energy between the thiolate radical and surface is typical of a covalent bond, and is of the order of 40 kcal mol-1. For the (1 1 1) surface the fcc hollow site is slightly more stable than the bridge site. For the (1 0 0) surfaces the four-fold hollow is clearly the most stable, and for the reconstructed (1 1 0) surface the bridge/edge sites either side of the first layer atoms are preferred. The calculated differences in binding energy between the three surfaces indicate that the thiolate will preferentially bind to the Au(1 1 0) or (1 0 0) before (1 1 1) surface, by about 10 kcal mol-1. The (1 1 0) surface is slightly more favourable than the (1 0 0), although the energy difference is only 3 kcal mol-1. The results suggest the possibility of selectively functionalising the different facets offered by a gold nanoparticle. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Massonnet, G, Buzzini, P, Jochem, G, Stauber, M, Coyle, T, Roux, C, Thomas, J, Leijenhorst, H, Van Zanten, Z, Wiggins, K, Russell, C, Chabli, S & Rosengarten, A 2005, 'Evaluation of Raman Spectroscopy for the analysis of colored fibers: A collaborative study', JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 1028-1038.
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A collaborative study on Raman spectroscopy was carried out by members of the ENFSI (European Network of Forensic Science Institutes) European Fibres Group (EFG) on three dyed fibers: two red acrylics and one red wool. Raman instruments from six differen

Matthews, CJ, Cook, FJ, Knight, JH & Braddock, RD 2005, 'Handling the water content discontinuity at the interface between layered soils within a numerical scheme', Soil Research, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 945-945.
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In general, the water content (θ) form of Richards’ equation is not used when modeling water flow through layered soil since θ is discontinuous across soil layers. Within the literature, there have been some examples of models developed for layered soils using the θ-form of Richards’ equation. However, these models usually rely on an approximation of the discontinuity at the soil layer interface. For the first time, we will develop an iterative scheme based on Newton’s method, to explicitly solve for θ at the interface between 2 soils within a numerical scheme. The numerical scheme used here is the Method of Lines (MoL); however, the principles of the iterative solution could be used in other numerical techniques. It will be shown that the iterative scheme is highly effective, converging within 1 to 2 iterations. To ensure the convergence behaviour holds, the numerical scheme will be tested on a fine-over-coarse and a coarse-over-fine soil with highly contrasting soil properties. For each case, the contrast between the soil types will be controlled artificially to extend and decrease the extent of the θ discontinuity. In addition, the numerical solution will be compared against a steady-state analytical solution and a numerical solution from the literature.

Matz, C, McDougald, D, Moreno, AM, Yung, PY, Yildiz, FH & Kjelleberg, S 2005, 'Biofilm formation and phenotypic variation enhance predation-driven persistence of Vibrio cholerae', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 102, no. 46, pp. 16819-16824.
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Persistence of the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Vibrio cholerae in aquatic environments is the principal cause for seasonal occurrence of cholera epidemics. This causality has been explained by postulating that V. cholerae forms biofilms in association with animate and inanimate surfaces. Alternatively, it has been proposed that bacterial pathogens are an integral part of the natural microbial food web and thus their survival is constrained by protozoan predation. Here, we report that both explanations are interrelated. Our data show that biofilms are the protective agent enabling V. cholerae to survive protozoan grazing while their planktonic counterparts are eliminated. Grazing on planktonic V. cholerae was found to select for the biofilm-enhancing rugose phase variant, which is adapted to the surface-associated niche by the production of exopolymers. Interestingly, grazing resistance in V. cholerae biofilms was not attained by exopolymer production alone but was accomplished by the secretion of an antiprotozoal factor that inhibits protozoan feeding activity. We identified that the cell density-dependent regulator hapR controls the production of this factor in biofilms. The inhibitory effect of V. cholerae biofilms was found to be widespread among toxigenic and nontoxigenic isolates. Our results provide a mechanistic explanation for the adaptive advantage of surface-associated growth in the environmental persistence of V. cholerae and suggest an important contribution of protozoan predation in the selective enrichment of biof...

McLean, C, Bettelheim, KA, Kuzevski, A, Falconer, L & Djordjevic, SP 2005, 'Isolation of Escherichia coli O5 : H − , possessing genes for Shiga toxin 1, intimin-β and enterohaemolysin, from an intestinal biopsy from an adult case of bloody diarrhoea: evidence for two distinct O5 : H − pathotypes', Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 605-607.
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Two typical coliforms from an intestinal biopsy from an adult case of bloody diarrhoea carried genes encoding intimin-ß, stx1 and ehxA, and produced verocytotoxin 1 and enterohaemolysin in culture. Both were biochemically typical Escherichia coli O5 : H-, apart from producing urease. Such O5 isolates represent a human pathogenic E. coli lineage.

McNevin, D, Wilson-Wilde, L, Robertson, J, Kyd, J & Lennard, C 2005, 'Short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping of keratinised hair', Forensic Science International, vol. 153, no. 2-3, pp. 237-246.
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McNevin, D, Wilson-Wilde, L, Robertson, J, Kyd, J & Lennard, C 2005, 'Short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping of keratinised hair Part 2. An optimised genomic DNA extraction procedure reveals donor dependence of STR profiles', Forensic Science International, vol. 153, no. 2-3, pp. 247-259.
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McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA & Botten, LC 2005, 'Neumann series and lattice sums', Journal of Mathematical Physics, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 083509-083509.
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We consider sums over the square lattice which depend only on radial distance, and provide formulas which enable sums of functions with Neumann series to be reexpressed as combinations of hypergeometric series. We illustrate the procedure using trigonometric sums previously studied by Borwein and Borwein, sums combining logarithms, Bessel functions Jλ, and powers of distance, and sums of Neumann functions. We also exhibit sums which may be evaluated analytically and recurrence formulas linking sums.

McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA & Botten, LC 2005, 'Schlomilch series and grating sums', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND GENERAL, vol. 38, no. 39, pp. 8353-8366.
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We consider sums over the set of positive integers relevant to construction of periodic Green's functions for diffraction gratings and similar problems, and provide a general formula for a combination of Bessel functions of complex order and complex powe

Meeker, JD, Barr, DB, Ryan, L, Herrick, RF, Bennett, DH, Bravo, R & Hauser, R 2005, 'Temporal variability of urinary levels of nonpersistent insecticides in adult men', JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 271-281.
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Widespread application of contemporary-use insecticides results in low-level exposure for a majority of the population through a variety of pathways. Urinary insecticide biomarkers account for all exposure pathways, but failure to account for temporal within-subject variability of urinary levels can lead to exposure misclassification. To examine temporal variability in urinary markers of contemporary-use insecticides, nine repeated urine samples were collected over 3 months from 10 men participating in an ongoing study of male reproductive health. These 90 samples were analyzed for urinary metabolites of chlorpyrifos (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY)) and carbaryl (1-naphthol (1N)). Volume- based (unadjusted), as well as creatinine (CRE)- and specific gravity (SG)-adjusted concentrations were measured. TCPY had low reliability with an intraclass correlation coefficient between 0.15 and 0.21, while IN was moderately reliable with an intraclass correlation coefficient between 0.55 and 0.61. When the 10 men were divided into tertiles based on 3-month geometric mean TCPY and 1N levels, a single urine sample performed adequately in classifying a subject into the highest or lowest exposure tertiles. Sensitivity and specificity ranged from 0.44 to 0.84 for TCPY and from 0.56 to 0.89 for IN. Some differences in the results between unadjusted metabolite concentrations and concentrations adjusted for CRE and SG were observed. Questionnaires were used to assess diet in the 24 h preceding the collection of each urine sample. In mixed-effects models, TCPY was significantly associated with season as well as with consuming grapes and cheese, while IN levels were associated with consuming strawberries. In conclusion, although a single sample adequately predicted longer-term average exposure, a second sample collected at least 1 month following the first sample would reduce exposure measurement error. © 2005 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved.

Melville, F, Pulkownik, A & Burchett, M 2005, 'Zonal and seasonal variation in the distribution and abundance of mangrove macroalgae in the Parramatta River, Australia', ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE, vol. 64, no. 2-3, pp. 267-276.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the spatial and temporal variation of macroalgae epiphytic on pneumatophores of the Grey mangrove, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh., in the Parramatta River, the major estuarine system flowing into Sydney Harbour.

Miller, C, Quinn, H, Ryce, C, Reichel, MP & Ellis, JT 2005, 'Reduction in transplacental transmission of Neospora caninum in outbred mice by vaccination', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 821-828.
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Infection with the protozoan parasite Neospora caninum is an important cause of abortion in cattle. A major source of infection is transplacental transfer of the parasite from mother to offspring during pregnancy. This study describes investigations on the immunisation of outbred Qs mice before pregnancy with live or a crude lysate of N. caninum (NC-Nowra isolate) to prevent transplacental transfer of a challenge infection administered during pregnancy. Parasites present in the brains of pups from mice challenged with N. caninum (NC-Liverpool) were detected by PCR. Injection of live NC-Nowra tachyzoites before pregnancy dramatically reduced transplacental transfer from 75 to 0.8% in one experiment and from 76 to 8% in a second experiment. Injection of a crude lysate of NC-Nowra tachyzoites reduced transplacental transfer from 67 to 53% in one experiment and from 76 to 63% in a second experiment. Analysis of N. caninum-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibody levels prior to pregnancy and challenge showed that NC-Nowra lysate induced a response skewed towards IgG1 whereas live parasites induced both IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies. After pregnancy and a challenge infection, a similar IgG1/IgG2a response was seen in all challenged groups. These results provide further positive support for the hypothesis that transplacental transmission of this parasite is preventable by vaccination. © 2005 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mitrovic, SM, Allis, O, Furey, A & James, KJ 2005, 'Bioaccumulation and harmful effects of microcystin-LR in the aquatic plants Lemna minor and Wolffia arrhiza and the filamentous alga Chladophora fracta', ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 345-352.
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Although the toxic effects of cyanotoxins on animals have been examined extensively, little research has focused on their effects on higher plants and macroalgae, and the potential for bioaccumulation in the food web through plants. Two aquatic plants, Lemna minor and Wolffia arrhiza, and one filamentous alga, Chladophora fracta, were exposed to the cyanotoxin microcystin-LR. Growth of L. minor (as weight and frond number) and root length were significantly reduced and peroxidase activity was significantly increased after 5 days of exposure to concentrations of 10 and 20 μg mL-1 microcystin-LR. Growth of W. arrhiza (as frond number) was significantly reduced after 5 days of exposure to 15 μg mL-1 microcystin-LR. Growth and peroxidase activity of C. fracta were not affected by microcystin-LR at concentrations up to 10 μg mL-1. L. minor also accumulated microcystin-LR up to a concentration of 0.288±0.009 ng mg-1 wet wt. plant material over the 5 days of the experiment, equivalent to an accumulation rate of 0.058 ng mg-1 day-1. C. fracta accumulated a microcystin-LR concentration of 0.042±0.015 ng mg-1 wet wt. plant material over the 5 days of the experiment, equivalent to an accumulation rate of 0.008 ng mg-1 day-1. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Mitrovic, SM, Hamilton, B, McKenzie, L, Furey, A & James, KJ 2005, 'Persistence of yessotoxin under light and dark conditions', MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 397-401.
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The change in concentration of the disulfated polyether yessotoxin (YTX) produced by a culture of the marine dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum was measured in laboratory experiments under light and dark conditions. Experimental cultures were inoculated and grew at a growth rate of 0.14 d-1 until stationary phase was reached, after approximately 21 days. Cultures were maintained in the stationary phase until 31 days after inoculation. Cells of P. reticulatum contained a concentration of approximately 1015 pg YTX cell-1 during stationary phase but this was considerably lower (<5 pg cell-1) during the growth phase. Low amounts of 45-hydroxy-YTX were also detected. At day 32, P. reticulatum was killed by cooling to 1 °C (confirmed microscopically) and YTX concentrations were measured periodically under light and dark conditions. YTX concentrations decreased rapidly to approximately 10% of the initial concentration within the first 3 days and depleted to near zero within a week in the light treatment. In the dark environment, YTX persisted longer with approximately 10% of the initial YTX concentration still remaining after 18 days.

Mo, X, Beven, KJ, Liu, S, Leslie, LM & De Roo, APJ 2005, 'Long-term water budget estimation with the modified distributed model – LISFLOOD-WB over the Lushi basin, China', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 90, no. 1-2, pp. 1-16.
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Mokkapati, S, Lever, P, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, McBean, KE & Phillips, MR 2005, 'Controlling the properties of InGaAs quantum dots by selective-area epitaxy', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 86, no. 11, pp. 1-3.
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Selective growth of InGaAs quantum dots on GaAs is reported. It is demonstrated that selective-area epitaxy can be used for in-plane bandgap energy control of quantum dots. Atomic force microscopy and cathodoluminescence are used for characterization of the selectively grown dots. Our results show that the composition, size, and uniformity of dots are determined by the dimensions of the mask used for patterning the substrate. Properties of dots can be selectively tuned by varying the mask dimensions. A single-step growth of a thin InGaAs quantum well and InGaAs quantum dots on the same wafer is demonstrated. By using a single-step growth, dots luminescing at different wavelengths, in the range 1150-1230 nm, in different parts of the same wafer are achieved. © 2005 American Institute of Physics.

Morales, KH & Ryan, LM 2005, 'Benchmark dose estimation based on epidemiologic cohort data', ENVIRONMETRICS, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 435-447.
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Risk assessments based on epidemiologic studies are becoming increasingly common in evaluating environmental health risks and setting health standards. This article will discuss and compare some of the available methods for exposure-response modeling and risk estimation based on environmental epidemiologic studies with age-specific incidence and mortality data. Recommendations will be made regarding approaches that can be used in practice

Murray, BR & Hose, GC 2005, 'Life-history and ecological correlates of decline and extinction in the endemic Australian frog fauna', AUSTRAL ECOLOGY, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 564-571.
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Frog populations are rapidly disappearing throughout the world. An important issue for ecologists to resolve is why some frog species are more susceptible to decline than others. Here, we performed a comparative study of the endemic Australian frog fauna to determine whether the life history and ecology of declining species have predisposed them to extinction. Decline was consistently found to be correlated with geographical range size across contemporary species and in analyses based on phylogenetically independent contrasts (PICs). Species with narrow geographical ranges have been disproportionately more susceptible to decline. Across species, decline was also correlated with large body size and a high proportion of the geographical range overlapping with the distribution of cane toads and landscape stress (e.g. land clearing). We show that with the exception of range size, however, correlates of decline across species are underpinned by a small number of evolutionary events. Hence, the suite of traits that correlate with decline in the cross-species analysis is only relevant to a small number of clades. We also found that clutch size, testes mass, ova size and distributional overlap with feral pigs were not significantly related to decline. In the ongoing search for life-history and ecological correlates of decline and extinction, our results highlight the importance of performing analyses across contemporary species and using PICs.

Murray, BR & Hose, GC 2005, 'The interspecific range size-body size relationship in Australian frogs', GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 339-345.
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Aim: There is substantial residual scatter about the positive range size-body size relationship in Australian frogs. We test whether species' life history and abundance can account for this residual scatter. Location. Australia. Methods: Multiple regressions were performed using both cross-species and independent contrasts analyses to determine whether clutch size, egg size and species abundance account for variation in range size over and above the effects of body size. Results: In both cross-species and independents contrasts models with body size, clutch size and egg size as predictors, partial r2 values revealed that only egg size was significantly and uniquely related to range size. Contrary to expectation, neither body size nor clutch size could account for significant variation in range size. Incorporating species abundance as a predictor in further multiple regression analysis demonstrated that while abundance accounted for a significant proportion of range size variation, the contribution of egg size was reduced but still significant. Notably, non-significant relationships persisted between range size and both body size and clutch size. Conclusions: The weak positive correlation between body size and range size in Australian frogs disappears after accounting for species abundance and egg size. Our findings demonstrate that species with both high local abundance and small eggs occupy comparatively wider geographical ranges than species with low abundance and large eggs. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Murray, BR, Kelaher, BP, Hose, GC, Figueira, WF & Leishman, MR 2005, 'A meta-analysis of the interspecific relationship between seed size and plant abundance within local communities', OIKOS, vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 191-194.
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Murray, S, Jorgensen, MF, Ho, SYW, Patterson, DJ & Jermiin, LS 2005, 'Improving the analysis of dinoflagellate phylogeny based on rDNA', PROTIST, vol. 156, no. 3, pp. 269-286.
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Murrihy, R & Byrne, MK 2005, 'Training models for psychiatry in primary care: a new frontier', Australasian Psychiatry, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 296-301.
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Objective: Under policies implemented by the Australian Government, the success of community mental health care has increasingly relied upon general practitioners (GPs) assuming an enhanced role in the delivery of evidence-based psychological treatment. In undertaking this role, it is crucial that GPs significantly build upon limited training in evidence-based psychological therapies such as cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). This pilot study investigates the potential role of CBT group supervision as a training model. Method: Two groups of GPs (n = 9) and one comparison group of psychiatric registrars (n = 4) completed eight 1.5 h sessions of CBT group supervision over an 8 month period. Pre- to post-training measures were taken of GP performance (skills, knowledge and confidence) and the mental health outcomes of their patients. On the completion of group supervision, focus groups were conducted for in-depth feedback. Results: Randomization tests indicated that GPs' confidence and knowledge in using CBT had improved over the course of group supervision. Results from focus groups confirmed that GPs' CBT skills had improved. Conclusions: Findings suggest that group supervision is a promising training model for psychiatry in primary care. Cognitive behaviour therapy should be replaced, however, with a briefer therapy model, such as brief CBT, better suited to a general practice environment. Future research needs to replicate these findings on a larger scale.

Nagler, P, Glenn, EP, Hursh, K, Curtis, C & Huete, A 2005, 'Vegetation mapping for change detection on an arid-zone river', ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT, vol. 109, no. 1-3, pp. 255-274.
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A vegetation mapping system for change detection was tested at the Havasu National Wildlife Refuge (HNWR) on the Lower Colorado River. A low-cost, aerial photomosaic of the 4200 ha, study area was constructed utilizing an automated digital camera system, supplemented with oblique photographs to aid in determining species composition and plant heights. Ground-truth plots showed high accuracy in distinguishing native cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and willow (Salix gooddingii) trees from other vegetation on aerial photos. Marsh vegetation (mainly cattails, Typha domengensis) was also easily identified. However, shrubby terrestrial vegetation, consisting of saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima), arrowweed (Pluchea sericea), and mesquite trees (Prosopis spp.), could not be accurately distinguished from each other and were combined into a single shrub layer on the final vegetation map. The final map took the form of a base, shrub and marsh layer, which was displayed as a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index map from a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) image to show vegetation intensity. Native willow and cottonwood trees were digitized manually on the photomosaic and overlain on the shrub layer in a GIS. By contrast to present, qualitative mapping systems used on the Lower Colorado River, this mapping system provides quantitative information that can be used for accurate change detection. However, better methods to distinguish between saltcedar, mesquite, and arrowweed are needed to map the shrub layer. © Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2005.

Nagler, PL, Cleverly, J, Glenn, E, Lampkin, D, Huete, A & Wan, ZM 2005, 'Predicting riparian evapotranspiration from MODIS vegetation indices and meteorological data', REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 17-30.
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A vegetation index (VI) model for predicting evapotranspiration (ET) from data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) on the EOS-1 Terra satellite and ground meteorological data was developed for riparian vegetation along the Middle Rio Grande River in New Mexico. Ground ET measurements obtained from eddy covariance towers at four riparian sites were correlated with MODIS VIs, MODIS land surface temperatures (LSTs), and ground micrometeorological data over four years. Sites included two saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) and two Rio Grande cottonwood (Populus deltoides ssp. Wislizennii) dominated stands. The Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) was more closely correlated (r=0.76) with ET than the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI; r=0.68) for ET data combined over sites and species. Air temperature (T a) measured over the canopy from towers was the meteorological variable that was most closely correlated with ET (r=0.82). MODIS LST data at 1- and 5-km resolutions were too coarse to accurately measure the radiant surface temperature within the narrow riparian corridor; hence, energy balance methods for estimating ET using MODIS LSTs were not successful. On the other hand, a multivariate regression equation for predicting ET from EVI and T a had an r 2=0.82 across sites, species, and years. The equation was similar to VI-ET models developed for crop species. The finding that ET predictions did not require species-specific equations is significant, inasmuch as these are mixed vegetation zones that cannot be easily mapped at the species level. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Nagler, PL, Hinojosa-Huerta, O, Glenn, EP, Garcia-Hernandez, J, Romo, R, Curtis, C, Huete, AR & Nelson, SG 2005, 'Regeneration of native trees in the presence of invasive saltcedar in the Colorado River delta, Mexico', CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1842-1852.
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Many riparian zones in the Sonoran Desert have been altered by elimination of the normal flood regime; such changes to the flow regime have contributed to the spread of saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissma Ledeb.), an exotic, salt-tolerant shrub. It has been proposed that reestablishment of a natural flow regime on these rivers might permit passive restoration of native trees, without the need for aggressive saltcedar clearing programs. We tested this proposition in the Colorado River delta in Mexico, which has received a series of large-volume water releases from U.S. dams over the past 20 years. We mapped the vegetation of the delta riparian corridor through ground and aerial surveys (1999-2002) and satellite imagery (1992-2002) and related vegetation changes to river flood flows and fire events. Although saltcedar is still the dominant plant in the delta, native cottonwood (Populus fremontii S. Wats.) and willow (Salix gooddingii C. Ball) trees have regenerated multiple times because of frequent flood releases from U.S. dams since 1981. Tree populations are young and dynamic (ages 5-10 years). The primary cause of tree mortality between floods is fire. Biomass in the floodplain, as measured by the normalized difference vegetation index on satellite images, responds positively even to low-volume (but long-duration) flood events. Our results support the hypothesis that restoration of a pulse flood regime will regenerate native riparian vegetation despite the presence of a dominant invasive species, but fire management will be necessary to allow mature tree stands to develop. ©2005 Society for Conservation Biology.

Nagler, PL, Scott, RL, Westenburg, C, Cleverly, JR, Glenn, EP & Huete, AR 2005, 'Evapotranspiration on western US rivers estimated using the Enhanced Vegetation Index from MODIS and data from eddy covariance and Bowen ratio flux towers', REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 337-351.
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We combined remote sensing and in-situ measurements to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) from riparian vegetation over large reaches of western U.S. rivers and ET by individual plant types. ET measured from nine flux towers (eddy covariance and Bowen ratio) established in plant communities dominated by five major plant types on the Middle Rio Grande, Upper San Pedro River, and Lower Colorado River was strongly correlated with Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) values from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) sensor on the NASA Terra satellite. The inclusion of maximum daily air temperatures (Ta) measured at the tower sites further improved this relationship. Sixteen-day composite values of EVI and Ta were combined to predict ET across species and tower sites (r2 = 0.74); the regression equation was used to scale ET for 2000-2004 over large river reaches with T a from meteorological stations. Measured and estimated ET values for these river segments were moderate when compared to historical, and often indirect, estimates and ranged from 851-874 mm yr- 1. ET of individual plant communities ranged more widely. Cottonwood (Populus spp.) and willow (Salix spp.) stands generally had the highest annual ET rates (1100-1300 mm yr- 1), while mesquite (Prosopis velutina) (400-1100 mm yr - 1) and saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) (300-1300 mm yr - 1) were intermediate, and giant sacaton (Sporobolus wrightii) (500-800 mm yr- 1) and arrowweed (Pluchea sericea) (300-700 mm yr- 1) were the lowest. ET rates estimated from the flux towers and by remote sensing in this study were much lower than values estimated for riparian water budgets using crop coefficient methods for the Middle Rio Grande and Lower Colorado River. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Naka, T, Egi, M, Bellomo, R, Cole, L, French, C, Botha, J, Wan, L, Fealy, N & Baldwin, I 2005, 'Commercial Low-citrate Anticoagulation Haemofiltration in High Risk Patients with Frequent Filter Clotting', Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 601-608.
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This study assessed the safety and efficacy of a commercial low-citrate concentration-based pre-filter replacement fluid during continuous veno-venous haemofiltration (CVVH) in patients with frequent filter clotting and high risk of bleeding. We used a commercial low-citrate fluid as pre-dilution replacement fluid during CVVH (citrate: 11 mmol/l (33 meq/l), sodium: 140 mmol/l, chloride: 108 mmol/l and potassium: 1 mmol/l). A calcium and magnesium infusion was delivered separately by central line for the maintenance of serum ionized calcium (Cai) and total magnesium (Mg). In this prospective observational study, 30 patients, 124 filters and 1,515 treatment-hours were observed. Median filter life of citrate CVVH was 9.5 hours. Filter life in the 48 hours prior to citrate CVVH was also observed. In the patients on prior non-anticoagulant CVVH (n=14) filter life increased significantly with citrate (9.5 hours vs 5 hours; P<0.0001). In patients on prior heparin CVVH (n=15), filter life was similar with citrate (10 hours vs 8 hours; P=0.68). However, in patients with prior early/frequent filter clotting despite heparin (n=11) filter life increased significantly (10 hours vs 7 hours; P=0.038). Of 411 serum Cai measurements, none showed a Cai<0.85 mmol/l and, of 84 observations, none showed a serum Mg<0.6mmol/l. One patient with sepsis and shock needed to cease citrate CVVH because of progressive ionized hypocalcaemia and increasing anion gap. No other adverse effects were observed. In selected patients, CVVH with a commercial low-citrate concentration solution as pre-filter replacement fluid and a simultaneous calcium and magnesium infusion protocol appears generally safe. Filter life was acceptable and superior to that achieved with previous treatment.

Nasha, SMB, Schreiber, U, Ralph, PJ & Muller, JF 2005, 'The combined SPE : ToxY-PAM phytotoxicity assay; application and appraisal of a novel biomonitoring tool for the aquatic environment', BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 1443-1451.
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Mounting concerns regarding the environmental impact of herbicides has meant a growing requirement for accurate, timely information regarding herbicide residue contamination of, in particular, aquatic systems. Conventional methods of detection remain limited in terms of practicality due to high costs of operation and the specialised information that analysis provides. A new phytotoxicity bioassay was trialled for the detection of herbicide residues in filter-purified (Milli-Q) as well as natural waters. The performance of the system, which combines solid-phase extraction (SPE) with the ToxY-PAM dual-channel yield analyser (Heinz Walz GmbH), was tested alongside the traditional method of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The assay methodology was found to be highly sensitive (LOD 0.1 ng L -1 diuron) with good reproducibility. The study showed that the assay protocol is time effective and can be employed for the aquatic screening of herbicide residues in purified as well as natural waters. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Needham, SA, Wang, GX & Liu, HK 2005, 'Electrochemical performance of SnSb and Sn/SnSb nanosize powders as anode materials in Li-ion cells', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 400, no. 1-2, pp. 234-238.
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Nanosized pure SnSb and SnSb with excess ductile Sn (referred to as Sn/SnSb) powders have been synthesised by careful reductive co-precipitation in NaBH4. Crystallite sizes for both powders measure in the 50-100 nm range with particles agglomerating up to a few micrometers in pure SnSb powder and several tens of micrometers in the Sn/SnSb composite. Pristine powders were mixed separately with carbon black in order to improve dispersion and electronic conduction. Electrodes were constructed using the powders and tested as Li-ion half cell in order to measure the electrochemical performance. The energy storage capacity of electrodes improved in excess of 50% by increasing quantity of carbon black from 20 wt.% to 50 wt.%. Capacity fade over repeated charge and discharge cycles still remains a challenge to practical application of SnSb and Sn/SnSb alloy electrodes. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ng, SH, Wang, J, Guo, ZP, Chen, J, Wang, GX & Liu, HK 2005, 'Single wall carbon nanotube paper as anode for lithium-ion battery', Electrochimica Acta, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 23-28.
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'Free-standing' single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) papers have been synthesised by simple filtration method via positive pressure. A conventional SWNT slurry coated electrode was fabricated to compare with the SWNT papers. The results show that the capacity of the 'Free-standing' electrode was slightly lower than that of the conventional electrode, but the 'Free-standing' electrode was produced without any binder, and metal substrate, so that the weight of electrode was reduced significantly. On the other hand, the procedures for SWNT electrode preparation were simplified, so the cost of the manufacturing could be reduced. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Novikov, A, Melchers, RE, Shinjikashvili, E & Kordzakhia, N 2005, 'First passage time of filtered Poisson process with exponential shape function', Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 57-65.
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Solving some integro-differential equation we find the Laplace transform of the first passage time for filtered Poisson process generated by pulses with uniform or exponential distributions. Also, the martingale technique is applied for approximations of expectations and distributions of the first passage times. The approximations accuracy is verified with the help of Monte-Carlo simulations. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Novikov, AA & Shiryaev, AN 2005, 'On an Effective Solution of the Optimal Stopping Problem for Random Walks', Theory of Probability & Its Applications, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 344-354.
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We find a solution of the optimal stopping problem for the case when a reward function is an integer power function of a random walk on an infinite time interval. It is shown that an optimal stopping time is a first crossing time through a level defined as the largest root of Appell's polynomial associated with the maximum of the random walk. It is also shown that a value function of the optimal stopping problem on the finite interval {0, 1, . . . , T} converges with an exponential rate as T → ∞ to the limit under the assumption that jumps of the random walk are exponentially bounded.

Nowak, D, Florek, M, Nowak, J, Kwiatek, W, Lekki, J, Zięba, E, Romero, PG, Ben-Nissan, B & Kuczumow, A 2005, 'Micro-Spectrometric Investigations of Inorganic Components of the Black Corals for Biomedical Applications', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 284-286, no. 1, pp. 297-300.
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The distribution of about twenty inorganic elements was traced in the skeletons of black corals of the Antipathes salix species. Electron microprobe and PIXE mappings revealed the peculiar structure of this material, composed of the large cells (arranged in annual rings), surrounded by thin layers with an elevatedlevel of iodine (up to 5%). Our current knowledge of the chemical composition of these corals’ skeleton is not complete. Essentially the organic skeleton is saturated with inorganic elements and several of these could be commercially important. In fact, they have never been investigated for biomedical applications. Inthis preliminary current work, black corals from the Antipathes salix species were studied with the aim of detecting the inorganic components of their matrix and their suitability as biomedical materials.

Oliver, SN, Van Dongen, JT, Alfred, SC, Mamun, EA, Zhao, XC, Saini, HS, Fernandes, SF, Blanchard, CL, Sutton, BG, Geigenberger, P, Dennis, ES & Dolferus, R 2005, 'Cold-induced repression of the rice anther-specific cell wall invertase gene OSINV4 is correlated with sucrose accumulation and pollen sterility', PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 1534-1551.
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O'Neill, C 2005, 'The role of paf in embryo physiology', Human Reproduction Update, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 215-228.
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Oren, A, Pri-El, N, Shapiro, O & Siboni, N 2005, 'Gas vesicles isolated from Halobacterium cells by lysis in hypotonic solution are structurally weakened', FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS, vol. 252, no. 2, pp. 337-341.
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Ozawa, K, Headlam, MJ, Mouradov, D, Watt, SJ, Beck, JL, Rodgers, KJ, Dean, RT, Huber, T, Otting, G & Dixon, NE 2005, 'Translational incorporation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine into proteins', FEBS JOURNAL, vol. 272, no. 12, pp. 3162-3171.
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An Escherichia coli cell-free transcription/translation system was used to explore the high-level incorporation Of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) into proteins by replacing tyrosine with DOPA in the reaction mixtures. ESI-MS showed specific incorpor

Parker, D, Kennan, RA, Myers, GS, Paulsen, IT & Rood, JI 2005, 'Identification of a Dichelobacter nodosus ferric uptake regulator and determination of its regulatory targets', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 187, no. 1, pp. 366-375.
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The expression of iron regulated genes in bacteria is typically controlled by the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) protein, a global transcriptional repressor that regulates functions as diverse as iron acquisition, oxidative stress, and virulence. We have identified afur homologue in Dichelobacter nodosus, the causative agent of ovine footrot, and shown that it complements an Escherichia colifur mutant. Homology modeling of the D. nodosus Fur protein with the recently solved crystal structure of Fur from Pseudomonas aeruginosa indicated extensive structural conservation. As Southern hybridization analysis of different clinical isolates of D. nodosus indicated that the fur gene was present in all of these strains, the fur gene was insertionally inactivated to determine its functional role. Analysis of these mutants by various techniques did not indicate any significant differences in the expression of known virulence genes or in iron-dependent growth. However, we determined several Fur regulatory targets by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry. Analysis of proteins from cytoplasmic, membrane, and extracellular fractions revealed numerous differentially expressed proteins. The transcriptional basis of these differences was analyzed by using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Proteins with increased expression in the fur mutant were homologues of the periplasmic iron binding protein YfeA and a cobalt chelatase, CbiK. Down-regulated proteins included a putative manganese superoxide dismutase and ornithine decarboxylase. Based on these data, it is suggested that in D. nodosus the Fur protein functions as a regulator of iron and oxidative metabolism.

Paulsen, IT, Press, CM, Ravel, J, Kobayashi, DY, Myers, GSA, Mavrodi, DV, DeBoy, RT, Seshadri, R, Ren, Q, Madupu, R, Dodson, RJ, Durkin, AS, Brinkac, LM, Daugherty, SC, Sullivan, SA, Rosovitz, MJ, Gwinn, ML, Zhou, L, Schneider, DJ, Cartinhour, SW, Nelson, WC, Weidman, J, Watkins, K, Tran, K, Khouri, H, Pierson, EA, Pierson, LS, Thomashow, LS & Loper, JE 2005, 'Complete genome sequence of the plant commensal Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5', Nature Biotechnology, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 873-878.
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Payne, G, Reedy, B, Lennard, C, Comber, B, Exline, D & Roux, C 2005, 'A further study to investigate the detection and enhancement of latent fingerprints using visible absorption and luminescence chemical imaging', Forensic Science International, vol. 150, no. 1, pp. 33-51.
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This study investigated the application of chemical imaging to the detection of latent fingerprints using the Condor macroscopic chemical imaging system (ChemImage Corp., Pittsburgh, USA). Methods were developed and optimised for the visualisation of unt

PAYNE, G, WALLACE, C, REEDY, B, LENNARD, C, SCHULER, R, EXLINE, D & ROUX, C 2005, 'Visible and near-infrared chemical imaging methods for the analysis of selected forensic samples', Talanta, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 334-344.
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This study investigated various chemical imaging methods for the forensic analysis of paints, tapes and adhesives, inks and firearm propellants (absorption and photoluminescence in the UV-vis-NIR regions). Results obtained using chemical imaging technolo

Peceros, KE, Xu, XD, Bulcock, SR & Cortie, MB 2005, 'Dipole-dipole plasmon interactions in gold-on-polystyrene composites', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, vol. 109, no. 46, pp. 21516-21520.
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Red-shifting of the optical absorption spectra of aggregates of gold nanoparticles by dipole-dipole interactions is of considerable interest, both for theoretical reasons and because the phenomenon can be potentially exploited in various applications. A

Petrasek, Z, Schmitt, FJ, Theiss, C, Huyer, J, Chen, M, Larkum, A, Eichler, HJ, Kemnitz, K & Eckert, HJ 2005, 'Excitation energy transfer from phycobiliprotein to chlorophyll d in intact cells of Acaryochloris marina studied by time- and wavelength-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy', PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 1016-1022.
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The fluorescence decay spectra and the excitation energy transfer from the phycobiliproteins (PBP) to the chlorophyll-antennae of intact cells of the chlorophyll (Chl) d-dominated cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina were investigated at 298 and 77 K by time- and wavelength-correlated single photon counting fluorescence spectroscopy. At 298 K it was found that (i) the fluorescence dynamics in A. marina is characterized by two emission peaks located at about 650 and 725 nm, (ii) the intensity of the 650 nm fluorescence depends strongly on the excitation wavelength, being high upon excitation of phycobiliprotein (PBP) at 632 nm but virtually absent upon excitation of chlorophyll at 430 nm, (iii) the 650 nm fluorescence band decayed predominantly with a lifetime of 70 ± 20 ps, (iv) the 725 nm fluorescence, which was observed independent of the excitation wavelength, can be described by a three-exponential decay kinetics with lifetimes depending on the open or the closed state (F0 or Fm) of the reaction centre of Photosystem II (PS II). Based on the results of this study, it is inferred that the excitation energy transfer from phycobiliproteins to Chl d of PS II in A. marina occurs with a time constant of about 70 ps, which is about three times faster than the energy transfer from the phycobilisomes to PS II in the Chl a-containing cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6301 (C. W. Mullineaux and A. R. Holzwarth, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1991, 68–78, 1098). A similar fast PBP to Chl d excitation energy transfer was also observed at 77 K. At 77 K a small long-lived fluorescence decay component with a lifetime of 14 ns was observed in the 640–700 nm spectral range. However, it has a rather featureless spectrum, not typical for Chl a, and was only observed upon excitation at 400 nm but not upon excitation at 632 and 654 nm. Thus, this long-lived fluorescence component cannot be used as an indicator that the primary PS II donor of Acaryochloris marina contains Chl a. © 2005 The Roya...

Pfeiffer, RM, Ryan, L, Litonjua, A & Pee, D 2005, 'A case-cohort design for assessing covariate effects in longitudinal studies', BIOMETRICS, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 982-991.
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The case-cohort design for longitudinal data consists of a subcohort sampled at the beginning of the study that is followed repeatedly over time, and a case sample that is ascertained through the course of the study. Although some members in the subcohort may experience events over the study period, we refer to it as the 'control-cohort.' The case sample is a random sample of subjects not in the control-cohort, who have experienced at least one event during the study period. Different correlations among repeated observations on the same individual are accommodated by a two-level random-effects model. This design allows consistent estimation of all parameters estimable in a cohort design and is a cost-effective way to study the effects of covariates on repeated observations of relatively rare binary outcomes when exposure assessment is expensive. It is an extension of the case-cohort design (Prentice, 1986, Biometrika73, 1-11) and the bidirectional case-crossover design (Navidi, 1998, Biometrics54, 596-605). A simulation study compares the efficiency of the longitudinal case-cohort design to a full cohort analysis, and we find that in certain situations up to 90% efficiency can be obtained with half the sample size required for a full cohort analysis. A bootstrap method is presented that permits testing for intra-subject homogeneity in the presence of unidentifiable nuisance parameters in the two-level random-effects model. As an illustration we apply the design to data from an ongoing study of childhood asthma.

Phongikaroon, S, Hoffmaster, R, Judd, KP, Smith, GB & Handler, RA 2005, 'Effect of temperature on the surface tension of soluble and insoluble Surfactants of hydrodynamical importance', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 1602-1607.
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Phyu, YL, Warne, MS & Lim, RP 2005, 'Effect of river water, sediment and time on the toxicity and bioavailability of molinate to the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri (Microtox)', WATER RESEARCH, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 2738-2746.
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The toxicity and bioavailability of molinate to Vibrio fischeri (Microtox (R)) were determined in both laboratory and river water in the absence and presence of sediment after 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96-h exposure. The bioavailability of molinate, expressed as

Phyu, YL, Warne, MS & Lim, RP 2005, 'Toxicity and bioavailability of atrazine and molinate to the freshwater shrimp (Paratya australiensis) under laboratory and simulated field conditions', ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 113-122.
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Acute (96-h) semistatic toxicity tests were conducted by exposing the freshwater shrimp, Paratya australiensis, to atrazine and molinate in laboratory water and in river water both with and without sediment. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) and 95% fiducial limits of atrazine for P. australiensis in laboratory water in the absence and presence of sediment were 9.9 (8.6-11.5) and 6.8 (5.4-8.5)mg/L, respectively, while the corresponding values in river water were 9.8 (8.5-11.2) and 6.5 (5.4-7.8)mg/L, respectively. For molinate, the LC50 values in laboratory water in the absence and presence of sediment were 9.2 (7.0-12.1) and 9.0 (6.8-12.0)mg/L, respectively and the corresponding values in river water were 8.7 (6.4-11.8) and 8.2 (6.6-10.2)mg/L, respectively. Neither the river water nor the presence of sediment significantly (P<0.05) reduced the bioavailability of either chemical to P. australiensis. This was unexpected, as studies with other aquatic organisms have shown that sediment significantly reduced the bioavailability of these chemicals.

Phyu, YL, Warne, MSJ & Lim, RP 2005, 'The toxicity and bioavailability of atrazine and molinate to Chironomus tepperi larvae in laboratory and river water in the presence and absence of sediment', CHEMOSPHERE, vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 1231-1239.
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Acute (10day) semi-static toxicity tests in which the midge, Chironomus tepperi, were exposed to atrazine and molinate were conducted in laboratory water and in river water, in the absence and presence of sediment. The bioavailability measured as median

Platen, E 2005, 'On the Role of the Growth Optimal Portfolio in Finance', Australian Economic Papers, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 365-388.
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The paper discusses various roles that the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) plays in finance. For the case of a continuous market we show how the GOP can be interpreted as a fundamental building block in financial market modelling, portfolio optimisation, contingent claim pricing and risk measurement. On the basis of aportfolio selection theorem, optimal portfolios are derived. These allocate funds into the GOP and the savings account. A risk aversion coefficient is introduced, controlling the amount invested in the savings account, which allows to characterise portfolio strategies that maximise expected utilities. Natural conditions are formulated under which the GOP appears as the market portfolio. derivation of the intertemporal capital asset pricving model is given without relying on Markovianity, equilibrium arguments or utility functions. Fair contingent claim pricing, with the GOP as numeraire portfolio, is shown to generalise risk neutral and actuarial pricing. Finally the GOPis described in various ways as the best performing portfolio.

Pohlman, CL, Nicotra, AB & Murray, BR 2005, 'Geographic range size, seedling ecophysiology and phenotypic plasticity in Australian Acacia species', JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 341-351.
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Aim: The degree to which eco-physiological traits critical to seedling establishment are related to differences in geographic range size among species is not well understood. Here, we first tested the idea that seedling ecophysiological attributes associated with establishment differ between narrowly distributed and geographically widespread plant species. Secondly, we tested the notion that species occupying wide geographic ranges have greater phenotypic plasticity in response to the environment than contrasted species with more restricted distributions. Location: Eastern Australia. Methods: We compared five pairs of geographically restricted and widespread Acacia species grown under glasshouse conditions for differences in seedling relative growth rate and associated allocational, morphological and physiological traits. We then examined whether widespread species displayed greater phenotypic plasticity in these traits than narrowly distributed species in response to changes in soil water availability. Results: Neither relative growth rate nor any measure of biomass accumulation or allocation differed significantly between seedlings of narrowly distributed and widespread species. In addition, the plasticity of biomass allocation was not greater in widespread species. However, the leaflets of widespread species had higher photosynthetic capacity and greater plasticity of water use efficiency than the leaflets of narrowly distributed species. Main conclusions: We demonstrated fundamental differences in the physiology and plasticity of leaflets of widespread and narrowly distributed species. The greater plasticity of these seedling leaflet traits may allow widespread Acacia species to utilize a wider range of environmental conditions in relation to soil moisture than restricted Acacia species. However, we did not find corresponding differences in mean or plasticity of seedling growth and allocational traits. In general, we suggest that relationships betwe...

Pope, DT, Berry, DW & Langford, NK 2005, 'The practicality of adaptive phase estimation', Optics and Spectroscopy, vol. 99, no. 3, pp. 397-403.
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Pope, DT, Berry, DW & Langford, NK 2005, 'The practicality of adaptive phase estimation', Optika i Spektroskopiya, vol. 99, no. 3, pp. 416-422.
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Adaptive phase estimation is the process of estimating the phase of an electromagnetic field via a continually changing measurement. The measurement is varied in an attempt to optimise it at each moment. In this paper we show that adaptive phase estimation is more accurate than nonadaptive phase estimation for continuous beams of light, even when small time delays in the feedback are present.

Poulton, CG, Müller, M & Freude, W 2005, 'Scattering from sidewall deformations in photonic crystals', Journal of the Optical Society of America B, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 1211-1211.
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We present results from a new method for the solution of electromagnetic scattering from finite sets of two-dimensional cylinders exhibiting sidewall deformations. Our model treats the sidewall deviation as a small perturbation on a circle; the response of a single cylinder to an arbitrary external field can then be calculated, and the interactions between the cylinders can be computed with a multipole method. This leads to a series of model problems for successively higher asymptotic orders. Because most of the computation time is taken up with solving the original, unperturbed problem, a large number of additional types of perturbation can be examined at little extra numerical cost. © 2005 Optical Society of America.

Prior, LD, Bowman, DMJS & Eamus, D 2005, 'Intra-specific variation in leaf attributes of four savanna tree species across a rainfall gradient in tropical Australia', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 323-335.
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Leaf attributes of four savanna tree species were measured along a rainfall gradient (1650-950mm per annum) in the Australian monsoon tropics. As the mean annual rainfall decreased, leaf thickness increased for three of these four species. However, a cor

Quesada, R & Gale, PA 2005, '7  Supramolecular chemistry', Annual Reports Section 'B' (Organic Chemistry), vol. 101, pp. 148-148.
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Ralph, PJ & Gademann, R 2005, 'Rapid light curves: A powerful tool to assess photosynthetic activity', AQUATIC BOTANY, vol. 82, no. 3, pp. 222-237.
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Rapid light curves provide detailed information on the saturation characteristics of electron transport, as well as the overall photosynthetic performance of a plant. Rapid light curves were collected from samples of Zostera marina grown under low and high-light conditions (50 and 300 μmol photons m-2 s-1) and the distinctive patterns of RLC parameters are discussed, in terms of differential sink capacity and PSII reaction centre closure. Derived cardinal points of a rapid light curve (α, Ek and rETRmax) describe the photosynthetic capacity of a seagrass leaf, its light adaptation state and its capacity to tolerate short-term changes in light. The shapes of the corresponding F and F′m curves also provide information on the development of the trans-thylakoid proton gradient and thermal energy dissipation. Low-light leaves showed limited photosynthetic capacity and reduced activity of non-photochemical quenching pathways, whereas photosynthesis of high light leaves were not limited and showed an elevated level of non-photochemical quenching, possibly associated with xanthophyll cycle activity. Light-dark kinetics are also discussed in relation to relaxation of non-photochemical quenching and its various components. A curve fitting model is recommended based on the double exponential decay function. In this paper, we explain the fundamental aspects of a RLC, describe how it reflects the response to light exposure of a leaf, how to interpret these curves, and how to quantitatively describe and compare RLCs. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ralph, PJ, Larkum, AWD & Kuhl, M 2005, 'Temporal patterns in effective quantum yield of individual zooxanthellae expelled during bleaching', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, vol. 316, no. 1, pp. 17-28.
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Bleaching is a worldwide phenomenon affecting coral reefs. During elevated temperature and light conditions (bleaching), expelled zooxanthellae show distinct patterns in photosynthetic health. An innovative new device was used to collect individual expelled zooxanthellae, when a coral was exposed to bleaching conditions. This has provided new insight into the photosynthetic condition and abundance of expelled zooxanthellae. It has been assumed that expelled zooxanthellae were dead or moribund; however, we have found individual cells can have healthy effective quantum yields (φPSII) >0.65 after 8 h of bleaching conditions (500 μmol photons m-2 s -1, 33°C). The population of expelled zooxanthellae from Cyphastrea serailia and Pocillopora damicornis showed distinct patterns in the frequency distribution of φPSII over time and between locations (sun versus shade) within a colony. During the first 4 h of exposure to bleaching conditions, only 5% of expelled individual cells from P. damicornis were photosynthetically inactive (φPSII<0.05), whereas for C. serailia, this was 30%. The overall photosynthetic health of expelled zooxanthellae from C. serailia was better than P. damicornis (0.53±0.13 and 0.38±0.13 after 8 h, respectively). This was generally reflected by the in hospite measurement of the coral, yet, the in hospite cells always had a higher φPSII than expelled cells, suggesting that host tissue provided added photoprotection for the zooxanthellae. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ralph, PJ, Macinnis-Ng, CMO & Frankart, C 2005, 'Fluorescence imaging application: effect of leaf age on seagrass photokinetics', AQUATIC BOTANY, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 69-84.
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We used the Imaging-PAM fluorometer to map spatial variability of photosynthesis in three seagrass species, Halophila ovalis, Zostera capricorni and Posidonia australis. Photosynthesis was described by relative photosynthetic rate (PS/50), effective quantum yield (ΦPSII), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ and qN), electron transport rate (ETR) and leaf absorptivity. Photosynthetic patterns were linked to leaf age and light climate but patterns were not consistent across species. Longitudinal heterogeneity in photosynthesis was apparent along the leaves of all three species while lateral spatial heterogeneity was found only across Z. capricorni and H. ovalis leaves. Age of leaf tissue, determined by longitudinal location on the leaf, strongly influenced photosynthetic activity of Z. capricorni and P. australis. A comparison of H. ovalis leaves of differing maturity demonstrated the influence of leaf age on photosynthetic activity, yet a comparison of Z. capricorni leaves of differing maturity showed no leaf-age effects. Variations in stress-induced changes across a seagrass leaf can be used to identify areas or particular regions of the leaf, which are more susceptible to photodamage. Clear evidence of substantial within-leaf heterogeneity in photosynthetic activity (i.e., a two-fold variation in half saturation constant along a leaf of P. australis) has serious implications for use of small sections of leaf for photosynthetic incubations (such as O2 or single-point chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ralph, PJ, McMinn, A, Ryan, KG & Ashworth, C 2005, 'Short-term effect of temperature on the photokinetics of microalgae from the surface layers of Antarctic pack ice', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 763-769.
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Microalgae growing within brine channels (85 psu salinity) of the surface ice layers of Antarctic pack ice showed considerable photosynthetic tolerance to the extreme environmental condition. Brine microalgae exposed to temperatures above -5°C and at irradiances up to 350 μmol photons· m -2·s-1 showed no photosynthetic damage or limitations. Photosynthesis was limited (but not photoinhibited) when brine microalgae were exposed to -10°C, provided the irradiance remained under 50 μmol photons·m-2·s-1. The highest level of photosynthetic activity (maximum relative electron transport rate [rETR max]) in brine microalgae growing within the surface layer of sea ice was at approximately 18 μmol electrons·m-2·s -1, which occurred at -1.8° C. Effective quantum yield of PSII and rETRmax of the halotolerant brine microalgae exhibited a temperature-dependent pattern, where both parameters were higher at -1.8° C and lower at -10° C. Relative ETRmax at temperatures above -5°C were stable across a wide range of irradiance. © 2005 Phycological Society of America.

Ralph, PJ, Schreiber, U, Gademann, R, Kuhl, M & Larkum, AWD 2005, 'Coral photobiology studied with a new imaging pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 335-342.
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A new high-resolution imaging fluorometer (Imaging-PAM) was used to identify heterogeneity of photosynthetic activity across the surface of corals. Three species were examined: Acropora nobilis Dana (branching), Goniastrea australiensis Edwards A Haime (

Rasko, DA, Myers, GSA & Ravel, J 2005, 'Visualization of comparative genomic analyses by BLAST score ratio', BMC Bioinformatics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 2-2.
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Abstract Background The first microbial genome sequence, Haemophilus influenzae, was published in 1995. Since then, more than 400 microbial genome sequences have been completed or commenced. This massive influx of data provides the opportunity to obtain biological insights through comparative genomics. However few tools are available for this scale of comparative analysis. Results The BLAST Score Ratio (BSR) approach, implemented in a Perl script, classifies all putative peptides within three genomes using a measure of similarity based on the ratio of BLAST scores. The output of the BSR analysis enables global visualization of the degree of proteome similarity between all three genomes. Additional output enables the genomic synteny (conserved gene order) between each genome pair to be assessed. Furthermore, we extend this synteny analysis by overlaying BSR data as a color dimension, enabling visualization of the degree of similarity of the peptides being compared. Conclusions Combining the degree of similarity, synteny and annotation will allow rapid identification of conserved genomic regions as well as a number of common genomic rearrangements such as insertions, deletions and inversions. The script and example visualizations are available at: http://www.microbialgenomics.org/BSR/.

Ratana, P, Huete, AR & Ferreira, L 2005, 'Analysis of cerrado physiognomies and conversion in the MODIS seasonal-temporal domain', EARTH INTERACTIONS, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1-22.
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The 'cerrado' biome in central Brazil is rapidly being converted into pasture and agricultural crops with important consequences for local and regional climate change and regional carbon fluxes between the atmosphere and land surface. Satellite remote sensing provides an opportunity to monitor the highly diverse and complex cerrado biome, encompassing grassland, shrubland, woodland and gallery forests, and converted areas. In this study, the potential of Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data is analyzed to discriminate among these diverse cerrado physiognomies and converted pastures based on their seasonal dynamics and phenology. Four years (2000-03) of MODIS 16-day composited, 250-m resolution vegetation index (VI) data were extracted over a series of biophysically sampled field study sites representing the major cerrado types. The temporal VI profiles over the cerrado formations exhibited high seasonal contrasts with a pronounced dry season from June to August and a wet growing season from November to March. The converted pasture areas showed the highest seasonal contrasts while the gallery forest formation had the lowest contrast. Seasonal VI variations were negatively correlated with woody canopy crown cover and provided a method to discriminate among converted cerrado areas, gallery forests, and the woody and herbaceous cerrado formations. The grassland and shrub cerrado formations, however, were difficult to separate based on their seasonal VI profiles. Maximum discrimination among the cerrado types occurred during the dry season where a positive linear relationship was found between VI and green cover. The annual integrated VI values showed the gallery forests and cerrado woodland as having the highest, and hence most annual productivity, while the more herbaceous shrub and grassland cerrado types were least productive. The cumulative VI profiles of converted cerrado, pasture areas varied distinctly in shape due to thei...

Real, G, Autret, S, Harry, EJ, Errington, J & Henriques, AO 2005, 'Cell division protein DivIB influences the Spo0J/Soj system of chromosome segregation in Bacillus subtilis', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 349-367.
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SummaryThe initiation of the developmental process of sporulation in the rod‐shaped bacterium Bacillus subtilis involves the activation of the Spo0A response regulator. Spo0A then drives the switch in the site of division septum formation from midcell to a polar position. Activated Spo0A is required for the transcription of key sporulation loci such as spoIIG, which are negatively regulated by the Soj protein. The transcriptional repressing activity of Soj is antagonized by Spo0J, and both proteins belong to the well‐conserved Par family of partitioning proteins. Soj has been shown to jump from nucleoid to nucleoid via the cell pole. The dynamic behaviour of Soj is somehow controlled by Spo0J, which prevents the static association of Soj with the nucleoid, and presumably its transcriptional repression activity. Soj in turn is required for the proper condensation of Spo0J foci around the oriC region. The asymmetric partitioning of the sporangial cell requires DivIB and other proteins involved in vegetative (medial) division. We describe an allele of the cell division gene divIB (divIB80) that reduces the cellular levels of DivIB, and affects nucleoid structure and segregation in growing cells, yet has no major impact on cell division. In divIB80 cells Spo0J foci are not correctly condensed and Soj associates statically with the nucleoid. The divIB80 allele prevents transcription of spoIIG, and arrests sporulation prior to the formation of the asymmetric division septum. The defect in Spo0A‐dependent gene expression, and the Spo– phenotype can be suppressed by expression of divIB in trans or by deletion of the soj‐spo0J locus. However, d...

Reimers, JR, Cai, ZL & Hush, NS 2005, 'A priori evaluation of the solvent contribution to the reorganization energy accompanying intramolecular electron transfer: Predicting the nature of the Creutz-Taube ion', CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 319, no. 1-3, pp. 39-51.
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Ren, BH, O'Brien, B, Swan, MA & Simpson, AM 2005, 'In vivo delivery of the human insulin gene results in long-term reversal of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes in rats', JOURNAL OF GENE MEDICINE, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 1124-1124.
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Rice, SA, Koh, KS, Queck, SY, Labbate, M, Lam, KW & Kjelleberg, S 2005, 'Biofilm Formation and Sloughing inSerratia marcescensAre Controlled by Quorum Sensing and Nutrient Cues', Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 187, no. 10, pp. 3477-3485.
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ABSTRACTWe describe here a role for quorum sensing in the detachment, or sloughing, ofSerratia marcescensfilamentous biofilms, and we show that nutrient conditions affect the biofilm morphotype. Under reduced carbon or nitrogen conditions,S. marcescensformed a classical biofilm consisting of microcolonies. The filamentous biofilm could be converted to a microcolony-type biofilm by switching the medium after establishment of the biofilm. Similarly, when initially grown as a microcolony biofilm,S. marcescenscould be converted back to a filamentous biofilm by increasing the nutrient composition. Under high-nutrient conditions, anN-acyl homoserine lactone quorum-sensing mutant formed biofilms that were indistinguishable from the wild-type biofilms. Similarly, other quorum-sensing-dependent behaviors, such as swarming motility, could be rendered quorum sensing independent by manipulating the growth medium. Quorum sensing was also found to be involved in the sloughing of the filamentous biofilm. The biofilm formed by the bacterium consistently sloughed from the substratum after approximately 75 to 80 h of development. The quorum-sensing mutant, when supplemented with exogenous signal, formed a wild-type filamentous biofilm and sloughed at the same time as the wild type, and this was independent of surfactant production. When we removed the signal from the quorum-sensing mutant prior to the time of sloughing, the biofilm did not undergo significant detachment. Together, the data suggest that biofilm formation byS. marcescensis a dynamic process that is controlled by both nutrient cues and the quorum-sensing system.

Rice, SA, McDougald, D, Kumar, N & Kjelleberg, S 2005, 'The use of quorum-sensing blockers as therapeutic agents for the control of biofilm-associated infections.', Curr Opin Investig Drugs, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 178-184.
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The development of novel antimicrobial compounds is required to treat the growing number of infections where antibiotic resistance is a serious threat, especially in situations where biofilms are involved. Antibiotic resistance is the result of two factors: first, through the development of specific antibiotic resistance, due to either mutation or the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes; and second, by the innate tolerance of bacterial biofilms. Bacterial control, through the inhibition of bacterial cell-cell communication systems which are involved in the regulation of virulence factor production, host colonization, and biofilm formation, is discussed in this review. Specifically, this review presents current studies on the development of quorum-sensing inhibitors for the control of bacterial infections.

Roach, DR, Briscoe, H, Saunders, BM & Britton, WJ 2005, 'Independent Protective Effects for Tumor Necrosis Factor and Lymphotoxin Alpha in the Host Response toListeria monocytogenesInfection', Infection and Immunity, vol. 73, no. 8, pp. 4787-4792.
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ABSTRACTAlthough the essential role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in resistance toListeria monocytogenesinfection is well established, the roles of the related cytokines lymphotoxin alpha (LTα) and lymphotoxin beta (LTβ) are unknown. Using C57BL/6 mice in which the genes for these cytokines were disrupted, we examined the contributions of TNF, LTα, and LTβ in the host response toListeria. To overcome the lack of peripheral lymph nodes in LTα−/−and LTβ−/−mice, bone marrow chimeras were constructed. TNF−/−and LTα−/−chimeras that lacked both secreted LTα3and membrane-bound LTα1β2and LTα2β1were highly susceptible and succumbed 4.5 and 6 days, respectively, after a low-dose infection (200 CFU). LTβ−/−chimeras, which lacked only membrane-bound LT, controlled the infection in a manner comparable to wild-type (WT) chimeras. TheListeria-specific proliferative and gamma interferon T-cell responses were equivalent in all five groups of infected mice (LTα−/−and LTβ−/−chimeras, WT chimeras, and TNF−/−and WT mice). TNF−/−mice and LTα−/−chimeras, however, failed to generate the discrete foci of lymphocytes and macrophages that are essential for bacterial elimination. Rather, aberrant necrotic lesions comprised predominantly of neutrophils with relatively few lymphocytes and macrophages were observed in the livers and spleens of TNF−/−and LTα−/−chimeras. Therefore, in addition to TNF, soluble LTα3plays a separate essential role in control of listerial infection through control of leuko...

Rodriguez-Lanetty, M, Scaramuzzi, C, Quinnell, RG & Larkum, AWD 2005, 'Transport of symbiotic zooxanthellae in mesogleal canals of Zoanthus robustus?', Coral Reefs, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 195-196.
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Rungis, D, Llewellyn, D, Dennis, ES & Lyon, BR 2005, 'Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers reveal low levels of polymorphism between cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 301-307.
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Sader, MA, McGrath, KCY, Hill, MD, Bradstock, KF, Jimenez, M, Handelsman, DJ, Celermajer, DS & Death, AK 2005, 'Androgen receptor gene expression in leucocytes is hormonally regulated: implications for gender differences in disease pathogenesis', Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 56-63.
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SummaryObjective  There is evidence that male sex hormones influence the rate of progression of inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases. We have previously shown that human leucocytes and arterial cells isolated from male donors express more androgen receptor (AR) than those from female cells, with potentially pro‐atherogenic effects. We now investigate whether the gender difference in AR expression is due to genetic or hormonal regulation.Design and Patients  The influence of hormones on AR expression were studied in hpg mice (a mouse model of androgen deficiency) treated with testosterone, oestradiol or dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Blood samples were obtained for leucocyte AR expression and hormone levels from 53 subjects, grouped into: 12 male [six young adult (27–45 years), six elderly (71–79 years)] and six female (young adult 25–45 years) healthy controls; six male‐to‐female transsexuals (M2F; 20–50 years) receiving stable pharmacological oral oestrogen treatment; six female‐to‐male transsexuals (F2M; 31–51 years) receiving stable androgen replacement therapy; five younger men (18–56 years) who had been receiving long‐term androgen replacement therapy for hypogonadal disease; six elderly men (72–88 years) who had undergone medical castration for prostate cancer treatment; and 12 male bone marrow transplant recipients (BMT; 23–65 years) from either male or female donors.Measurements  Serum testosterone and oestradiol concentrations were measured by established immunoflurometric assays from unextracted human serum. AR mRNA levels were measured by RT–PCR and AR protein levels by western blot (cell culture) or immunohistochemistry (mouse arteries).Results  We found that AR mRNA levels were significantly down‐regulated in the leucocytes of h...

Salganik, MP, Hardie, DL, Swart, B, Dandie, GW, Zola, H, Shaw, S, Shapiro, H, Tinckam, K, Milford, EL & Wand, MP 2005, 'Detecting antibodies with similar reactivity patterns in the HLDA8 blind panel of flow cytometry data', Journal of Immunological Methods, vol. 305, no. 1, pp. 67-74.
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The blind panel collected for the 8th Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigens Workshop (HLDA8; http://www.hlda8.org) included 49 antibodies of known CD specificities and 76 antibodies of unknown specificity. We have identified groups of antibodies showing similar patterns of reactivity that need to be investigated by biochemical methods to evaluate whether the antibodies within these groups are reacting with the same molecule. Our approach to data analysis was based on the work of Salganik et al. (in press) [Salganik, M.P., Milford E.L., Hardie D.L., Shaw, S., Wand, M.P., in press. Classifying antibodies using flow cytometry data: class prediction and class discovery. Biometrical Journal]. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Salganik, MP, Milford, EL, Hardie, DL, Shaw, S & Wand, MP 2005, 'Classifying Antibodies Using Flow Cytometry Data: Class Prediction and Class Discovery', Biometrical Journal, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 740-754.
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Classifying monoclonal antibodies, based on the similarity of their binding to the proteins (antigens) on the surface of blood cells, is essential for progress in immunology, hematology and clinical medicine. The collaborative efforts of researchers from many countries have led to the classification of thousands of antibodies into 247 clusters of differentiation (CD). Classification is based on flow cytometry and biochemical data. In preliminary classifications of antibodies based on flow cytometry data, the object requiring classification (an antibody) is described by a set of random samples from unknown densities of fluorescence intensity. An individual sample is collected in the experiment, where a population of cells of a certain type is stained by the identical fluorescently marked replicates of the antibody of interest. Samples are collected for multiple cell types. The classification problems of interest include identifying new CDs (class discovery or unsupervised learning) and assigning new antibodies to the known CD clusters (class prediction or supervised learning). These problems have attracted limited attention from statisticians. We recommend a novel approach to the classification process in which a computer algorithm suggests to the analyst the subset of the 'most appropriate' classifications of an antibody in class prediction problems or the 'most similar' pairs/ groups of antibodies in class discovery problems. The suggested algorithm speeds up the analysis of a flow cytometry data by a factor 10-20. This allows the analyst to focus on the interpretation of the automatically suggested preliminary classification solutions and on planning the subsequent biochemical experiments. © 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Sanchez, BN, Budtz-Jorgensen, E, Ryan, LM & Hu, H 2005, 'Structural equation models: A review with applications to environmental epidemiology', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 100, no. 472, pp. 1443-1455.
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Structural equation models (SEMs) have been discussed extensively in the psychometrics and quantitative behavioral sciences literature. However, many statisticians and researchers in other areas of application are relatively unfamiliar with their implementation. Here we review some of the SEM literature and describe basic methods, using examples from environmental epidemiology. We make connections to recent work on latent variable models for multivariate outcomes and to measurement error methods, and discuss advantages and disadvantages of SEMs compared with traditional regressions. We give a detailed example in which two models fit the same data well, yet one is physiologically implausible. This underscores the critical role of subject matter knowledge in the successful implementation of SEMs. A brief discussion on open research areas is included. © 2005 American Statistical Association.

Sanchez-Camara, J, Booth, DJ & Turon, X 2005, 'Reproductive cycle and growth of Phyllopteryx taeniolatus', JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 133-148.
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Sanchez‐Camara, J, Booth, DJ & Turon, X 2005, 'Reproductive cycle and growth of Phyllopteryx taeniolatus', Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 133-148.
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In this study, 36 males, 33 females and 15 juveniles of the common or weedy seadragon Phyllopteryx taeniolatus, a syngnathid fish endemic to the waters of southern Australia, were identified using visual implant fluorescent elastomer tags and pattern of appendages and their reproductive cycle and growth was studied from May 2001 to June 2002. Brooding males were present for a period of >6 months, from June–July to early‐January. The percentage of males that were pregnant in the studied areas peaked in November–December, near the end of the breeding season. Two pregnancies were reported for some males. Ten recruits were identified from November to June. Growth rates for young‐of‐the‐year, young of the previous year, males and females were measured. The von Bertalanffy growth constant K was estimated at 0·098 month−1.

Sano, EE, Ferreira, LG & Huete, AR 2005, 'Synthetic Aperture Radar (L band) and Optical Vegetation Indices for Discriminating the Brazilian Savanna Physiognomies: A Comparative Analysis', Earth Interactions, vol. 9, no. 15, pp. 1-15.
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Abstract The all-weather capability, signal independence to the solar illumination angle, and response to 3D vegetation structures are the highlights of active radar systems for natural vegetation mapping and monitoring. However, they may present significant soil background effects. This study addresses a comparative analysis of the performance of L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data and optical vegetation indices (VIs) for discriminating the Brazilian cerrado physiognomies. The study area was the Brasilia National Park, Brazil, one of the test sites of the Large-Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere (LBA) experiment in Amazonia. Seasonal Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) SAR backscatter coefficients (σ°) were compared with two vegetation indices [normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI)] over the five most dominant cerrados’ physiognomies plus gallery forest. In contrast to the VIs, σ° from dry and wet seasons did not change significantly, indicating primary response to vegetation structures. Discriminant analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed an overall higher performance of radar data. However, when both SAR and VIs are combined, the discrimination capability increased significantly, indicating that the fusion of the optical and radar backscatter observations provides overall improved classifications of the cerrado types. In addition, VIs showed good performance for monitoring the cerrado dynamics.

Sastraruji, T, Jatisatienr, A, Pyne, SG, Ung, AT, Lie, W & Williams, MC 2005, 'Phytochemical studies on Stemona plants: Isolation of stemofoline alkaloids', JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS, vol. 68, no. 12, pp. 1763-1767.
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Six new stemofoline alkaloids, (2¢R)-hydroxystemofoline (5), (3¢R)-stemofolenol (6), (3¢S)-stemofolenol (7),1¢,2¢-didehydrostemofoline-N-oxide (8), the first C19 stemofoline alkaloid, methylstemofoline (9), and the first glycosidated Stemona alkaloid, stemofolinoside (10), and three known alkaloids, (2¢S)-hydroxystemofoline (2), (11Z)-1¢,2¢-didehydrostemofoline (3), and (11E)-1¢,2¢-didehydrostemofoline (4), have been isolated from a root extract of an unidentified Stemona species. The structure and relative configuration of these new alkaloids have been determined by spectral data interpretation and from semisynthetic studies.

Saunders, BM, Tran, S, Ruuls, S, Sedgwick, JD, Briscoe, H & Britton, WJ 2005, 'Transmembrane TNF Is Sufficient to Initiate Cell Migration and Granuloma Formation and Provide Acute, but Not Long-Term, Control ofMycobacterium tuberculosisInfection', The Journal of Immunology, vol. 174, no. 8, pp. 4852-4859.
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AbstractTNF is critical for immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; however, the relative contributions of the soluble and transmembrane forms of TNF in this immunity are unknown. Using memTNF mice, which express only the transmembrane form of TNF, we have addressed this question. Wild-type (WT), TNF−/−, and transmembrane TNF (memTNF) mice were infected with M. tuberculosis by aerosol. TNF−/− mice developed overwhelming infection with extensive pulmonary necrosis and died after only 33 days. memTNF mice, like WT mice, contained bacterial growth for over 16 wk, developed an Ag-specific T cell response, and initially displayed compact granulomas, comprised of both lymphocytes and macrophages. Expression of mRNA for the chemokines CXCL10, CCL3, CCL5, and CCL7 was comparable in both WT and memTNF mice. As the infection progressed, however, the pulmonary lesions in memTNF mice became larger and more diffuse, with increased neutrophil accumulation and necrosis. This was accompanied by increased influx of activated memory T cells into the lungs of memTNF mice. Eventually, these mice succumbed to infection with a mean time to death of 170 days. The expression of memTNF on T cells is functionally important because the transfer of T cells from memTNF, but not TNF−/− mice, into either RAG−/− or TNF−/− mice conferred the same survival advantage on the M. tuberculosis-infected recipient mice, as the transfer of WT T cells. Therefore, memTNF, in the absence of soluble TNF, is sufficient to control acute, but not chronic, M. tuberculosis infection, in part through its expression on T cells.

Schelm, S & Smith, GB 2005, 'Evaluation of the limits of resonance tunability in metallic nanoshells with a spectral averaging method', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 1288-1292.
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Spectral selectivity based on tuning the surface plasmon resonance in metallic nanoshells by variation of the relative shell thickness is shown to be limited by the interplay between scattering and absorption. To achieve resonance energies in the near infrared and infrared, relatively large cores are needed, which lead to strong and broad scattering bands and multipolar contributions in the visible.

Schelm, S & Smith, GB 2005, 'Internal electric field densities of metal nanoshells', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, vol. 109, no. 5, pp. 1689-1694.
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The internal field patterns for gold shells filled with the same material as the surrounding medium are calculated with Mie theory and in the quasistatic approximation and their properties compared to the response of homogeneous spheres and metallic ring

Schelm, S, Smith, GB, Garrett, PD & Fisher, WK 2005, 'Tuning the surface-plasmon resonance in nanoparticles for glazing applications', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 97, no. 12.
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Schuster, SS, Blong, RJ & Speer, MS 2005, 'A hail climatology of the greater Sydney area and New South Wales, Australia', International Journal of Climatology, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 1633-1650.
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The first in-depth hail climatology for the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, based on reports of hailstones front 1791 to 2003, is described. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology's severe weather database is extended with a detailed compilation of scientific and newspaper accounts of hail fall for the greater Sydney area for the period 1805 to 1998. Owing to its high exposure to thunderstorm and hail by virtue of population and building density, the greater Sydney area is the focus of the database. Comparisons are drawn between Sydney and the rest of NSW, and between coastal and inland areas of the state. Over the study period, a total of 1570 thunderstorms produced hail. On average, 10 hailstorms per year were recorded in Sydney in the last 50 years. However, there is a statistically significant decrease in the hailstorm frequency during the last 14 years compared with the preceding 36 years. The magnitude of hailstorms, as measured by reports of estimated hailstone size, revealed an average maximum hailstone size per storm that ranged from 3.8 to 4.0 cm for different regions. Hailstorms occur most frequently between October and February (Australian spring and summer) in NSW, with peak activity in November and December. The hail season in Sydney begins 2 months earlier (August to February). However, during the last 14 years there has been a shift to November to March. The majority of NSW hailstorms occur during the late afternoon between 3pm and 7pm, with hailstorms in Sydney occurring about 1 h earlier. The most active hail fall regions are located in the Bureau of Meteorology's northern NSW weather forecast districts of the Northern Tablelands, Northern Rivers and parts of the Northwest Slopes. In Sydney, the most hail-prone suburbs are concentrated over the most densely populated areas and corridors. Copyright ©2005 Royal Meteorological Society.

Scott, K, Butcher, A, Wintrebert-Fouquet, M, Chen, PPT, Prince, KE, Timmers, H, Shrestha, SK, Shubina, TV, Ivanov, SV, Wuhrer, R, Phillips, MR & Monemar, B 2005, 'Non-stoichiometry and non-homogeneity in InN', Physica Status Solidi C - Conferences and Critical Reviews, Vol 2, No 7, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 2263-2266.
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It is shown that the wide variation of apparent band-gap observed for thin films nominally referred to as InN is strongly influenced by variations in the nitrogen:indium stoichiometry. InN samples grown by remote plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition show a change in band-gap between 1.8 and 1.0 eV that is not due to the Moss-Burstein effect, oxygen inclusion or quantum size effects, but for which changes in the growth temperature result in a strong change in stoichiometry. Material non-homogenity and non-stoichiometry appear to be general problems for InN growth. Excess nitrogen can be present at very high levels and indium rich material is also found. This work shows that the extent of the Moss-Burstein effect will have to be reassessed for InN. © 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Scott, K, Butcher, A, Wintrebert-Fouquet, M, Chen, PPT, Wuhrer, R & Phillips, MR 2005, 'Revisiting electrochromism in InN', Physica Status Solidi C - Conferences and Critical Reviews, Vol 2, No 7, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 2293-2296.
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We confirm changes to the band-gap of InN thin films treated in an electrochemical cell in which water electrolysis is evident. Electrical properties of the films were also affected. It is suggested that the change in the film resistivity results from hydrogen incorporation or removal during the electrolysis (dependent on sample polarity). The presence of grain boundaries is believed to enhance the penetration of chemical species into the InN resulting in a greater net change in the observed properties. © 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Seymour, JR, Seuront, L & Mitchell, JG 2005, 'Microscale and small-scale temporal dynamics of a coastal planktonic microbial community', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 300, pp. 21-37.
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The temporal dynamics of heterotrophic bacteria and Synechococcus-type cyanobacteria communities were studied in a coastal habitat characterised by strong hydrodynamic variability using 10 s (microscale) and 30 min (small-scale) sampling intervals. Flow cytometric analysis allowed for the discrimination of 3 populations of heterotrophic bacteria and the examination of the Synechococcus cell cycle. During the 11 h small-scale study, 2-fold changes in the total abundance of both the bacterial and Synechococcus communities were observed, and clear temporal patterns in the abundance, activity and cellular state of the 2 populations were evident. Cumulative sum analysis further revealed distinct periods and trends in the temporal dynamics of the bacterial and Synechococcus communities. Shifts in the abundance of all heterotrophic bacterial populations were significantly correlated to turbulent energy dissipation. No such correlation was evident for the Synechococcus population, which instead appeared to follow a diel cell cycle very similar in nature to patterns observed in other environments. In 2 microscale studies, conducted during dissimilar hydrodynamic conditions, approx. 2-fold shifts in the abundance of the bacterial and Synechococcus populations were also observed. Microscale temporal patterns were dominated by localised variability and the existence of hotspots in abundance and activity, although cumulative sum analysis also revealed more general trends, sometimes occurring over periods of several minutes.

Shabanov, NV, Huang, D, Yang, WZ, Tan, B, Knyazikhin, Y, Myneni, RB, Ahl, DE, Gower, ST, Huete, AR, Aragao, LEOC & Shimabukuro, YE 2005, 'Analysis and optimization of the MODIS leaf area index algorithm retrievals over broadleaf forests', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 1855-1865.
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Broadleaf forest is a major type of Earth's land cover with the highest observable vegetation density. Retrievals of biophysical parameters, such as leaf area index (LAI), of broadleaf forests at global scale constitute a major challenge to modern remote sensing techniques in view of low sensitivity (saturation) of surface reflectances to such parameters over dense vegetation. The goal of the performed research is to demonstrate physical principles of LAI retrievals over broadleaf forests with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LAI algorithm and to establish a basis for algorithm refinement. To sample natural variability in biophysical parameters of broadleaf forests, we selected MODIS data subsets covering deciduous broadleaf forests of the eastern part of North America and evergreen broadleaf forests of Amazonia. The analysis of an annual course of the Terra MODIS Collection 4 LAI product over broadleaf forests indicated a low portion of best quality main radiative transfer-based algorithm retrievals and dominance of low-reliable backup algorithm retrievals during the growing season. We found that this retrieval anomaly was due to an inconsistency between simulated and MODIS surface reflectances. LAI retrievals over dense vegetation are mostly performed over a compact location in the spectral space of saturated surface reflectances, which need to be accurately modeled. New simulations were performed with the stochastic radiative transfer model, which poses high numerical accuracy at the condition of saturation. Separate sets of parameters of the LAI algorithm were generated for deciduous and evergreen broadleaf forests to account for the differences in the corresponding surface reflectance properties. The optimized algorithm closely captures physics of seasonal variations in surface reflectances and delivers a majority of LAI retrievals during a phonological cycle, consistent with field measurements. The analysis of the optimize...

Sharma, R, von Haehling, S, Rauchhaus, M, Bolger, AP, Genth‐Zotz, S, Doehner, W, Oliver, B, Poole‐Wilson, PA, Hans‐Dieter, V, Coats, AJS, Adcock, IM & Anker, SD 2005, 'Whole blood endotoxin responsiveness in patients with chronic heart failure: the importance of serum lipoproteins', European Journal of Heart Failure, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 479-484.
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BackgroundEndotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] may be an important stimulus for cytokine release in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). We sought to investigate the relationship between whole blood endotoxin responsiveness and serum lipoprotein concentrations. It is not known if low‐dose LPS is sufficient to stimulate immune activation.Methods and resultsWhole blood from 32 CHF patients (mean age 66±2 years, NYHA class 2.7±0.2, five female) and 11 healthy control subjects (mean age 47±4 years, six female) was stimulated with LPS at nine different concentrations (0.001 to 10 ng/mL), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF‐α) release was quantified. Reference standard endotoxin at concentrations of 0, 0.6, 1, and 3 EU/ml was added to whole blood from nine CHF patients (age 64α9.1 years, all NYHA class II, eight male) and incubated for 6 h, the TNF‐α production being measured. Serum lipoproteins were quantified using standard techniques. In CHF patients, there was an inverse relationship between whole blood TNF‐α release and serum cholesterol which was strongest at 0.6 ng/mL of LPS (r=−0.53, p=0.002). A similar although weaker relationship was found for serum HDL. No such correlation was found in healthy subjects or with serum LDL (all r2<0.1). Low concentrations of LPS induced a stepwise increase in TNF‐± release from whole blood to concentrations well above those seen in CHF.ConclusionsSerum lipoproteins may play an important role in regulating LPS bioactivity in CHF. Very low LPS activity, at levels seen in vivo in CHF, can induce significant TNF‐α production ex vivo.

Shine, R, Webb, JK, Lane, A & Mason, RT 2005, 'Mate location tactics in garter snakes: effects of rival males, interrupted trails and non-pheromonal cues', FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1017-1024.
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The ability to follow substrate-deposited scent trails using sophisticated vomeronasal abilities is a key feature of snake biology. However, previous research on this topic has derived mostly from a highly artificial test situation: captive snakes following continuous trails over structurally simple homogeneous substrates, in the absence of any other cues (e.g. visual or olfactory) either from the target of that search or from other snakes.

Smith, DJ, Suggett, DJ & Baker, NR 2005, 'Is photoinhibition of zooxanthellae photosynthesis the primary cause of thermal bleaching in corals?', Global Change Biology, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-11.
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AbstractThe bleaching of corals in response to increases in temperature has resulted in significant coral reef degradation in many tropical marine ecosystems. This bleaching has frequently been attributed to photoinhibition of photosynthetic electron transport and the consequent photodamage to photosystem II (PSII) and the production of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium spp.). However, these events may be because of perturbations of other processes occurring within the zooxanthellae or the host cells, and consequently constitute only secondary responses to temperature increase. The processes involved with the onset of photoinhibition of electron transport, photodamage to PSII and pigment bleaching in coral zooxanthellae are reviewed. Consideration is given to how increases in temperature might lead to perturbations of metabolic processes in the zooxanthellae and/or their host cells, which could trigger events leading to bleaching. It is concluded that production of ROS by the thylakoid photosynthetic apparatus in the zooxanthellae plays a major role in the onset of bleaching resulting from photoinhibition of photosynthesis, although it is not clear which particular ROS are involved. It is suggested that hydrogen peroxide generated in the zooxanthellae may have a signalling role in triggering the mechanisms that result in expulsion of zooxanthellae from corals.

Solina, DM, Cheary, RW, Kalceff, W & McCredie, G 2005, 'X-ray reflectivity study of radio frequency sputtered silicon oxide on silicon', THIN SOLID FILMS, vol. 489, no. 1-2, pp. 37-41.
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An X-ray reflectivity study carried out on 45-450 angstrom films of radio frequency sputtered silicon oxide on silicon, with particular attention given to the interface between film and substrate. In order to model refectivity data it was necessary to in

Solomon, GC, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2005, 'Overcoming computational uncertainties to reveal chemical sensitivity in single molecule conduction calculations', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 122, no. 22.
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Spence, A & Poulton, C 2005, 'Photonic band structure calculations using nonlinear eigenvalue techniques', Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 204, no. 1, pp. 65-81.
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This paper considers the numerical computation of the photonic band structure of periodic materials such as photonic crystals. This calculation involves the solution of a Hermitian nonlinear eigenvalue problem. Numerical methods for nonlinear eigenvalue problems are usually based on Newton's method or are extensions of techniques for the standard eigenvalue problem. We present a new variation on existing methods which has its derivation in methods for bifurcation problems, where bordered matrices are used to compute critical points in singular systems. This new approach has several advantages over the current methods. First, in our numerical calculations the new variation is more robust than existing techniques, having a larger domain of convergence. Second, the linear systems remain Hermitian and are nonsingular as the method converges. Third, the approach provides an elegant and efficient way of both thinking about the problem and organising the computer solution so that only one linear system needs to be factorised at each stage in the solution process. Finally, first- and higher-order derivatives are calculated as a natural extension of the basic method, and this has advantages in the electromagnetic problem discussed here, where the band structure is plotted as a set of paths in the (ω,k) plane. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Spinka, C, Carroll, RJ & Chatterjee, N 2005, 'Analysis of case-control studies of genetic and environmental factors with missing genetic information and haplotype-phase ambiguity', Genetic Epidemiology, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 108-127.
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Stack, CM, Dalton, JP, Cunneen, M & Donnelly, S 2005, 'De-glycosylation of Pichia pastoris-produced Schistosoma mansoni cathepsin B eliminates non-specific reactivity with IgG in normal human serum', JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS, vol. 304, no. 1-2, pp. 151-157.
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Production of diagnostic reagents in the yeast Pichia pastoris is particularly attractive since this organism is capable of expressing complex eukaryotic proteins in their correctly folded form and is amenable to large-scale fermentation at low cost. The potential of Schistosoma mansoni cathepsin B as a diagnostic antigen for human schistosomiasis has been previously established using both native and E. coli-derived recombinant proteins. However, when produced in P. pastoris we found that recombinant wild-type cathepsin B was preferentially secreted as a heterogeneously glycosylated molecule that migrated at 39 kDa, 41 kDa and a smear of > 50 kDa on SDS-PAGE, and was susceptible to treatment with Endo H and PGNase F. The addition of yeast sugars to the cathepsin B caused it to react with IgG in the serum of both normal (non-infected) and schistosome-infected humans in immunoblotting and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). To avoid this non-specific reactivity, a non-glycosylated mutant form of cathepsin B, engineered by disrupting its potential glycosylation site, was produced. The non-glycosylated recombinant cathepsin B migrated as a single band of 39 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Most importantly, the molecule was not reactive with IgG in normal sera and, hence, could be employed in immunoblots or ELISA to specifically detect antibodies in schistosome-infected patients. Addition of oligosaccharides by P. pastoris is a potential drawback that needs to be considered before using P. pastoris-produced proteins as diagnostic reagents. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Stapley, J, Hayes, CM, Webb, JK & Keogh, JS 2005, 'Novel microsatellite loci identified from the Australian eastern small-eyed snake (Elapidae : Rhinocephalus nigrescens) and cross species amplification in the related genus Suta', MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 54-56.
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A total of 15 microsatellite primers pairs were developed for the Australian small-eyed snake Rhinoplocephalus nigrescens. Five primers were used to screen 93 individuals of R. nigrescens and were also tested against eight species of the closely related genus Suta. Allelic diversity in R. nigrescens was high in three loci (12-27) and there was high heterozygosity (0.58-0.82). Observed heterozygosity did not deviate from Hardy-Weinberg expectations for the five loci tested. These primers will be useful in studies of population genetics and mating systems of small-eyed snakes and related species. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Stark, D, Beebe, N, Marriott, D, Ellis, J & Harkness, J 2005, 'Detection of Dientamoeba fragilis in fresh stool specimens using PCR', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 57-62.
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Dientamoeba fragilis is a trichomonad parasite that causes human gastrointestinal disease. Currently microscopy is considered to be the gold standard for diagnosis of D. fragilis infection. However, this method is time-consuming and relatively insensitiv

Stark, D, Beebe, N, Marriott, D, Ellis, J & Harkness, J 2005, 'Prospective study of the prevalence, genotyping, and clinical relevance of Dientamoeba fragilis infections in an Australian population', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 2718-2723.
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A prospective study was conducted over a 30-month period, in which fecal specimens from 6,750 patients were submitted to the Department of Microbiology at St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia. Trophozoites of Dientamoeba fragilis were detected in 60 (0.9%) patients by permanent staining, and confirmation was performed by PCR. Gastrointestinal symptoms were present in all patients, with diarrhea and abdominal pain the most common symptoms. Thirty-two percent of patients presented with chronic symptoms. The average age of infected patients was 39.8 years. No correlation was found between D. fragilis and Enterobius vermicularis, a proposed vector of transmission for D. fragilis. The genetic diversity of 50 D. fragilis isolates was examined by PCR, and the PCR products were analyzed for the presence of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. These results showed no variation in the small-subunit rRNA gene and demonstrated a single genotype for all Australian isolates. This study shows the potential pathogenic properties of D. fragilis and the need for all laboratories to routinely test for this organism. Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Stark, PC, Celedon, JC, Chew, GL, Ryan, LM, Burge, HA, Muilenberg, ML & Gold, DR 2005, 'Fungal levels in the home and allergic rhinitis by 5 years of age', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 113, no. 10, pp. 1405-1409.
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Studies have repeatedly demonstrated that sensitization to fungi, such as Alternaria, is strongly associated with allergic rhinitis and asthma in children. However, the role of exposure to fungi in the development of childhood allergic rhinitis is poorly understood. In a prospective birth cohort of 405 children of asthmatic/allergic parents from metropolitan Boston, Massachusetts, we examined in-home high fungal concentrations (> 90th percentile) measured once within the first 3 months of life as predictors of doctor-diagnosed allergic rhinitis in the first 5 years of life. In multivariate Cox regression analyses, predictors of allergic rhinitis included high levels of dust-borne Aspergillus [hazard ratio (HR) = 3.27; 95% confidence interval (Cl), 1.50-7.14], Aureobasidium (HR = 3.04; 95% Cl, 1.33-6.93), and yeasts (HR = 2.67; 95% Cl, 1.26-5.66). The factors controlled for in these analyses included water damage or mild or mildew in the building during the first year of the child's life, any lower respiratory tract infection in the first year, male sex, African-American race, fall date of birth, and maternal IgE to Alternaria > 0.35 U/mL. Dust-borne Alternaria and non-sporulating and total fungi were also predictors of allergic rhinitis in models excluding other fungi but adjusting for all of the potential confounders listed above. High measured fungal concentrations and reports of water damage, mold, or mildew in homes may predispose children with a family history of asthma or allergy to the development of allergic rhinitis. Key words: allergic rhinitis, fungi, mold, respiratory health effects, water damage.

Stephens, AN, Quach, P & Harry, EJ 2005, 'A streamlined approach to high-throughput proteomics', Expert Review of Proteomics, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 173-185.
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Proteomics has rapidly become an important tool for life science research, allowing the integrated analysis of global protein expression from a single experiment. To accommodate the complexity and dynamic nature of any proteome, researchers must use a combination of disparate protein biochemistry techniques, often a highly involved and time-consuming process. Whilst highly sophisticated, individual technologies for each step in studying a proteome are available, true high-throughput proteomics that provides a high degree of reproducibility and sensitivity has been difficult to achieve. The development of high-throughput proteomic platforms, encompassing all aspects of proteome analysis and integrated with genomics and bioinformatics technology, therefore represents a crucial step for the advancement of proteomics research. ProteomIQ™ (Proteome Systems) is the first fully integrated, start-to-finish proteomics platform to enter the market. Sample preparation and tracking, centralized data acquisition and instrument control, and direct interfacing with genomics and bioinformatics databases are combined into a single suite of integrated hardware and software tools, facilitating high reproducibility and rapid turnaround times. This review will highlight some features of ProteomIQ, with particular emphasis on the analysis of proteins separated by 2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. © 2005 Future Drugs Ltd.

STEPHENSON, JON, BUDD, GM, MANNING, J & HANSBRO, P 2005, 'Major eruption-induced changes to the McDonald Islands, southern Indian Ocean', Antarctic Science, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 259-266.
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The McDonald Islands (53°S, 73°E) originally comprised three small islands that lie on the Kerguelen Plateau, 44 km west of Heard Island. No volcanic activity was observed since their discovery in 1874 until 1997, when two passing ships recorded major changes and eruptive behaviour. A 2001 satellite image showed that the main island had doubled its area. This paper reports observations made from a cruise ship in November 2002, supplemented by a high-resolution satellite image acquired in March 2003. A new volcanic complex comprises lava domes, spines and flows, all assumed to be phonolitic, similar to the older volcanic rocks. The complex shows dormant volcanic activity, with numerous fumaroles, recent spine evolution and lava flows. Changes in relative sea level have connected Flat and McDonald Islands. A spit about 1km long with extensive shoals beyond, now extends eastward from McDonald Island and presents new hazards to shipping. Biological changes include colonization by king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonica), previously absent, and a large reduction in numbers of formerly widespread macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus chrysolophus).

Surkan, PJ, Ryan, LM, Bidwell, HW, Brooks, DR, Peterson, KE & Gillman, MW 2005, 'Psychosocial Correlates of Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Urban Working-Class Adults', Journal of Physical Activity and Health, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 397-411.
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Background:Limited data address psychosocial and environmental correlates of physical activity.Methods:We assessed associations of regular and recent leisure-time physical activity with physical/mental well-being, social support, and civic trust and reciprocity in a working-class Boston neighborhood. We surveyed 409 adults in 1999 to 2000 using methodology from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.Results:Adjusted for demographic variables, correlates of regular physical activity included feeling energetic/healthy (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3 to 2.3 for each one of four categories), feeling worried/tense/anxious (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.5 to 1.0), pain interfering with usual activities (OR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.3 to 0.8), feeling sad/blue/depressed (OR = 0.7, 95% CI, 0.5 to 0.9), inadequate sleep/rest (OR = 0.8, 95% CI 0.6 to 1.0) and feeling satisfied with life (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.6, for very satisfied versus other). We found similar associations for participation in any physical activity.Conclusions:Lack of energy, anxiety, pain, sadness, poor sleep, and dissatisfaction with life were associated with low physical activity levels.

Swart, B, Salganik, MP, Wand, MP, Tinckam, K, Milford, EL, Drbal, K, Angelisova, P, Horejsi, V, Macardle, P, Bailey, S, Hollemweguer, E, Hodge, G, Nairn, J, Millard, D, Dagdeviren, A, Dandie, GW & Zola, H 2005, 'The HLDA8 blind panel: Findings and conclusions', Journal of Immunological Methods, vol. 305, no. 1, pp. 75-83.
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There were over 600 antibodies submitted to HLDA8, with many of unknown specificity. Of these, 101 antibodies were selected for a blind panel study that also included 5 negative controls and 27 positive controls of known CD specificity making a total of 133 antibodies in the final panel. Of the 101 unknowns, 31 antibodies were identified during the course of this blind panel study as being specific for known molecules and included some specific for MHC class II antigens, CD45 isoforms and the Dombrock antigen. Several antibody pairs among those in the blind panel were found to have very similar staining patterns and were therefore compared by immunohistochemical and/or Western blot analyses for identity. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Tahtouh, M, Kalman, JR, Roux, C, Lennard, CI & Reedy, BJ 2005, 'The detection and enhancement of latent fingermarks using infrared chemical imaging', JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 64-72.
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The use of a new technique, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) chemical imaging, has been demonstrated for the enhancement of latent fingermarks on a number of surfaces. Images of untreated fingermarks on glass backgrounds with excellent ridge detail were acquired using infrared chemical imaging. High quality fingermarks on glass backgrounds were also developed using ethyl cyanoacrylate (super glue) fuming and subsequent infrared chemical imaging. This new method allows the collection of images from backgrounds that traditionally pose problems for current fingermark detection methods. The background may, for example, be highly colored, have a complex pattern, or possess other pattern or image characteristics that make it difficult to separate fingermark ridges using traditional optical or luminescent visualization. One background that has proven to be a challenging surface for the development of latent fingermarks is the Australian polymer banknote. To demonstrate the power and applicability of infrared chemical imaging, fingermarks fumed with ethyl cyanoacrylate were successfully imaged from Australian polymer banknotes.

Tan, K-A, Morison, RP & Leslie, LM 2005, 'A comparison of high-order explicit and non-oscillatory finite difference advection schemes for climate and weather models', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 89, no. 1-4, pp. 251-267.
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Taylor, AA & Leslie, LM 2005, 'A Single-Station Approach to Model Output Statistics Temperature Forecast Error Assessment', Weather and Forecasting, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 1006-1020.
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Abstract Error characteristics of model output statistics (MOS) temperature forecasts are calculated for over 200 locations around the continental United States. The forecasts are verified on a station-by-station basis for the year 2001. Error measures used include mean algebraic error (bias), mean absolute error (MAE), relative frequency of occurrence of bias and MAE values, and the daily forecast errors themselves. A case study examining the spatial and temporal evolution of MOS errors is also presented. The error characteristics presented here, together with the case study, provide a more detailed evaluation of MOS performance than may be obtained from regionally averaged error statistics. Knowledge concerning locations where MOS forecasts have large errors or biases and why those errors or biases exist is of great value to operational forecasters. Not only does such knowledge help improve their forecasts, but forecaster performance is often compared to MOS predictions. Examples of biases in MOS forecast errors are illustrated by examining two stations in detail. Significant warm and cold biases are found in maximum temperature forecasts for Los Angeles, California (LAX), and minimum temperature forecasts for Las Vegas, Nevada (LAS), respectively. MAE values for MOS temperature predictions calculated in this study suggest that coastal stations tend to have lower MAE values and lower variability in their errors, while forecasts with high MAE and error variability are more frequent in the interior of the United States. Therefore, MAE values from samples of MOS forecasts are directly proportional to the variance in the observations. Additionally, it is found that daily maximum temperature forecast errors exhibit less variability during the summer months than they do over the rest of the year, and that forecasts for any one station rarely follow a consistent temporal pattern ...

Thiel, BL & Toth, M 2005, 'Secondary electron contrast in low-vacuum∕environmental scanning electron microscopy of dielectrics', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 051101-051101.
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Low vacuum scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a high-resolution technique, with the ability to obtain secondary electron images of uncoated, nonconductive specimens. This feat is achieved by allowing a small pressure of gas in the specimen chamber. Gas molecules are ionized by primary electrons, as well as by those emitted from the specimen. These ions then assist in dissipating charge from the sample. However, the interactions between the ions, the specimen, and the secondary electrons give rise to contrast mechanisms that are unique to these instruments. This paper summarizes the central issues with charging and discusses how electrostatically stable, reproducible imaging conditions are achieved. Recent developments in understanding the physics of image formation are reviewed, with an emphasis on how local variations in electronic structure, dynamic charging processes, and interactions between ionized gas molecules and low-energy electrons at and near the sample surface give rise to useful contrast mechanisms. Many of the substances that can be examined in these instruments, including conductive polymers and liquids, possess charge carriers having intermediate mobilities, as compared to metals and most solid insulators. This can give rise to dynamic contrast mechanisms, and allow for characterization techniques for mapping electronic inhomogeneities in electronic materials and other dielectrics. Finally, a number of noteworthy application areas published in the literature are reviewed, concentrating on cases where interesting contrast has been reported, or where analysis in a conventional SEM would not be possible. In the former case, a critical analysis of the results will be given in light of the imaging theory put forth.

Thomas, J, Buzzini, P, Massonnet, G, Reedy, B & Roux, C 2005, 'Raman spectroscopy and the forensic analysis of black/grey and blue cotton fibres - Part 1. Investigation of the effects of varying laser wavelength', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 152, no. 2-3, pp. 189-197.
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Raman spectroscopy was investigated to determine the optimal conditions, mainly laser wavelength/s, for the analysis of the commonly encountered black/grey and blue cotton fibres dyed with reactive dyes. In this first part, a single blue cotton fibre, it

Tomaszewska-Grzeda, A, Lojkowski, W, Godlewski, M, Yatsunenko, S, Drozdowicz-Tomsia, K, Goldys, EM & Phillips, MR 2005, 'Growth and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles', ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A, vol. 108, no. 5, pp. 897-902.
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In this work we evaluate structural and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles grown by wet chemistry method. Light emission properties of these nanoparticles are studies with cathodoluminescence and microphotoluminescence. Even at the room temperature excitonic emission is well resolved, due to high exciton binding energy of ZnO. Decay kinetics of photoluminescence emisssions and efficiency of inter-nanoparticles energy migration is evaluated from maps of in-plane variations of photoluminescence decay times measured in microphotoluminescence setup

Ton-That, C, Welland, ME, Larsson, JA, Greer, JC, Shard, AG, Dhanak, VR, Taninaka, A & Shinohara, H 2005, 'Electrostatic ordering of the lanthanum endoatom in La@C-82 adsorbed on metal surfaces', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1-6.
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An investigation of the dynamic behavior of the endohedral La atom in La@C 82 adsorbed on Ag(111) or Cu(111) using the normal-incidence x-ray standing wavefield (NIXSW) technique is presented. For the surface-normal (111) reflection, NIXSW demonstrates different La absorption profiles between the La@C 82 monolayer and multilayer. Analysis of the profiles reveals significant La ordering in the monolayer; the degree of ordering increases as the film is cooled. First-principles calculations provide a description of the endohedral metal atom-cage bonding and the fullerene-surface interaction. Combined, these effects give rise to preferential binding sites for the endoatom resulting from electrostatic interactions within the adsorbed fullerene. ©2005 The American Physical Society.

Ulstrup, KE, Hill, R & Ralph, PJ 2005, 'Photosynthetic impact of hypoxia on in hospite zooxanthellae in the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 286, pp. 125-132.
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Shallow water coral reefs may experience hypoxia under conditions of calm weather doldrums. Anaerobic responses of endosymbionts (i.e. zooxanthellae) within Pocillopora damicornis coral colonies were tested using both slow and fast chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetics. Zooxanthellae were examined in hospite when exposed to control conditions (26°C, 200 μmol photons m-2 s-1, 100% air-saturation, 4 cm s-1 flow) and to 2 treatments of reduced air content (40 and 0%), achieved by controlling the N2:O2 ratio in water circulating at 2 cm s -1. Furthermore, the impact of water flow on photosynthesis was examined at 0% air saturation by turning off the flow entirely (0 cm s -1), thereby mimicking the environmental conditions of calm weather doldrums. Corals exposed to depleted air content (0 % with and without flow) showed a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in effective quantum yield (φPSII) in comparison with controls. Maximum quantum yield was significantly reduced when gas exchange was inhibited (0% without flow), whereas non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) was not affected. Fast polyphasic fluorescence transients of chlorophyll a fluorescence showed a significant increase in minimum dark-adapted fluorescence, F0, when corals were exposed to anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, an increase in the J peak (2 ms) corresponding to the reduction of the primary electron acceptor, QA, was observed in 0% air-saturation with flow. We found that the most sensitive parameters for detecting physiological change associated with hypoxia were φPSII using slow (pulse-amplitude modulation) fluorescence kinetics, as well as an increase in the O peak, φPo(electron transport efficiency before QA), and an elevation of the J peak on a double-normalised transient using fast (Plant Efficiency Analyser) induction kinetics. © Inter-Research 2005.

Ung, AT, Pyne, SG, Batenburg‐Nguyen, U, Davies, AS, Sherif, A, Bischoff, F & Lesage, ASJ 2005, 'Synthesis and Antagonist Activities of 4‐Aryl‐Substituted Conformationally Restricted Cyclopentenyl and Cyclopentanyl‐Glutamate Analogues.', ChemInform, vol. 36, no. 25.
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AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Ung, AT, Pyne, SG, Batenburg-Nguyen, U, Davis, AS, Sherif, A, Bischoff, F & Lesage, ASJ 2005, 'Synthesis and antagonist activities of 4-aryl-substituted conformationally restricted cyclopentenyl and cyclopentanyl-glutamate analogues', TETRAHEDRON, vol. 61, no. 7, pp. 1803-1812.
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The conformationally restricted glutamate analogues, 4-aryl-1-amino-2-cyclopentene-1,3-dicarboxylates and their cyclopentane analogues have been prepared in a diastereoselective manner. Biological studies of 12a and 12b indicates that both compounds are modest antagonists at mGluR2.

Vega, IED, Gale, PA, Light, ME & Loeb, SJ 2005, 'NH vs. CH hydrogen bond formation in metal–organic anion receptors containing pyrrolylpyridine ligands', Chemical Communications, no. 39, pp. 4913-4913.
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Vijayakumar, R, Shivaramu, Rajasekaran, L, Ramamurthy, N & Ford, MJ 2005, 'Compton profile of polycrystalline sodium chloride and sodium fluoride', NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS, vol. 234, no. 3, pp. 185-193.
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We present here the Compton profile (CP) of polycrystalline sodium chloride and sodium fluoride. Our results consists of spherical average Compton profile based on measurements and calculation of spherical average Compton profile, directional Compton profile and their anisotropic effect using self-consistent Hartree-Fock wave functions employed on the linear combination of atomic orbital (HF-LCAO) approximation. The experimental results are compared with the HF-LCAO spherical average Compton profile and with tabulated Hartree-Fock free atom results. For both compounds the experimental results are found to be in good agreement with the HF-LCAO results and in qualitative agreement with Hartree-Fock free atom values. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Villavedra, M, McCarthy, K, To, J, Morrison, R, Crosbie, P, Broady, K & Raison, RL 2005, 'Changes in antigenic profile during culture of Neoparamoeba sp., causative agent of amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY, vol. 35, no. 13, pp. 1417-1423.
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Amoebic gill diseas (AGD) the most serious infectious disease affecting farmed salmon in Tasmania, is caused by free-living marine amoeba Neoparamoeba sp. The parasites on the gills induce proliferation of epithelial cells initiating a hyperplastic response and reducing the surface area available for gaseous exchange. AGD casn be induced in salmon by exposure to frshly isolated Neoparamoeba from AGD infected fish, however cultured Neoparamoeba are non-infective. We describe here antigenic difference between freshly isolated and in vitro cultured parasites, and within individual isolates of the parasite cultured under different conditions.

Wallman, JF, Leys, R & Hogendoorn, K 2005, 'Molecular systematics of Australian carrion-breeding blowflies (Diptera:Calliphoridae) based on mitochondrial DNA', Invertebrate Systematics, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 1-1.
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Carrion-breeding blowflies have substantial ecological and forensic importance. Because morphological recognition of their immatures is difficult, sequencing of the mtDNA of these flies may assist with their identification. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences can also clarify evolutionary relationships. In this study, the mitochondrial genes CO1, CO2, ND4 and ND4L were sequenced for 34 species of blowflies, among which are almost all species known or suspected to breed in carrion in Australia. The resulting sequences were analysed using parsimony and maximum-likelihood Bayesian techniques. The results showed that the combination of these four genes should identify most species reliably, although some very closely related taxa could still be misdiagnosed. The data also helped clarify the life histories of Calliphora centralis Malloch, 1927, C. fuscofemorata Malloch, 1927 and C. gilesi Norris, 1994, which have hitherto only been suspected carrion breeders, and revealed that the current subgeneric assignment of taxa within Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy, based on morphology, requires revision. Unexpectedly, both Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart, 1843) and Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann, 1830) were paraphyletic; each probably comprises two distinct species. The application of a molecular-clock approach to the study of the evolutionary divergence of the carrion-breeding blowflies suggests that the speciation of at least the endemic Australian taxa may have been the result of increasing aridification in Australia during the last five million years.

Walsby, ED, Arnold, M, Wu, QH, Hodgkinson, IJ & Blaikie, RJ 2005, 'Growth and characterisation of bireffingent films on textured silicon substrates', MICROELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, vol. 78-79, pp. 436-441.
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The effects of textured substrates on the serial bi-deposition (SBD) technique of thin film growth have been investigated. Obliquely deposited coatings exhibit optical anisotropy as a consequence of the internal nanostructure developed during self-shadowed growth, which should be enhanced by growth onto textured substrates. We examine the growth and some subsequent optical properties of SBD coatings deposited obliquely onto lithographically-defined fine line and dot arrays with periods as small as 100 nm. Reflection retardance optical measurements show clear differences over a range of wavelengths for the structures in the patterned areas.

Wang, B, Xi, YG & Gu, HY 2005, 'Improved rolling horizon procedure for single-machine scheduling with release times', Kongzhi yu Juece/Control and Decision, vol. 20, no. 3.
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A rolling horizon procedure (RHP) is used in solving a kind of single-machine dynamic scheduling problems with release times. An improved sub-problem for the RHP is proposed. A terminal penalty function is appended to the objective of each sub-problem, in which both the local objective and the global objective are considered. It is proved that an existing branch and bound can be revised to solve the improved sub-problem. Computational results demonstrate that the improved RHP performs better than the best dispatching rule on most cases.

Wang, B, Xi, YG & Gu, HY 2005, 'Terminal penalty rolling scheduling based on an initial schedule for single-machine scheduling problem', COMPUTERS & OPERATIONS RESEARCH, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 3059-3072.
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Wang, GX, Bewlay, S, Yang, L, Wang, JZ, Chen, Y, Yao, J, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2005, 'Nanostructured electrode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion battery applications', Journal of Materials Science and Technology, vol. 21, no. SUPPL. 1, pp. 17-19.
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Nanocrystalline LiFePO4 and Si-C powders were prepared as electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Near full capacity (170 mAh/g) was achieved at the C/8 rate at room temperature for LiFePO4 electrodes. Nanosize Si-C composite anode materials demonstrated a reversible lithium storage capacity of 1450 mAh/g with good cyclability when used as anodes in lithium-ion cells. Nanostructured electrode materials have an important role to play in developing a new generation of lithium-ion batteries that will offer a dramatic improvement in power delivery.

Wang, GX, Chen, Y, Yang, L, Yao, J, Needham, S, Liu, HK & Ahn, JH 2005, 'Synthesis of nanocrystalline transition metal and oxides for lithium storage', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 146, no. 1-2, pp. 487-491.
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Nanosize silver and tin dioxide powders were synthesised by a novel reverse micelle technique. The reverse micelles were formed from a microemulsion of organic solvents, water based salts and surfactants. The spherical nanosize Ag powders were formed via in situ reduction. The tin hydroxide precipitates were formed in reverse micelles and converted to tin dioxide nanopowders after heat treatment. The Ag and SnO2 powders have a particle size in the range of 20-50 nm. The as-prepared nanosize Ag and SnO2 nanopowders were used in lithium-ion cells for lithium storage. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Wang, GX, Yang, L, Bewlay, SL, Chen, Y, Liu, HK & Ahn, JH 2005, 'Electrochemical properties of carbon coated LiFePO4 cathode materials', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 146, no. 1-2, pp. 521-524.
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Carbon coated lithium iron phosphates were prepared by a carbon aerogel synthesis process, through which LiFePO4 particles were embedded in amorphous carbon. The carbon coating effect can significantly enhance the electronic conductivity of LiFePO4. The electrochemical properties of the as-prepared LiFePO4 cathode materials were systematically characterised. The carbon coated LiFePO4 cathode demonstrated a high capacity and stable cyclability. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Wang, GX, Yang, L, Chen, Y, Wang, JZ, Bewlay, S & Liu, HK 2005, 'An investigation of polypyrrole-LiFePO4 composite cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries', Electrochimica Acta, vol. 50, no. 24, pp. 4649-4654.
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A series of polypyrrole-LiFePO4 (PPy-LiFePO4) composites were synthesised by polymerising pyrrole monomers on the surface of LiFePO4 particles. AC impedance measurements show that the coating of polypyrrole significantly decreases the charge-transfer resistance of LiFePO4 electrodes. The electrochemical reactivity of polypyrrole and PPy-LiFePO4 composites for lithium insertion and extraction was examined by charge/discharge testing. The PPy-LiFePO4 composite electrodes demonstrated an increased reversible capacity and better cyclability, compared to the bare LiFePO4 electrode. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Wang, GX, Yang, L, Wang, JZ, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2005, 'Enhancement of ionic conductivity of PEO based polymer electrolyte by the addition of nanosize ceramic powders', JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 1135-1140.
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Wang, N, Carroll, RJ & Lin, X 2005, 'Efficient Semiparametric Marginal Estimation for Longitudinal/Clustered Data', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 100, no. 469, pp. 147-157.
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Ward, J, Peakall, R, Gilmore, SR & Robertson, J 2005, 'A molecular identification system for grasses: a novel technology for forensic botany', Forensic Science International, vol. 152, no. 2-3, pp. 121-131.
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Wassmer, SC, Cianciolo, GJ, Combes, V & Grau, GE 2005, 'Inhibition of Endothelial Activation: A New Way to Treat Cerebral Malaria?', PLoS Medicine, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. e245-e245.
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Watt, R, Roux, C & Robertson, J 2005, 'The population of coloured textile fibres in domestic washing machines', Science & Justice, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 75-83.
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A population survey was carried out to analyse examples of the coloured fibre population that may be expected to exist in both front- and top-loading domestic washing machines during Spring, in Sydney, Australia. White cotton T-shirts were washed both in

Webb, JK & Whiting, MJ 2005, 'Why don't small snakes bask? Juvenile broad-headed snakes trade thermal benefits for safety', OIKOS, vol. 110, no. 3, pp. 515-522.
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Previous studies have suggested that most small Australian elapid snakes are nocturnal and rarely bask in the open because of the risk of predation by diurnal predatory birds. Because the physiology and behaviour of reptiles is temperature dependent, staying in refuges by day can entail high thermoregulatory costs, particularly for juveniles that must grow rapidly to maximise their chances of survival. We investigated whether the risk of predation deters juveniles of the endangered broad-headed snake (Hoplocephalus bungaroides) from basking, and if so, whether there are thermal costs associated with refuge use. To estimate avian attack rates on snakes, we placed 900 plasticine snake replicas in sunny locations and underneath small stones on three sandstone plateaus for 72 h. At the same time we quantified the thermal benefits of basking vs refuge use. On sunny days, juveniles could maintain preferred body temperatures for 4.7 h by basking but only for 2.0 h if they remained inside refuges. Our predation experiment showed that basking has high costs for juvenile snakes. Predators attacked a significantly higher proportion of exposed models (13.3%) than models under rocks (1.6%). Birds were the major predators of exposed models (75% of attacks), and avian predation did not vary across the landscape. By trading heat for safety, juvenile H. bungaroides decreased the potential time period that they could maintain preferred body temperatures by 57%. Thermal costs of refuge use may therefore contribute to the slow growth and late maturation of this endangered species. Our results support the hypothesis that nocturnal activity in elapid snakes has evolved to minimise the risk of avian predation.

Webb, JK, Shine, R & Christian, KA 2005, 'Does intraspecific niche partitioning in a native predator influence its response to an invasion by a toxic prey species?', AUSTRAL ECOLOGY, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 201-209.
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The introduced and highly toxic cane toad (Bufo marinus) is rapidly spreading across northern Australia where it may affect populations of large terrestrial vertebrate predators. The ecological impact of cane toads will depend upon the diets, foraging modes and habitat use of native predators, and their feeding responses to cane toads. However, intraspecific niche partitioning may influence the degree of vulnerability of predators to toxic prey, as well as the time course of the impact of alien invaders on native species. We studied the diet of the northern death adder Acanthophis praelongus and their feeding responses to cane toads. In the laboratory, death adders from all size classes and sexes readily consumed frogs and cane toads. Diets of free ranging A. praelongus from the Adelaide River floodplain were more heterogeneous. Juvenile snakes ate mainly frogs (39% of prey items) and small scincid lizards (43%). Both sexes displayed an ontogenetic dietary shift from lizards to mammals, but adult males fed on frogs (49%) and mammals (39%) whereas adult females (which grew larger than males) fed mainly on mammals (91%) and occasionally, frogs (9%). Feeding rates and body condition of adult snakes varied temporally and tracked fluctuations in prey availability. These results suggest that cane toads may negatively affect populations of northern death adders in the Darwin region. However, we predict that different size and sex classes of A. praelongus will experience differential mortality rates over different timescales. The initial invasion of large toads may affect adult males, but juveniles may be unaffected until juvenile toads appear the following year, and major affects on adult female death adders may be delayed until annual rainfall fluctuations reduce the availability of alternative (rodent) prey.

Webb, JK, Shine, R & Pringle, RM 2005, 'Canopy removal restores habitat quality for an endangered snake in a fire suppressed landscape', COPEIA, vol. 2005, no. 4, pp. 894-900.
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In the last two centuries, European fire suppression practices have produced increases in vegetation density and canopy cover in many landscapes. Potentially, increases in canopy cover could negatively affect small populations of nocturnal reptiles that use sun-exposed shelters for diurnal thermoregulation. We hypothesized that vegetation encroachment over rock outcrops might partly explain the recent decline of Australia's most endangered snake, the Broad-headed Snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides. To test this hypothesis, we carried out a field study in Morton National Park, southeastern Australia. We removed overhanging vegetation from above shaded rocks and compared their subsequent usage by reptiles to control (shaded) rocks. In spring, one year after canopy removal, experimental rocks were 10.3 C hotter than control rocks and were used as diurnal retreat sites by three species of reptiles, including the endangered Broad-headed Snake and its prey (Velvet Gecko, Oedura lesueurii). By contrast, no reptiles used control rocks as diurnal retreat sites. Our results show that modest canopy removal (∼15% increase in canopy openness) can restore habitat quality for nocturnal reptiles. Future studies are needed to examine whether controlled burns can maintain an open canopy above sandstone rock outcrops. However, until effective fire management measures are in place, sapling removal from overgrown rock outcrops could help to protect small populations of endangered reptiles. © 2005 by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists.

Wei, M, Ruys, AJ, Milthorpe, BK & Sorrell, CC 2005, 'Precipitation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: Effects of precipitation method on electrophoretic deposition', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN MEDICINE, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 319-324.
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Electrophoretic deposition is a low-cost, simple, and flexible coating method for producing hydroxyapatite ( HA) coatings on metal implants with a broad range of thicknesses, from < 1 mu m to > 500 mu m. As for many other HA coating techniques, densification of electrophoretically deposited coatings involves heating the coated metal to temperatures above 1000 degrees C. Metal substrates tend to react with HA coatings at such temperatures inducing decomposition at temperatures below 1050 degrees C ( decomposition for pure HA normally occurs above 1300 degrees C). Therefore, densification of these coatings needs to be conducted at temperatures lower than 1050 degrees C, and this necessitates the use of high-surface-area HA nano-precipitates, rather than commercially available pre-calcined powders, which densify at temperatures typically higher than 1200 degrees C. HA nano-precipitates were prepared by three methods and deposited on metal substrates by electrophoresis: ( 1) the acid base method, which produced plate-like nano-particles with a 2.5: 1 aspect ratio, and severely cracked coatings; ( 2) the calcium acetate method, which produced needle-like nano-particles with a 10: 1 aspect ratio, and slightly cracked coatings; ( 3) the metathesis method, which produced rounded nano-particles with a 2: 1 aspect ratio, and high-quality crack-free coatings. The results suggested that the less equiaxed the nano-particles, the more cracked the coatings obtained by the electrophoretic deposition technique

Wei, M, Ruys, AJ, Swain, MV, Milthorpe, BK & Sorrell, CC 2005, 'Hydroxyapatite-coated metals: Interfacial reactions during sintering', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN MEDICINE, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 101-106.
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Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a low cost flexible process for producing HA coatings on metal implants. Its main limitation is that it requires heating the coated implant in order to densify the HA. HA typically sinters at a temperature below 1150 degreesC, but metal implants are degraded above 1000 degreesC. Further, the metal induces the decomposition of the HA coating upon sintering. Recent developments have enabled EPD of metathesis-synthesised uncalcined HA which sinters at similar to 1000 degreesC. The effects of temperature on HA-coated Ti, T16AI4V, and 316L stainless steel were investigated for dual coatings of metathesis HA sintered at 1000 degreesC. The use of dual HA coatings (coat, sinter, coat, sinter) enabled decomposition to be confined to the "undercoat" (HA layer 1), with the surface coating decomposition free. The tensile strength of the three metals was not significantly affected by the high sintering temperatures (925 degreesC < T < 1000degreesC). XRD/SEM/EDS analyses of the interfacial zones revealed that 316L had a negligible HA:metal interfacial zone (similar to1 mum) while HA:Ti and HA:Ti6Al4V had large interfacial zones (>10 mum) comprising a TiO2 oxidation zone and a CaTiO3 reaction zone

Weitere, M, Bergfeld, T, Rice, SA, Matz, C & Kjelleberg, S 2005, 'Grazing resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms depends on type of protective mechanism, developmental stage and protozoan feeding mode', Environmental Microbiology, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 1593-1601.
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SummaryIn a previous study we identified microcolony formation and inhibitor production as the major protective mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms against flagellate grazing [Matz, C., Bergfeld, T., Rice, S.A., and Kjelleberg, S. (2004) Microcolonies, quorum sensing and cytotoxicity determine the survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms exposed the protozoan grazing. Environ Microbiol 6: 218–226]. Here we compared the efficacy of these two key protective mechanisms by exposing biofilms of the non‐toxic alginate overproducing strain PDO300 and the wild‐type toxic strain PAO1 to a range of feeding types commonly found in the succession of protozoans associated with natural biofilms. Alginate‐mediated microcolony formation conferred effective protection for strain PDO300 against the suspension feeding flagellate Bodo saltans and, as reported earlier, the surface feeding flagellate Rhynchomonas nasuta, both of which are considered as early biofilm colonizers. However, microcolonies of mature PDO300 biofilms were highly susceptible to late biofilm colonizers, the surface‐feeding amoeba Acanthamoeba polyphaga and the planktonic ciliate Tetrahymena sp., resulting in a significant reduction of biofilm biomass. Mature biofilms of strain PAO1 inhibited growth of flagellates and A. polyphaga while the grazing activity of Tetrahymena sp. remained unaffected. Our findings suggest that inhibitor production of mature P. aeruginosa biofilms is effective against a wider range of biofilm‐feeding predators while microcolony‐mediated protection is only beneficial in the early stages of biofilm formation.

Whitchurch, CB, Beatson, SA, Comolli, JC, Jakobsen, T, Sargent, JL, Bertrand, JJ, West, J, Klausen, M, Waite, LL, Kang, PJ, Tolker-Nielsen, T, Mattick, JS & Engel, JN 2005, 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa fimL regulates multiple virulence functions by intersecting with Vfr-modulated pathways', MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 1357-1378.
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Virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa involves the co-ordinate expression of a range of factors including type IV pili (tfp), the type III secretion system (TTSS) and quorum sensing. Tfp are required for twitching motility, efficient biofilm formation, and

White, RE, Thomas, PS, Phillips, MR & Wuhrer, R 2005, 'A DSC study of the effect of lead pigments on the drying of cold pressed linseed oil', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 237-239.
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Cold pressed linseed oil and paints prepared using the inorganic pigments; lead white and red lead, were characterized using non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in an air atmosphere to determine the effect of the pigment on the oxidative polymerisation of the drying oil medium. For each paint sample, the onset temperature for oxidation was reduced from 166°C to the range 50 to 60°C when a heating rate of 5 K min-1 was used. In order to determine the rate of drying, the non-isothermal experiments were carried out using a range of heating rates. A change in the mechanism oxidative polymerization was observed as the heating rate was increased. © 2005 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.

White, TP, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC & Botten, LC 2005, 'Highly efficient wide-angle transmission into uniform rod-type photonic crystals', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 87, no. 11, pp. 111107-111107.
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We report on very high coupling efficiencies into rod-type photonic crystal (PC) slabs with unmodified interfaces. Three-dimensional finite difference time domain simulations show that reflected powers of less than 1.5% can be achieved for incident angles from 0° to more than 25°. We use this property to design a beam combiner exhibiting both high efficiency coupling and self-collimation. The results could be applied to the design of efficient superprisms and other dispersion-based PC devices.

Wilcox, S, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, Kuhlmey, BT, McPhedran, RC, Fussell, DP & Tomljenovic-Hanic, S 2005, 'Long wavelength behavior of the fundamental mode in microstructured optical fibers', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1978-1984.
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Using a novel computational method, the fundamental mode in index-guided microstructured optical fibers with genuinely infinite cladding is studied. It is shown that this mode has no cut-off, although its area grows rapidly when the wavelength crosses a transition region. The results are compared with those for w-fibers, for which qualitatively similar results are obtained. © 2005 Optical Society of America.

Wilcox, S, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC, Poulton, CG & de Sterke, CM 2005, 'Modeling of defect modes in photonic crystals using the fictitious source superposition method', Physical Review E, vol. 71, no. 5.
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Williams, DBG & Lawton, M 2005, 'Aluminium triflate: a remarkable Lewis acid catalyst for the ring opening of epoxides by alcohols', Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, vol. 3, no. 18, pp. 3269-3269.
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Williams, DBG, Caddy, J & Blann, K 2005, 'Highly functionalised cyclobutanols via samarium(II) iodide-induced pinacol cyclisations of carbohydrate-derived 1,4-diketones', Carbohydrate Research, vol. 340, no. 7, pp. 1301-1309.
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Wilson, IW, Kennedy, GC, Peacock, JW & Dennis, ES 2005, 'Microarray analysis reveals vegetative molecular phenotypes of arabidopsis flowering-time mutants', PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 1190-1201.
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Wojcik, A, Kopalko, K, Godlewski, M, Lusakowska, E, Guziewicz, E, Minikayev, R, Paszkowicz, W, Swiatek, K, Klepka, M, Jakiela, R, Kiecana, M, Sawicki, M, Dybko, K & Phillips, MR 2005, 'Thin films of ZnO and ZnMnO by atomic layer epitaxy', OPTICA APPLICATA, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 413-417.
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We discuss properties of thin films of ZnO and ZnMnO grown with atomic layer epitaxy using new, organic zinc and manganese precursors. Several characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence, superconducting quantum interfernece device (SQUID) and electron spin resonance, show good topography of the films and their advantageous optical and magnetic properties.

Wu, T, McGrath, KCY & Death, AK 2005, 'Cardiovascular disease in diabetic nephropathy patients: cell adhesion molecules as potential markers?', Vascular Health and Risk Management, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 309-316.
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Cardiovascular disease is a major complication of diabetes mellitus, especially for patients with diabetic nephropathy. The underlying factor or pathogenic mechanism that links diabetic nephropathy with cardiovascular disease is not known. The endothelial cell adhesion molecules, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 or vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, play a crucial role in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Levels of both cell adhesion molecules are raised by the diabetic and kidney disease states. This review focuses on these important cell adhesion molecules and their role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in diabetes and diabetic nephropathy.

Wu, YG, Rozenfeld, S, Defferrard, A, Ruggiero, K, Udall, JA, Kim, H, Llewellyn, DJ & Dennis, ES 2005, 'Cycloheximide treatment of cotton ovules alters the abundance of specific classes of mRNAs and generates novel ESTs for microarray expression profiling', MOLECULAR GENETICS AND GENOMICS, vol. 274, no. 5, pp. 477-493.
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Xiong, J, Gu, H & Xi, Y 2005, 'UML-based simulation software design about hybrid flow shop manufacturing system', Jisuanji Gongcheng/Computer Engineering, vol. 31, no. 5.
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As a standard modeling language, unify modeling language (UML) has widely used in many application fields where focus on software design and analysis. By designing HFS simulation software with UML in this article, the design process of software based on UML can be described, and at the same time some questions such as how it supports OO technology and how to realize software architecture will be depicted completely. At last with the accomplishment of an example related this design idea more futures in UML application is given.

Xu, XD, Cortie, MB & Stevens, M 2005, 'Effect of glass pre-treatment on the nucleation of semi-transparent gold coatings', MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, vol. 94, no. 2-3, pp. 266-274.
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Coatings of gold nanoparticles with a uniform film texture and a neutral blue hue may be applied to glass by an aqueous process and such coatings have recently been proposed for architectural applications. Here, we show that the optical transmission spec

Yan, EB, Unthank, JK, Castillo-Melendez, M, Miller, SL, Langford, SJ & Walker, DW 2005, 'Novel method for in vivo hydroxyl radical measurement by microdialysis in fetal sheep brain in utero', Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 98, no. 6, pp. 2304-2310.
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Hydroxyl radical (·OH) is a reactive oxygen species produced during severe hypoxia, asphyxia, or ischemia that can cause cell death resulting in brain damage. Generation of ·OH may occur in the fetal brain during asphyxia in utero. The very short half-life of ·OH requires use of trapping agents such as salicylic acid or phenylalanine for detection, but their hydroxylated derivatives are either unstable, produced endogenously, or difficult to measure in the small volume of microdialysis samples. In the present study, we used terephthalic acid (TA), hydroxylation of which yields a stable and highly fluorometric isomer (excitation, 326 nm; emission, 432 nm). In vitro studies using ·OH generated by the Fenton reaction showed that hydroxylated TA formed quickly (<10 s), was resistant to bleaching (<5% change in fluorescence), and permitted detection of <0.5 pmol ·OH. In vivo studies were performed in fetal sheep using microdialysis probes implanted into the parasagittal cortex. The probe was perfused at 2 μl/min with artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing 5 mM TA, and samples were collected every 30 min. Fluorescence measured in 10 μl of dialysate was significantly greater than in the efflux from probes perfused without TA. High-performance liquid chromotography analysis showed that the fluorescence in dialysis samples was entirely due to hydroxylation of TA. Thus this study shows that it is possible to use TA as a trapping agent for detecting low concentrations of ·OH both in vitro and in vivo and that low concentrations of ·OH are present in fetal brain tissue and fluctuate with time.

Yong, SR, Williams, MC, Pyne, SG, Ung, AT, Skelton, BW, White, AH & Turner, P 2005, 'Synthesis of 2-azaspiro[4.4]nonan-1-ones via phosphine-catalysed [3+2]-cycloadditions', TETRAHEDRON, vol. 61, no. 34, pp. 8120-8129.
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The phosphine-catalyzed [3+2]-cycloaddition of the 2-methylene ?-lactams 4 and 5 and the acrylate 6 with the ylides derived from the ethyl ester, the amide or the chiral camphor sultam derivative of 2-butynoic acid (7ac) give directly, or indirectly after reductive cyclization, spiro-heterocyclic products. The acid 32 underwent Curtius rearrangement and then acid hydrolysis to give two novel spiro-cyclic ketones, 41 and 42.

Yong, SR, Williams, MC, Pyne, SG, Ung, AT, Skelton, BW, White, AH & Turner, P 2005, 'Synthesis of 2‐Azaspiro[4.4]nonan‐1‐ones via Phosphine‐Catalyzed [3 + 2]‐Cycloadditions.', ChemInform, vol. 36, no. 49.
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AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Yuan, L, Konstantinov, K, Wang, GX, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2005, 'Nano-structured SnO2-carbon composites obtained by in situ spray pyrolysis method as anodes in lithium batteries', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 146, no. 1-2, pp. 180-184.
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In this paper, we report on a series of SnO2-carbon nano-composites synthesized by in situ spray pyrolysis of a solution of SnCl2·2H2O and sucrose at 700 °C. The process results in super fine nanocrystalline SnO2, which is homogeneously distributed inside the amorphous carbon matrix. The SnO2 was revealed as a structure of broken hollow spheres with porosity on both the inside and outside particle surfaces. This structure promises a highly developed specific surface area. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images revealed the SnO2 crystal size is about 5-15 nm. These composites show a reversible lithium storage capacity of about 590 mAh g-1 in the first cycle. The discharge curve of the composite indicates that lithium is stored in crystalline tin, but not in amorphous carbon. However, the conductive carbon matrix with high surface area provides a buffer layer to cushion the large volume change in the tin regions, which contributes to the reduced capacity fade compared to nonacrystalline SnO 2 without carbon. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Yunusa, IAM, Lu, P, Eamus, D & Walker, RR 2005, 'Matching irrigation to vine water-requirements: Limitations of using sap-flow technology for scheduling irrigation', Proceedings of the International Symposium on Harnessing the Potential of Horticulture in the Asian-Pacific Region, vol. 694, no. 694, pp. 165-171.
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Mismatch between water applied during irrigation and that required by the crop for transpiration is a major cause of poor returns per unit water use and of land degradation. Advances in commercial sap-flow gauges should provide opportunities for improving water management in tree-horticulture, but this has not been widely explored. In this study we tested the capabilit of sap-flow guages to detect water stress and, hence a need for irrigation, by withholding water for two months from actively growing, mature grapevines. Withholding irrigation reduced soil-water content in the 1.8m soil-profile by almost 40% compared to where irrigation was maintianed, by the reduced soil-water resulted in only a small decrease in the transpirationdeduced from sap flow throughout the 2-month period. This was despite a 3-fold increase in stomatal resistance and a rise of 1.0 C in leaf temperature for the stressed compred to the continuously irrigated vines. Reasons for this response are not clear, but it is possible that the stressed vines accessed water either directly from the waterble or from its capillary fringe. Withdrawal of irrigation also did not result in yield for the stressed-vines. Other implications of these finding are explored including proposals on weighted crop factor to match irrigation with grape-vine water requirements.

Zaslawski, C & Davis, S 2005, 'The ethics of complementary and alternative medicine research: a case study of Traditional Chinese Medicine at the University of Technology, Sydney', Monash Bioethics Review, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. S52-S61.
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This article considers various approaches used in complementary and alternative medicine research, and discusses the challenges that reviewing such research poses for human Research Ethics Committees. Drawing on our experience with the University of Technology, Sydney HREC, we offer some suggestions about how ethical principles governing conventional medical research can be applied in the context of research in complementary and alternative medicine. We argue that effective HREC review requires members to gain familiarity with such research, which helps ensure that such research is conducted rigourously and ethically.

Zhang, HY, Xi, YG & Gu, HY 2005, 'Decomposition and coordination scheduling method for flow-shop problem based on TOC', Zidonghua Xuebao/Acta Automatica Sinica, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 182-187.
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There are many flow shop problems of throughput (denoted by FSPT) with constraints of due date in real production planning and scheduling. In this paper, a decomposition and coordination algorithm is proposed based on the analysis of FSPT and under the support of TOC (theory of constraint). A flow shop is at first decomposed into two subsystems named PULL and PUSH by means of bottleneck. Then the subsystem is decomposed into single machine scheduling problems, so the original NP-HARD problem can be transferred into a serial of single machine optimization problems finally. This method reduces the computational complexity, and has been used in a real project successfully.

Zhang, JD, Bilic, A, Reimers, JR, Hush, NS & Ulstrup, J 2005, 'Coexistence of multiple conformations in cysteamine monolayers on Au(111)', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, vol. 109, no. 32, pp. 15355-15367.
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Zinder, Y & Singh, G 2005, 'Preemptive scheduling on parallel processors with due dates', ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 445-462.
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The paper presents a priority algorithm for the maximum lateness problem with parallel identical processors, presedence constraints, and preemptions. The presented algorithm calculates the priority of each task by constructing a schedule for the set of its successors. The algorithm is motivated by comparison of its nonpreemptive counterpart with other algorithms for the problem with unit execution time tasks. It is shown that the presented algorithm constructs an optimal schedule for the problem with two processors and arbitrary precedence constaints, and for the problem with an arbitrary number of processors and precedence constraints in the form of an in-tree. This proof also indicates that the presented algorithm allows the worst case performace ratio previously extablished for the so-called Muntz-Coffman algorithm for a particular case of the considered problem where all due dates are zero.

Zinder, Y, Ha Do, V & Oğuz, C 2005, 'Computational complexity of some scheduling problems with multiprocessor tasks', Discrete Optimization, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 391-408.
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The paper is concerned with scheduling problems with multiprocessor tasks and presets conditions under which such problems can be solved inpolynomial time. The application of these conditions is illutrated by two quite general scheduling problems. These results are complemented by a proof of NP-hardness of the problem witha UET task system, two parallel processors, the criterion of total completion time, and precednece constraints in the form of out-trees

Zreiqat, H, Roest, R, Valenzuela, S, Milev, A & Ben-Nissan, B 2005, 'Human Bone Derived Cell (HBDC) Behaviour of Sol-Gel Derived Carbonate Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Titanium Alloy Substrates', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 284-286, no. 1, pp. 541-544.
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Poor cell adhesion to orthopaedic and dental implants results in implant failure.Establishing and maintaining mature bone at the bone/device interface is critical to the long-term success of the prostheses. Considerable effort has been devoted to alter the surface characteristics of these biomaterials in order to improve the initial interlocking of device and skeleton in the noncemented joint prosthesis. Previously we demonstrated that surface chemistry modification of bioceramics induced osteogenesis. In the present work, we investigate the effect of surface chemistry modification of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) with alkoxide-derived carbonatehydroxyapatite (CHAp) using sol-gel coating methods on human bone derived cell (HBDC)behaviour. Western blotting demonstrated that sol gel coating of Ti-6Al-4V with CHAp upregulated the expression of key signalling protein Shc isoforms (p46, p52, p66) and phosphorylated Erk1/2. CHAp-modification of Ti-6Al-4V is associated with signal transduction pathways involving the key signalling protein Shc and ERK1/2 which may lead to enhanced gene expression of extracellularmatrix proteins at the skeletal tissue/device interface.

Zreiqat, H, Valenzuela, SM, Nissan, BB, Roest, R, Knabe, C, Radlanski, RJ, Renz, H & Evans, PJ 2005, 'The effect of surface chemistry modification of titanium alloy on signalling pathways in human osteoblasts', Biomaterials, vol. 26, no. 36, pp. 7579-7586.
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Establishing and maintaining mature bone at the bone-device interface is critical to the long-term success of prosthesis. Poor cell adhesion to orthopaedic and dental implants results in implant failure. Considerable effort has been devoted to alter the

Armstrong, N, Whitely, R, Vella, AL, Dowd, A & Dragomir-Cernatescu, I 1970, 'X-ray line profile analysis of CeO₂nanoparticles', Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography, International Union of Crystallography (IUCr), pp. c452-c452.
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Armstrong, NG, Dowd, AR, Cline, JP & Kalceff, W 1970, 'Bayesian analysis of ceria nanoparticles from line profile data', Advances in X-ray analysis - Volume 48, Denver X-Ray Conference, International Centre for Diffraction Data, Steamboat Springs, USA, pp. 59-66.
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A Bayesian/Maximum entropy (MaxEnt) emthod is applied to quantify the broadening of X-ray line profiles in terms of the nanocrystallite size effects in ceria. The analysis is in general agreemetn with transmission electron microscopy results, while demonstrating the importance of appropriate a priori information needed in the method. The analysis also identifies other microstructural effects, such as the presence of dislocations and shape anisotropic effects which may be influencing the size distributions determined from the Bayesian/Max-Ent method.

Arnold, MD, Hodgkinson, IJ & Ballagh, R 1970, 'Simulations of growth and optical anisotropy of obliquely deposited thin films', 2nd International Conference on Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, AMN2, MacDiarmid Institute, Queenstown, New Zealand, pp. 166-166.

Arnold, MD, Hodgkinson, IJ, Wu, QH & Blaikie, RJ 1970, 'Lithographic Patterning of obliquely deposited polarizing elements', 2nd International Conference on Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, AMN2, MacDiarmid Institute, Queenstown, New Zealand, pp. 285-285.

Asselberghs, I, McDonagh, A, Ward, MD, McCleverty, J, Coe, BJ, Persoons, A & Clays, K 1970, 'Switching of the first hyperpolarisability', SPIE Proceedings, Optics & Photonics 2005, SPIE, USA, pp. 59350V-59350V.
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Second-order nonlinear optical properties of organic and inorganic materials have been widely investigated. However, it becomes more important to be able to switch the molecules from an 'on' state to an 'off' state, or vise versa. Several switching schemes can be thought of. We will focus our attention to alter the donor properties of metalorganic compounds. Therefore, we will oxidize the metal center of the compound chemically. Since it is more interesting to be able to electrochemically switch the metal center, we developed a combined electrochemistry/hyper-Rayleigh scattering cell to perform in-situ electrochemical switching of the hyper-Rayleigh response

Barreiro, JT, Langford, NK, Peters, NA & Kwiat, PG 1970, 'Hyper-entangled photons', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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Efficient and secure quantum communication protocols employ high-dimensional entanglement. Producing photons entangled independently in orbital angular momentum, polarization, and energy-time, we realize a source of “hyper”–entanglement and demonstrate nonlocal correlations in every degree of freedom.

Barreiro, JT, Peters, NA, Kwiat, PG, Langford, NK & White, AG 1970, 'Joint polarization and spatial-mode entanglement of photons', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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Simultaneous multidimensional entanglement can improve quantum communi-cation protocols, measurements and fundamental studies. Using photons from parametric downconversion, we demonstrate a source of joint polarization and spatial-mode entangle-ment, and characterize the state by tomographic reconstruction. © 2005 Optical Society of America.

Barreiro, JT, Peters, NA, Kwiat, PG, Langford, NK & White, AG 1970, 'Joint polarization and spatial-mode entanglement of photons', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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Simultaneous multidimensional entanglement can improve quantum communi-cation protocols, measurements and fundamental studies. Using photons from parametric downconversion, we demonstrate a source of joint polarization and spatial-mode entangle-ment, and characterize the state by tomographic reconstruction. © 2005 Optical Society of America.

Barreiro, JT, Peters, NA, Kwiat, PG, Langford, NK & White, AG 1970, 'Joint polarization and spatial-mode entanglement of photons', Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (QELS), pp. 1109-1111.
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Simultaneous multidimensional entanglement can improve quantum communication protocols, measurements and fundamental studies. Using photons from parametric downconversion, we demonstrate a source of joint polarization and spatial-mode entanglement, and characterize the state by tomographic reconstruction. © 2005 Optical Society of America.

Barrett, BS & Leslie, LM 1970, 'An examination of the quality of the Atlantic tropical cyclone database', 85th AMS Annual Meeting, American Meteorological Society - Combined Preprints, pp. 2357-2360.

Berry, K, Ferguson, J, Cobbin, DM, Zaslawski, CJ, Walsh, SP & Meier, PC 1970, 'Understanding and treating addicition from a TCM perspective', AACMA Annual Conference, Melbourne.

Bezuglyi, S, Dooley, AH & Medynets, K 1970, 'The Rokhlin lemma for homeomorphisms of a cantor set', PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY, AMER MATHEMATICAL SOC, pp. 2957-2964.
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Biady, J, Tao, CZ, O'Brien, B & Simpson, AM 1970, 'Susceptibility of an insulin-secreting liver cell line to the toxic effects of cytokines involved in the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells', Journal of Medicine, Wiley, Melbourne, pp. 1124-1124.

Botten, LC, Byrne, MA, Asatryan, AA, Nicorovici, NA, Norton, AH & McPhedran, RC 1970, 'Modal formulation for plane wave scattering by a photonic crystal slab: Fano resonances', 2005 IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting Conference Proceedings, 2005 IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, IEEE, pp. 406-407.
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A modal theory of diffraction by planar photonic crystal slabs, based on a multipole-scattering matrix approach, is developed. The theory accurately describes the diffraction problem, providing real insight into the scattering process of Fano resonances. © 2005 IEEE.

Botten, LC, Wilcox, S, de Sterke, CM & McPhedran, RC 1970, 'Exact modelling of the long wavelength properties of the fundamental mode in microstructured optical fibres', BGPP/ACOFT 2005 conference CD of proceedings, BGPP/ACOFT, Optical Society of America, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-3.

Butcher, KSA, Ferris, JM, Phillips, MR, Wintrebert-Fouquet, M, Wah, JWJ, Jovanovic, N, Vyverman, W & Chepurnov, V 1970, 'A luminescence study of porous diatoms', MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING C-BIOMIMETIC AND SUPRAMOLECULAR SYSTEMS, Symposium on Current Trends in Nanoscience - From Materials to Applications held at the EMRS Spring Meeting, Elsevier, Strasbourg, France, pp. 658-663.
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The cathodoluminescent and photoluminescent properties of the nanoporous silica frustules of various diatom strains and of natural diatom samples are presented. The spectra are observed to be similar to that of pure silica glass and the phenology is therefore believed to also be somewhat similar. A strong UV-blue luminescence peak is commonly observed as well as a yellow peak at 2.15 eV. For the more heavily silicified field-collected freshwater benthic samples, a strong red peak at 1.95 eV is also observed. The 2.15 eV peak is also more strongly evident for the field-collected samples. The UV-blue peak is related to common silica defect structure but cathodoluminescent microanalysis shows that this emission is highly localized in the diatom samples. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chen, VM, Ruf, W, Berndt, MC & Hogg, PJ 1970, 'Tissue factor activation involves disulfide switching.', BLOOD, 47th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Hematology, AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY, GA, Atlanta, pp. 202A-202A.

Chivers, WJ, Gladstone, W & Herbert, RD 1970, 'Spatial effects in an individual-based model of the interaction of species at different trophic levels', MODSIM 2005: INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON MODELLING AND SIMULATION: ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT AND DECISION MAKING, International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, Canberra, pp. 325-331.

Ch'ng, E, Tao, CZ, Martin, DK, Lutherborrow, M, Tuch, BE & Simpson, AM 1970, 'Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from an engineered human liver cell line is regulated by the l-type calcium channel', Journal Of Gene Medicine, 4th Meeting of the Australasian-Gene-Therapy-Society, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1131-1131.
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N/A

Coleman, VA, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, Kucheyev, O, Zou, J & Phillips, MR 1970, 'Towards p-type doping of ZnO by ion implantation', 2005 IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting Conference Proceedings, 2005 IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, IEEE, pp. 862-863.
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The thermal stability of ion implanted ZnO was investigated. Heavily damaged ZnO decomposes with thermal treatment. This result has significant implications for ion implants into ZnO for p-type doping, and subsequent thermal treatments for activation. © 2005 IEEE.

Coleman, VA, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, Kucheyev, SO, Phillips, MR & Zou, J 1970, 'Towards p-type doping of ZnO by ion implantation', Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Symposium on Progress in Compound Semiconductor Materials IV held at the 2004 MRS Fall Meeting, MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC, Boston, MA, pp. 361-366.
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Zinc oxide is a very attractive material for a range of optoelectronic devices including blue light-emitting diodes and laser diodes. Though n-type doping has been successfully achieved, p-type doing of ZnO is still a challenge that must be overcome before p-n junction devices can be realized. Ion implantation is widely used in the microelectronics industry for selective area doping and device isolation. Understanding damage accumulation and recrystallization processes is important for achieving selective area doping. In this study, As (potential p-type dopant) ion implantation and annealing studies were carried out. ZnO samples were implanted with high dose (1.4 × 1017 ions/cm2) 300 keV As ions at room temperature. Furnace annealing of samples in the range of 900°C to 1200°C was employed to achieve recrystallization of amorphous layers and electrical activation of the dopant. Rutherford backscattering/channeling spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy and cathodolumiescence spectroscopy were used to monitor damage accumulation and annihilation behavior in ZnO. Results of this study have significant implications for p-type doing of ZnO by ion implantation. © 2005 Materials Research Society.

Coleman, VA, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, Kucheyev, SO, Zou, J & Phillips, MR 1970, 'Towards p-type doping of ZnO by ion implantation', 2005 IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting Conference Proceedings (LEOS), 18th Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Lasers-and-Electro-Optical-Society, IEEE, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. 845-846.

Connally, R, Jin, D & Piper, J 1970, 'BHHST: An improved lanthanide chelate for time-resolved fluorescence applications', SPIE Proceedings, Biomedical Optics 2005, SPIE, San Jose, CA, pp. 93-93.
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Cortie, M, Xu, XD, Chowdhury, H, Zareie, H & Smith, G 1970, 'Plasmonic heating of gold nanoparticles and its exploitation', Smart Structures, Devices, and Systems II, Pt 1 and 2, Conference on Smart Structures, Devices, and Systems II, SPIE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 565-573.
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Nanoscale particles of metals such as gold can interact with light by means of a plasmon resonance, even. though they are much smaller than the wavelengths of visible light. The proportions of light that are absorbed and scattered vary with wavelength. A

Cortie, MB, Zareie, H, Liu, JQ, Muller, KH & Ford, MJ 1970, 'Modelling and verification of the electrical properties of organic dielectric monolayers in capacitive configurations', SMART STRUCTURES, DEVICES, AND SYSTEMS II, PT 1 AND 2, Conference on Smart Structures, Devices, and Systems II, International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE), Sydney, Australia, pp. 316-322.
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The possible role of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as the dielectric component of nanoscale capacitors is considered. SAMs of two rather different molecules, α,α-p-xylyldithiol ('XYL') and dodecanedithiol ('C12') were produced on a gold {111} substrate, and characterized with respect to their conductivity. The data were fitted with a double tunnel barrier model, in which the two SAMs are primarily differentiated by barrier height and thickness with that of XYL having a thickness of 1.0 nm and a barrier height of 0.78 eV compared to 1.69 nm and 1.39 eV for C12. The remaining parameters of the model were determined by Monte Carlo optimization. Assuming perfect connection of top and bottom electrodes, the leakage current through the XYL at 1 volt is calculated to be 1.4×105 A/cm2, compared to 2.7×104 A/cm2 through C12. These values are not as low as can be obtained with SiO2 of the same thickness. However, SAMs are readily and precisely produced by simple, low temperature processes, a factor which may allow them a niche in the future.

Dayong Jin, Connally, R & Piper, J 1970, 'Investigation of UV LED luminescence properties for time-resolved fluorescence biomedical applications', 2005 IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting Conference Proceedings, 2005 IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, IEEE, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. 178-179.
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de Sterke, M, Botten, L, McPhedran, R, Wilcox, S, Kuhlmey, B & Fussell, D 1970, 'Defect modes in otherwise perfect photonic crystals and photonic crystal fibers', SPIE Proceedings, Congress on Optics and Optoelectronics, SPIE, pp. 595002-595002.
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Many of the applications of photonic crystals and photonic crystal fibers require the periodic structure to have some type of defect. In photonic crystal fibers a point defect defines the fiber core, whereas in photonic crystals a line defect acts as a waveguide, and point defects act as cavities. The modeling of these defects usually either makes use of periodic boundary conditions, by which the defect is replicated periodically, or models a photonic crystal of finite extent. However, some applications, for example the cut-off behavior of a defect mode where the field extends very widely, require methods that can model a defect in an otherwise infinite and perfectly periodic structure. Here we present such a method. It combines the method of fictitious sources with averaging over the Brillouin zone, and we apply it to study the long-wavelength behavior of the fundamental mode of photonic crystal fibers.

Death, A, Lattimore, JDL, McGrath, KCY, Tsatralis, T, Nakhla, S, Wilcox, I & Celermajer, D 1970, 'Repetitive hypoxia decreases matrix metalloproteinase and increases PAI-1 levels in human monocyte derived macrophages', EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL, 27th Congress of the European-Society-of-Cardiology, OXFORD UNIV PRESS, SWEDEN, Stockholm, pp. 296-296.

Deller, CA & Franklin, J 1970, 'Optimising the length of doped polymer light mixers', Proceedings of the 16th National Congress of the Australian Institute of Physics, National Congress of the AIP, Australian Institute of Physics, Canberra, Australia, pp. 84-87.
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Transparent Refractive Index Matched Micro-particles (TRIMM) in polymer rods are highly efficient light mixers. This paper addressess the problem of estimating the optimum length fr the mixing rods, for a given TRIMM-to-matrix refractive index ratio and concentration. Light mixing can be this maximised and loss minimised, without computer ray tracing simulations. The probability density function and mean angle for a single TRIMM sphere ray deviation are derived and used in modelling an expression for a critical mixer length for rays of normal incidence. Similar models could be very useful design tools with further development.

Di Maio, IL, Carl, D, Langehanenberg, P, Valenzuela, SM, Battle, AR, Al Khazaaly, S, Killingsworth, M, Kemper, B, von Bally, G & Martin, DK 1970, 'Structural properties of liposomes from digital holographic microscopy', SPIE Proceedings, Microelectronics, MEMS, and Nanotechnology, SPIE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 60361R-60361R.
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We have constructed liposomes from L-alpha-Phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids, which are biomimetic lipids similar to those present in the membranes of mammalian cells. We propose an advance in the use of liposomes, such as for drug delivery, to incorporate into the liposomal membranes transport proteins that have been extracted from the lipid membranes of mammalian cells. In this paper, we describe the usage of a novel optical microscope to characterize the nanomechanical properties of these liposomes. We have applied the technique of digital holographic microscopy(1), using an instrument recently developed at the University of Munster, Germany. This system enabled us to measure quantitatively the structural changes in liposomes. We have investigated the deformations of these biomimetic lipids comprising these liposomes by applying osmotic stresses, in order to gain insight into the membrane environment prior to incorporation of cloned membrane transport proteins. This control of the nanomechanical properties is important in the stresses transmitted to mechanosensitive ion channels that we have incorporated into the liposomal membranes. These liposomes provide transporting vesicles that respond to mechanical stresses, such as those that occur during implantation.

Dooley, AH 1970, 'The critical dimension: an approach to non-singular entropy', Algebraic and Topological Dynamics, Conference on Algebraic and Topological Dynamics, AMER MATHEMATICAL SOC, Max-Planck Inst, Bonn, GERMANY, pp. 65-76.

Earp, AA, Franklin, J & Smith, G 1970, 'Extraction of trapped light from luminescent solar concentration', Proceedings of the 16th National Congress of the Australian Institute of physics, National Congress of the AIP, Australian Institute of Physics, Canberra, Australia, pp. 104-107.
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In modern light sources such as Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSC's) and Light Emitting Diodes (LED's), light is emitted within a light-guiding structure of high refractive index. Some of this light is trapped and will not be able to escape. Similar problems are observed when collecting fluorescent radiation in waveguides (1) and scintillation detectors (2). For lighting applications, this trapped light should be ablet o escape the light-guiding structure. In LED's this is commonly achieved witha special profile in the active zone. However, inLSC's the small light-emitting zone is remote from the large light collector so a different approach must betaken. This paper will focus on the extraction of emitted light from rectangular LSc's and propose a way of extracting a large fraction of the trapped light.

Elder, M 1970, 'G-automata, counter languages and the Chomsky hierarchy', Proceedings of Groups St Andrews 2005, London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series (339), eds C. Campbell, M. Quick, E. Robertson, G. Smith, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 313-318.
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We consider how the languages of $G$-automata compare with other formallanguage classes. We prove that if the word problem of a group $G$ is acceptedby a machine in the class $\mathcal M$ then the language of any $G$-automatonis in the class $\mathcal M$. It follows that the so called {\emph counterlanguages} (languages of $\mathbb Z^n$-automata) are context-sensitive, andfurther that counter languages are indexed if and only if the word problem for$\mathbb Z^n$ is indexed.

El-Hassan, N 1970, 'Use of credit VAR models for measuring risk', Asia Risk Conference, Asia Risk Conference, -, Singapore.

Ferreira, NC, Ferreira, LG, Huete, A, Didan, K, Miura, T & IEEE 1970, 'A GIS based change detection system for the Amazon forest: Advantages and implications for the environmental monitoring and regional sustainable development', IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings, 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005), IEEE, Seoul, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 3474-3476.

Freeman, D, Madden, S, Luther-Davies, B, Grillet, C, Asatryan, AA, Dossou, K, Byrne, MA & Botten, LC 1970, 'Fabrication of photonic crystal membranes in chalcogenide glasses by focused ion beam milling', (CLEO). Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2005., 2005 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), IEEE, pp. 71-73 Vol. 1.
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Free-standing films of AMTIR-1 chalcogenide glass have been patterned using a focused ion beam, to produce a photonic crystal. Optical measurements of Fano resonances indicated that the resulting structures had strongly modified guided modes. © 2005 Optical Society of America.

Freeman, D, Madden, S, Luther-Davies, B, Grillet, C, Asatryan, AA, Dossou, K, Byrne, MA, Botten, LC & IEEE 1970, 'Fabrication of photonic crystal membranes in chalcogenide glasses by focused ion beam milling', 2005 Conference on Lasers & Electro-Optics (CLEO), Vols 1-3, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), OPTICAL SOC AMERICA, Baltimore, MD, pp. 71-73.

Godfrey, CM, Stensrud, DJ & Leslie, LM 1970, 'The influence of improved land surface and soil data on mesoscale model predictions', 85th AMS Annual Meeting, American Meteorological Society - Combined Preprints, pp. 1699-1708.

Godlewski, M, Phillips, MR, Czernecki, R, Targowski, G, Perlin, P, Leszczyński, M, Figge, S & Hommel, D 1970, 'Light emission properties of GaN-based laser diode structures', Acta Physica Polonica A, pp. 675-680.
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Cathodoluminescence is applied for evaluation of in-depth and in-plane variations of light emission from two types of GaN-based laser diode structures. We evaluate in-depth properties of the laser diode emission and demonstrate that potential fluctuations still affect emission of laser diodes for e-beam currents above thresholds for a stimulated emission.

Godlewski, M, Yatsunenko, S, Drozdowicz-Tomsia, K, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Klar, PJ & Heimbrodt, W 1970, 'Dynamics of Light Emission in CdMnS Nanoparticles', Acta Physica Polonica A, Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, pp. 681-688.
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We demonstrate coexistence of slow and fast components of photoluminescence decay of the Mn2+ intra-shell emission in nanoparticles of CdMnS. We explain the observed decrease in PL lifetime of the Mn2+ intra-shell transition by high efficiency of spin dependent magnetic interactions between localized spins of Mn2+ ions and free carriers. This mechanism is enhanced in nanostructures, but it is also present in bulk samples.

Grage, SL, Haertlein, M, Holt, SA, Martinac, B, May, RP, Mendes, G, Moulin, M, Watts, A & Ulrich, AS 1970, 'Channel opening of the mechanosensitive channel MscL studied by small angle neutron scattering and neutron reflection', BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 49th Annual Meeting of the Biopysical-Society, BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY, Long Beach, CA, pp. 291A-291A.

Gunning, SJ, Maggio, FJ, Valenzuela, S, Broady, KW, King, GK & Nicholson, GM 1970, 'κ-Atracotoxins: Insect potassium channels blockers that reveal a novel insecticide target', Venoms to Drugs 3, Heron Island, QLD.

Gunning, SJ, Maggio, FJ, Valenzuela, S, Broady, KW, King, GK & Nicholson, GM 1970, 'Selective actions of κ-atracotoxins on insect KCa channels: electrophysiological validation of the insect target and pharmacophore', 7th Asia Pacific Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, Cebu City, Philippines.

Hanen, C & Zinder, Y 1970, 'Scheduling UET-UCT task systems under the out-forest precedence constraints', Proceedings of the 2nd multidisciplinary international conference on scheduling: theory and applications, 2nd Multidisciplinary International Conference on Schduling: theory and applications, New York University, New York, pp. 445-452.
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This paper is concerend with two problems of schduling unit execution time task systems on parallel identical processors wuth unit communication delays and precedence constraints in the form of an out-forest. One problem is the maximum lateness problem with different release times. To the authors' knowledge the presented worst-case analysis of an approximation algorithm, generalising the idea of the classical Garey-Johnson algorithm, is the first result of this type for models with communication delays and different release times, and provides the best currently known performace guarantee for problems with communucation delays and precedence constraints in the form of out-forest. The paper also presents an iterative algorithm, constructing an optimal schedule, for a two-processor system, for the criterion of total completion time, among optimal schedules for the criterion of maximum lateness.

Hanen, C & Zinder, Y 1970, 'The worst-case analysis of the Garey-Johnson algorithm for preemptive tasks on m processors', Proceedings of the 2nd multidisciplinary international conference on scheduling: theory and applications, 2nd Multidisciplinary International Conference on Scheduling: Theory and Applications, Stern School of Business, New York University, New York, pp. 453-470.
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The classical Garey-Johnson algorithm was originally developed for the maximum lateness problem with two parallel identical machines and partially ordered unit execution time tasks, but the main idea of the Garey-Johnson algorithm is applicable far beyond the confines of this particular problem. This paper analyses the worst-case performance of a generalisation of the Garey-Johnson algorithm for the problem with arbitrary number of machines and partially ordered tasks allowing preemptions. The presented performance guarantee is the nest among all currently known for this problem.

Harris, CJ, Torpy, FR & Murray, B 1970, 'Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization Of Plants In Low Nutrient Soils: Are Soil Attributes Important?', Ecological Society of Australia Conference, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane.

Hodgkinson, I, De Silva, L & Arnold, M 1970, 'Inorganic polarizing materials grown by physical vapor deposition', SPIE Proceedings, Optics & Photonics 2005, SPIE, San Diego, USA, pp. 587001-587001.
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Holt, SA, Lakey, JH, Daud, SM & Keegan, N 1970, 'Neutron Reflectometry of Membrane Protein Assemblies at the Solid/Liquid Interface', Australian Journal of Chemistry, Australian Colloid and Interface Symposium (ACIS), CSIRO Publishing, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. 674-674.
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Neutron reflectometry has been used to study the self-assembly of a membrane protein, OmpF, onto a gold-coated silicon substrate from solution. OmpF associates into trimers and has been modified so that each trimer binds to the gold substrate through cysteine residues. Quantitative analysis of the data revealed that 12% of the surface was covered by the oriented protein with 27600 water molecules surrounding each trimer.

Horvat, JC, Preston, JA, Newcombe, NG, Ferguson, AL, Gibson, PG, Beagley, KW, Foster, PS, Hansbro, PM, Wade, AL & Kaiko, G 1970, 'Neonatal chlamydial infection inhibits the development of allergic airway inflammation in adult mice', INFLAMMATION RESEARCH, BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG, pp. S138-S139.

Horvat, JC, Wade, MA, Preston, JA, Newcombe, NG, Ferguson, AL, Kaiko, G, Gibson, PG, Beagley, KW, Foster, PS & Hansbro, PM 1970, 'Neonatal but not adult chlamydial infection induces the development of allergic airways disease through novel mechanisms involving inflammation of mixed phenotype', TISSUE ANTIGENS, 35th Annual SCientific Meeting of the Australasian-Society-for-Immunology/14th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshops, BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA, pp. 435-436.

Huete, A, Kim, HJ, Miura, T & IEEE 1970, 'Scaling dependencies and uncertainties in vegetation index - Biophysical retrievals in heterogeneous environments', IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings, 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005), IEEE, Seoul, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 5029-5032.

Huete, AR & IEEE 1970, 'Global variability of terrestrial surface properties derived from MODIS visible to thermal-infrared measurements', IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings, 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005), IEEE, Seoul, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 4938-4941.

Hulley, H, Heath, DP & Platen, E 1970, 'A comparative study of performance robustness for equity index models', 4th National Symposium on Financial Mathematics, 4th National Symposium on Financial Mathematics, -, Day Dream Island, Australia.

Hulley, H, Heath, DP & Platen, E 1970, 'A comparative study of performance robustness for equity index models', Mathematics in Finance International Conference, Mathematics in Finance International Conference, -, Kruger National Park, South Africa.

Hulley, H, Miller, S & Platen, E 1970, 'Benchmarking and Fair Pricing Applied to Two Market Models', Conference on Stochastic Calculus and its Applications to Quantitative finance and Electrical Engineering, Conference on Stochastic Calculus and its Applications to Quantitative finance and Electrical Engineering, -, Calgary, Canada.
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This paper considers a market containing both continuous and discrete noise. Modest assumptions ensure the existence of a growth optimal portfolio. Non-negative self-financing trading strategies, when benchmarked by this portfolio, are local martingales under the real-world measure. This justifies the fair pricing approach, which expresses derivative prices in terms of real-world conditional expectations of benchmarked payoffs. Two models for benchmarked primary security accounts are presented, and fair pricing formulas for some common contingent claims are derived.

Jin, D, Connally, R & Piper, J 1970, 'Ultrasensitive time-resolved nanoliter volume fluorometry based on UV LEDs and a channel photomultiplier tube', SPIE Proceedings, Biomedical Optics 2005, SPIE, San Jose, CA, pp. 237-237.
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Kanchanawong, P, Dahlbom, M, Treynor, TP, Reimers, JR, Hush, NS & Boxer, SG 1970, 'Intervalence band stark effects of special pair radical cations in mutant photosynthetic reaction centers with altered hydrogen bonding interactions', BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 49th Annual Meeting of the Biopysical-Society, BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY, Long Beach, CA, pp. 510A-510A.

Karoly, DJ, Leslie, LM, Ren, D & Leplastrier, M 1970, 'The impact of convective parameterization schemes on climate sensitivity', 85th AMS Annual Meeting, American Meteorological Society - Combined Preprints, pp. 2031-2036.

Killen, CP & Ford, M 1970, 'Innovation in Cross-Faculty Education: Engineering and Science', Proceedings of 4th ASEE/AaeE Global Colloquium on Engineering Education, ASEE Global Colloquium of Engineering Education, University of Queensland, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-10.

Knowles, WR, Toth, M, Thiel, B & Schroemges, R 1970, 'Ion Control for Optimized Imaging with a Novel Gaseous Detector', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 28-29.
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Langford, NK, Weinhold, TJ, Pryde, GJ, O'Brien, JL & White, AG 1970, 'Entangling linear optics gates for bell-state analysis and entangled cluster-state generation', Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (QELS), pp. 353-355.
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We implement an entangling gate for photonic qubits that relies on a single interference condition, offering significantly improved gate fidelity, and describe its use for investigating optical cluster states and performing fully resolving Bell measurements. © 2004 Optical Society of America.

Langford, NK, Weinhold, TJ, Pryde, GJ, O'Brien, JL & White, AG 1970, 'Entangling linear optics gates for bell-state analysis and entangled cluster-state generation', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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We implement an entangling gate for photonic qubits that relies on a single interference condition, offering significantly improved gate fidelity, and describe its use for investigating optical cluster states and performing fully resolving Bell measurements. © 2004 Optical Society of America.

Lawandi, J, Tao, CZ, O'Brien, B & Simpson, AM 1970, 'Susceptibility of an insulin-secreting liver cell line to the toxic effects of cytokines involved in the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells', Journal Of Gene Medicine, 4th Meeting of the Australasian-Gene-Therapy-Society, Unknown, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1124-1124.
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N/A

Liberati, NB, Platen, E, Martini, F & Piccardi, M 1970, 'A multi-point distributed random variable accelerator for Monte Carlo simulation in finance', 5th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, Proceedings, International Conference on Intelligent Systems Designs and Applications, IEEE, Wroclaw, Poland, pp. 532-537.
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The pricing and hedging of complex derivative securities via Monte Carlo simulations of stochastic differential equations constitutes an intensive computational task. To achieve 'real time' execution, as often required by financial institutions, one needs highly efficient implementations of the multi-point distributed random variables underlying the simulations. In this paper a fast and flexible dedicated hardware solution is proposed. A comparative performance analysis demonstrates that the hardware solution is bottleneck-free and flexible, and significantly increases the computational efficiency of the software solution. © 2005 IEEE.

Liberati, NB, Platen, E, Martini, F & Piccardi, M 1970, 'An FPGA generator for multipoint distributed random variables (abstract only)', Proceedings of the 2005 ACM/SIGDA 13th international symposium on Field-programmable gate arrays, FPGA05: ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays 2005, ACM, pp. 280-280.
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Multi-point distributed random variables whose moments match those of a Gaussian random variable up to a certain order play an important role in Monte Carlo simulations of weak approximations of stochastic differential equations. In applications such as finance, where "real time" execution is required, there is a strong need for highly efficient implementations. In this paper a fast and flexible dedicated hardware solution on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is presented. A comparative performance analysis between a software-only and the proposed hardware solution demonstrates that the FPGA solution is bottleneck-free, retains the flexibility of the software solution and significantly increases the computational efficiency.

Lin, L, Hanyu, G & Yugeng, X 1970, 'An iterative algorithm for job shop scheduling based on adjusting due date', Proceedings of the 24th Chinese Control Conference, Vols 1 and 2, 24th Chinese Control Conference, SOUTH CHINA UNIV TECHNOLOGY PRESS, Canton, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1214-1217.

Maitra, A, Wang, J, Huegel, O, Poulton, C, Leuthold, J & Freude, W 1970, 'All-Optical Flip-Flop based on an Active Stopband-Tapered DFB Structure', Optical Amplifiers and Their Applications, Optical Amplifiers and Their Applications, OSA, pp. WD3-WD3.
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Flip-flop operation with low power threshold in the 50 μW range can be achieved with an active DFB grating having a tapered corrugation amplitude. We simulate bistable switching, and we report on all-optical diode behaviour which might be used for optical isolation. © 2005 Optical Society of America.

Martini, F, Piccardi, M, Liberati, NB, Platen, E & IEEE 1970, 'A hardware generator for multi-point distributed random variables', 2005 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (ISCAS), VOLS 1-6, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, IEEE Computer Society Press, Kobe, Japan, pp. 1702-1705.
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In Monte Carlo simulation of weak approximation of stochastic differential equations, multi-point distributed random variables play an important role. However, they need highly efficient implementations to meet the 'real-time' requirements of applications such as the pricing of complex derivative securities. In this paper a fast and fexible dedicated hardware generator of multi-point distributed random variables on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is presented. A comparative performance analysis demonstrates that the hardware solution is bottleneck-free, retains the fexibility of a traditional software implementation and significantly increases the computational fficiency of the overall simulation. © 2005 IEEE.

Masi, J & Gorrie, C 1970, 'New polymers for polymer magnetic devices', Proceedings Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing Expo, 2005., Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing Expo, 2005., IEEE, IN, Indianapolis, pp. 293-298.
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Matthews, CJ, Cook, FJ, Braddock, RD & Knight, JH 1970, 'Comparing two new transformations for the water content form of richards' equation', Proceedings of the 14th IASTED International Conference on Applied Simulation and Modelling, pp. 186-191.
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This study will present two new transformations that are applied to the water content (θ) form of Richard's Equation: 1) a reference soil transformation and 2) a constant 'relative gradient ratio' transformation. The reference soil transformation enables a model to simulate water flow in a given soil in terms of θ for a reference soil. The main advantage of this transformation is that it provides a continuous 6 profile across soil layers. However, the choice of a reference soil could also provide some numerical advantages by, for example, minimising the effect of sharp wetting fronts. An analytical expression will be derived that approximates the effect a transformation has on the gradients within a system. This approximation is based on the notion of relative gradients and will assist in analysing, which reference soils are appropriate for the problem. In addition, the analytical approximation can be used to derive general transformations for partial differential equations (PDEs). For this study, we will derive a constant 'relative gradient ratio' transformation that will decrease relative gradients within the system by a constant factor (ε). Using the Method of lines (MOL), numerical solutions will be generated for a test case from the literature for both transformed and non-transformed equations. By comparing these solutions, this paper will analyse whether the new transformations improve the efficiency and/or accuracy of the numerical solution for the test case problem.

Matthews, CJ, Knight, JH, Cook, FJ & Braddock, RD 1970, 'The effect of heat on the diversion length of capillary barriers', MODSIM05 - International Congress on Modelling and Simulation: Advances and Applications for Management and Decision Making, Proceedings, pp. 1772-1778.
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Within the literature, capillary barriers have been suggested as an alternative hydraulic barrier in cover liners for waste dumps. When a waste dump reaches its full capacity, cover liners are usually constructed over the waste mound to seal the waste from the surrounding environment. One main function of a cover liner is to prevent substantial amounts of water infiltrating into the waste material thereby preventing leaching and potentially contamination of the ground water system. A capillary barrier consists of a fine soil overlying a coarse soil, which can impeded infiltrating water at the soil layer interface by capillary forces. Breakthrough into the coarse soil will only occur once enough water has accumulated at the interface to overcome the water-entry pressure of the coarse soil. If a capillary barrier is inclined, water will flow laterally downslope (or upslope) until breakthrough is reached. The length of this lateral flow, parallel to the slope, is known as the diversion length. Additionally, sealed waste can produce a substantial amount of heat due to the decomposing waste material. Therefore, it is important to explore the effect of heat on the performance of capillary barriers. This paper will explore the effect of heat on the diversion length of a capillary barriers by using a numerical model based on the Method of Lines. The model will be used to simulate one-dimensional coupled heat and water flow through a capillary barrier consisting of a Glendale clay loam over Berino fine sand. The domain will be rotated by a given angle and will represent flow through an elongated slope where the edge effects can be ignored. It will be assumed that the underlying waste will generate a constant heat source while the soil surface experiences a constant water flux. Under these conditions, the heat generated by the waste will result in heat and water fluxes moving up the soil profile towards the soil surface opposing the infiltrating water flux. To es...

Matthews, CJ, Knight, JH, Cook, FJ & Braddock, RD 1970, 'Using analytical solutions for homogenous soils to assess numerical solutions for layered soils', MODSIM05 - International Congress on Modelling and Simulation: Advances and Applications for Management and Decision Making, Proceedings, pp. 1279-1285.
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Analytical solutions for non-steady flow are an important aspect of mathematical modeling in all fields of computational science. An analytical solution provides an exact solution for a specific (simplified) test case, which then can be used to test and verify numerical solutions. Within soil physics, there has been a multitude of analytical solutions that model transient flow through one-dimensional homogenous soil profiles under various flow conditions. For homogenous soils, analytical solutions exist for realistic soil types (i.e. non-linear hydraulic functions) and for coupled solute and water transport. However, for layered soils, there has only been one analytical solution for non-steady flow. Even though this solution has been useful for testing numerical schemes, the disadvantages of the solution are 1) it is lengthy, complex and difficult to program; 2) is only valid for a particular form of the hydraulic functions with a constant hydraulic diffusivity (D); and 3) one of the key soil parameters is constant across soil layers. To overcome these limitations, we will use a transformation technique to transform an analytical solution for water flow in a homogenous soil to obtain an analytical solution for an idealized layered soil profile. The idealized analytical solution arises from only transforming part of the solution over a selected segment of the spatial domain. For this study, we examine 1) a linear transformation of the solution variable (θ) and the spatial coordinate system (z) and 2) a non-linear transformation of the solution variable (θ). As a starting point, we will use a simple analytical solution developed by Clothier et al. (1981), which models constant flux infiltration into a field soil: Bungendore fine sand. This soil is a special case since experimentally, it was shown that D is near constant and K is approximately quadratic. Under these properties (1) reduces to the well-known Burgers' equation. Note that under the non-linear ...

Mau, B, Darling, AE & Perna, NT 1970, 'Identifying evolutionarily conserved segments among multiple divergent and rearranged genomes', COMPARATIVE GENOMICS, RECOMB International Workshop on Comparative Genomics, Springer-verlag Berlin, Bertinoro, ITALY, pp. 72-84.
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We describe a new method for reliably identifying conserved segments among genome sequences that have undergone rearrangement, horizontal transfer, and substantial nucleotide-level divergence. A Gibbs-like sampler explores different combinations of seque

McCarty, KM, Houseman, A, Quamruzzaman, Q, Rahman, M, Mahiuddin, G, Smith, T, Ryan, L & Christiani, DC 1970, 'The impact of age and gender on arsenic methylation capacity', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, Joint Meeting of the Society-for-Epidemiologic-Research/Canadian-Society-for-Epidemiology-and-Biostatistics, OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, Toronto, CANADA, pp. S30-S30.

McCarty, KM, Houseman, A, Su, L, Quamruzzaman, Q, Rahman, M, Mahiuddin, G, Smith, T, Ryan, L & Christiani, DC 1970, 'Drinking water exposure to arsenic, polymorphisms in GSTT1, GSTM1 and GSTP1 and methylation capacity', EPIDEMIOLOGY, 17th Annual Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology, LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, Johannesburg, SOUTH AFRICA, pp. S113-S113.
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McGrath, KCY & Death, A 1970, 'DHT has proatherogenic effects on human endothelial cells via activation of the proinflammatory NFkB by the androgen receptor', EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL, 27th Congress of the European-Society-of-Cardiology, OXFORD UNIV PRESS, SWEDEN, Stockholm, pp. 542-543.

McNaughton, D, Lim, J, Hammer, L, Langford, SJ, Collie, J & Wood, BR 1970, 'Raman spectroscopy and imaging of whole functional cells', SPIE Proceedings, Smart Materials, Nano-, and Micro-Smart Systems, SPIE, pp. 52-52.
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McPhedran, RC, Dossou, KB, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, de Sterke, CM, Chen, S & Brnovic, J 1970, 'Efficient couplers for photonic crystal waveguides', BGPP/ACOFT 2005 conference CD of proceedings, BGPP/ACOFT, Optical Society of America, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-3.

Messaike, E, Sutisno, M, Torpy, FR & Sztynda, T 1970, 'Ear Biometrics: Mapping the Human Auricle in Asians Residing in the Sydney Region', UTS/RNSH/USYD Scientific Conference, Sydney 2005, Sydney, Australia.

Miller, PF, Peters, BA & Vernon, F 1970, 'A field study on the control of European wasp Vespula germanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) and paper wasp Polisted sp. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) using a novel aqueous powder formulation', Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Urban Pests, Perniagaan Ph'ng @P&Y Design Network, Malaysia, pp. 387-391.

Mokkapati, S, Wong-Leung, J, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, McBean, KE & Phillips, MR 1970, 'Controlled nucleation of InAs/GaAs and InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots for optoelectronic device integration', 5th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, 2005., 5th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, 2005., IEEE, pp. 565-567.
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We demonstrate that InAs and InGaAs quantum dots can be grown selectively in specific regions of GaAs substrates using selective-area MOCVD. Growth parameters can be controlled to obtain high density (∼1010/ cm2) of defect free quantum dots. Emission spectra from these selectively grown dots are presented and are comparable in linewidth to that from dots grown on unpatterned substrates. We propose that this growth scheme can be used for fabrication of quantum dot lasers integrated with waveguides. ©2005 IEEE.

Nedbal, L, Březina, V, Červený, J & Trtílek, M 1970, 'Photosynthesis in dynamic light: systems biology of unconventional chlorophyll fluorescence transients in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803', Photosynthesis Research, International Satellite Meeting in honor of Norio Murata on Photosynthesis and the Post-Genomic Era, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Trois Rivieres, CANADA, pp. 99-106.
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Oliver, BG, King, NJ, Black, JL, Burgess, JK, Johnson, PR, Baraket, M, Johnston, SL & Lim, S 1970, 'The response of ex vivo rhinovirus infection of alveolar macrophages front asthmatic and non-asthmatic subjects', INFLAMMATION RESEARCH, BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG, pp. S137-S138.

Peisah, C, Snowdon, J, Gorrie, C & Rodriguez, M 1970, 'Alzheimer's disease related pathology in late life suicide: preliminary analysis of the first 32 cases', INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOGERIATRICS, CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, pp. 380-381.

Peters, BA, Miller, PF & Staton, JA 1970, 'A study on a novel personal insect repellent formulation against the mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae), the biting midge (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and the bush fly (Diptera: Miscidae)', Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Urban Pests, Singapore.

Phillips, MR & Morgan, SW 1970, 'Direct Comparison of Various Gaseous Secondary Electron Detectors in the Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscope', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Honolulu, Hawaii, pp. 398-399.
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The conventional Everhart-Thornely scintillation-photomultiplier secondary electron (SE) detector cannot function at elevated pressures due to the high voltage (~ +12kV) involved in its operation. As a result, SE imaging in the variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VPSEM) has required the development of a new generation of SE detectors that operate under low vacuum conditions. To date, three different methods have been devised to measure the secondary electron (SE) emission signal in a VPSEM. Each of these approaches involves the excitation of the chamber gas by the placement of a low voltage (< +1000V) positively biased electrode in the vicinity of the specimen. A SE image can be obtained by measuring the current induced in either the positive electrode (the gaseous secondary electron detector) or the grounded stage (the ion current detector) or via a photomultiplier that detects light emission from the gas (the gas luminescence detector). In this work, the performance of each of these three low vacuum SE detector types has been compared under identical operating conditions using a Zeiss Supra 55VPSEM and FEI XL30 ESEM.

Piper, JA, Connally, RE & Jin, DY 1970, 'High-contrast detection of target organisms in highly autofluorescent backgrounds using time-resolved techniques', 2005 IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting Conference Proceedings, 2005 IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, IEEE, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. 176-177.
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Platen, E 1970, 'A unified framework for portfolio optimisation and asset pricing', 49th Annual Meeting of the Australian Mathematical Society, 49th Annual Meeting of the Australian Mathematical Society, -, Perth, Australia.

Platen, E 1970, 'Investments for the Short and Long Run', Econophysics Colloquium, Econophysics Colloquium Canberra, -, Canberra, Australia.
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This paper aims to discuss the optimal selection of investments for the short and long run in a continuous time financial market setting. First it documents the almost sure pathwise long run outperformance of all positive portfolios by the growth optimal portfolio. Secondly it assumes that every investor prefers more rather than less wealth and keeps the freedom to adjust his or her risk aversion at any time. In a general continuous market, a two fund separation result is derived which yields optimal portfolios located on the Markowitz efficient frontier. An optimal portfolio is shown to have a fraction of its wealth invested in the growth optimal portfolio and the remaining fraction in the savings account. The risk aversion of the investor at a given time determines the volatility of her or his optimal portfolio. It is pointed out that it is usually not rational to reduce risk aversion further than is necessary to achieve the maximum growth rate. Assuming an optimal dynamics for a global market, the market portfolio turns out to be growth optimal. The discounted market portfolio is shown to follow a particular time transformed diffusion process with explicitly known transition density. Assuming that the transformed time growth exponentially, a parsimonious and realistic model for the market portfolio dynamics results. It allows for efficient portfolio optimization and derivative pricing.

Platen, E 1970, 'On the role of the growth optimal portfolio in finance', 7th JAFEE International Conference, 7th JAFEE International Conference, -, Tokyo, Japan.

Platen, E 1970, 'On the role of the growth optimal portfolio in finance', Mathematical Finance Workshop, Mathematical Finance Workshop, -, Frankfurt, Gremany.

Platen, E 1970, 'On the role of the growth optimal portfolio in finance', 4th National Symposium on Financial Mathematics, 4th National Symposium on Financial Mathematics, -, Day Dream Island, Australia.

Platen, E 1970, 'Portfolio optimization and derivative pricing in a jump diffusion market', Quantitative Methods in Finance 2005 Conference, Quantitative Methods in Finance 2005 Conference, -, Sydney, Australia.

Preston, JA, Horvat, JC, Wade, MA, Beagley, KW, Foster, PS, Gibson, PG & Hansbro, PM 1970, 'Respiratory streptococcus pneumoniae infection decreases key inflammatory responses in a mouse model of asthma', TISSUE ANTIGENS, 35th Annual SCientific Meeting of the Australasian-Society-for-Immunology/14th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshops, BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA, pp. 516-516.

Pryde, GJ, O'Brien, JL, White, AG, Ralph, TC, Bartlett, SD & Langford, NK 1970, 'Using photonic entanglement in quantum measurements', International Quantum Electronics Conference, 2005., International Quantum Electronics Conference, 2005., IEEE, pp. 1526-1527.
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The use of entanglement allows a wide variety of quantum measurements outside the usual case of projective measurement. We describe several experimental photonic quantum measurement results relying on entangled measurement, such as weak measurements.

Ratana, P, Yin, Y, Huete, AR, Jacobson, A & IEEE 1970, 'Interrelationship among among MODIS vegetation products across an amazon eco-climatic gradient', IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings, 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005), IEEE, Seoul, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 3009-3012.

Roberts, DO & Novikov, A 1970, 'Pricing European and discretely monitored exotic options under the Levy process framework', International Mathematica Symposium 2005, International Mathematic Symposium, Wolfram Research, Perth, Australia, pp. 1-11.
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We shall consider both European and idscretely monitored Exotic options (Bermudan and Discrete Barrier) in a market where the underlying asset follows a Geometric Levy process. First we shall briefly introduce this extended framework, then using the Variance Gamma model we shall show how toprice European Options and then we will proceed to demonstrate the application of the recursive quadrature method to Bermudan and Discrete Barrier Options

Rodgers, KJ, Dunlop, RA & Dean, RT 1970, 'A novel approach to determine the pathways involved in the cellular catabolism of oxidised proteins', FREE RADICAL RESEARCH, 13th Biennial Meeting of the Society-for-Free-Radical-Research, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, West Midlands, ENGLAND, pp. S74-S74.

Smith, G, Cortie, MB & Maaroof, AI 1970, 'The apparent optical indices of spongy nanoporous gold', Proceedings of the 16th National Congress of the Australian Institute of Physics, National Congress of the AIP, Australian Institute of Physics, Canberra, pp. 177-180.
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Very thin spongy nanoporous gold films have a unique nanostructure and hence unusual properties. Our interest in these materials is also due to their wide range of potential application (1,2). An optical study for such nanostructured films is of fundamental interest for understanding how light interacts with such a spongy nanoporous structure. In general the gold either percolates or is very closely packed. This surface plasmons, and surface plasmon resonant effects, are expected to play a key role given the large surface area of metal and the metal backbone of the nanostructure. The ropological complexity of the nano-void network is also expected to be a major influence. The optical response has, for a metal system, quite unusual dispersion relations for the effective complex refractive index components n*, k*. Once these are better understood new optical engineering possibilities arise. We are not aware of any optical studies for spongy metal film nanostructures apart from a brief preliminary report of our own on one such film 93) whose nanstructure was different to the spongy nanoporous films presented here. We check the internal consistency and physical accpetability of the results with a Kramers-Kronig analysis of the spectrumn of n*, k* values, because of their unusual spectral character.

Solina, DM, Liedke, M-O, Tietze, U, Fassbender, J & Schreyer, A 1970, 'Reflectivity characterisation of ion irradiated exchange bias FeMn–FeNi films', Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 5th International Symposium on Metallic Multilayers, Elsevier BV, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO, pp. 225-228.
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Taylor, AA, Leslie, LM & Stensrud, DJ 1970, 'Forecasts of near-surface variables using a coupled atmosphere-land surface model', 85th AMS Annual Meeting, American Meteorological Society - Combined Preprints, pp. 1667-1672.

Thomson, AF, Melville, DO, Arnold, MD & Blaikie, RJ 1970, 'Fabrication and characterisation of quantised conductance atomic switches', 12th Electronics New Zealand Conference, ENZCON05, Electronics New Zealand Incorporated, Manukau, New Zealand, pp. 13-18.

Tiwari, AM, Servid, AE, Kecskes, MC, Stafford, JM, Moir, JWB, Huston, W, Eady, RR & Andrew, CR 1970, 'Heme coordination chemistry of ferric cytochromes c'.', ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 229th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS), AMER CHEMICAL SOC, San Diego, CA, pp. U483-U483.

Tomaszewska-Grzȩda, A, Lojkowski, W, Godlewski, M, Yatsunenko, S, Drozdowicz-Tomsia, K, Goldys, EM & Phillips, MR 1970, 'Growth and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles', Acta Physica Polonica A, pp. 897-902.
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In this work we evaluate structural and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles grown by wet chemistry method. Light emission properties of these nanoparticles are studied with cathodoluminescence and micro-photoluminescence. Even at the room temperature excitonic emission is well resolved, due to high exciton binding energy of ZnO. Decay kinetics of photoluminescence emissions and efficiency of inter-nanoparticles energy migration is evaluated from maps of in-plane variations of photoluminescence decay times measured in microphotoluminescence setup.

Torpy, FR, Vahdat, H, Campbell, S, Woodland, NB, Gallery, E & Morris, JM 1970, 'Matrix Metalloproteinase Production by Monocytes in Pre-eclampsia', Haematology Society of Australia & New Zealand (HSANZ) Conference, Sydney 2005, Sydney.

Toth, M, Thiel, BL & Knowles, WR 1970, 'Self-regulating charge control for ultra high resolution scanning electron microscopy (Invited Paper)', SPIE Proceedings, Nondestructive Evaulation for Health Monitoring and Diagnostics, SPIE, San Diego, CA, pp. 49-49.
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Valenzuela, SM, Berkahn, M, Martin, DK, Huynh, T, Yang, Z & Geczy, CL 1970, 'Elucidating the structure and function of S100 proteins in membranes', SPIE Proceedings, Microelectronics, MEMS, and Nanotechnology, SPIE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 603619-603619.
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100 proteins are important Ca2+-binding proteins involved in vital cellular functions including the modulation of cell growth, migration and differentiation, regulation of intracellular signal transduction/phosphorylation pathways, energy metabolism, cyt

Verbout, SM, Leslie, LM, Brooks, HE, Schultz, D & Karoly, D 1970, 'Tornado outbreaks associated with land-falling tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin', 85th AMS Annual Meeting, American Meteorological Society - Combined Preprints, pp. 4779-4784.

White, TP, de Sterke, CM, Botten, LC & McPhedran, RC 1970, 'Very low Fresnel losses in rod-type photonic crystals', BGPP/ACOFT 2005 conference CD of proceedings, BGPP/ACOFT, Optical Society of America, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-3.

Wilcox, S, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC, Kuhlmey, BT, Fussell, DP & Tomljenovic-Hanic, S 1970, 'Fundamental mode in index-guided microstructured optical fibers: long wavelength properties', (CLEO). Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2005., 2005 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), IEEE, pp. 214-216.
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Using a novel computational method, the fundamental mode in index-guided microstructured optical fibers with genuinely infinite cladding is shown to have no cut-off, but its area grows rapidly when the wavelength crosses a transition region. © 2005 Optical Society of America.

Wilcox, S, Botten, LC, Martijn de Sterke, C, McPhedran, RC, Kuhlmey, BT, Fussell, DP & Tomljenovic-Hanic, S 1970, 'Fundamental mode in index-guided microstructured optical fibers: Long wavelength properties', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), OPTICAL SOC AMERICA, Baltimore, MD, pp. 214-+.
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Using a novel computational method, the fundamental mode in index-guided microstructured optical fibers with genuinely infinite cladding is shown to have no cut-off, but its area grows rapidly when the wavelength crosses a transition region. © 2005 Optical Society of America.

Wilcox, S, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM & Poulton, CG 1970, 'Exact modeling of defect modes in photonic crystals', 2005 Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, 2005 Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (QELS), IEEE, pp. 711-713.
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An exact model for defect modes in PC devices with infinite cladding is presented. Its accuracy is demonstrated, as is its role in corroborating that the fundamental mode of a conven-tional PCF has no cutoff. © 2005 Optical Society of America.

Wilcox, S, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC, Martijn De Sterke, C & Poulton, CG 1970, 'Exact modeling of defect modes in photonic crystals', Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (QELS), pp. 711-713.
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An exact model for defect modes in PC devices with infinite cladding is presented. Its accuracy is demonstrated, as is its role in corroborating that the fundamental mode of a conventional PCF has no cutoff. © 2005 Optical Society of America.

Wójcik, A, Kopalko, K, Godlewski, M, Łusakowska, E, Guziewicz, E, Minikayev, R, Paszkowicz, W, Świa̧tek, K, Klepka, M, Jakieła, R, Kiecana, M, Sawicki, M, Dybko, K & Phillips, MR 1970, 'Thin films of ZnO and ZnMnO by atomic layer epitaxy', Optica Applicata, pp. 413-418.
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We discuss properties of thin films of ZnO and ZnMnO grown with atomic layer epitaxy using new, organic zinc and manganese precursors. Several characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence, superconducting quantum interfernece device (SQUID) and electron spin resonance, show good topography of the films and their advantageous optical and magnetic properties.

Wuhrer, R, Huggett, P, Moran, K, Phillips, MR & Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'EBSD and XRM of Phases in Vacuum Cast Composite Alloys', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Honolulu, Hawaii, pp. 1678-1679.
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There have been a number f new processes developed that allow the joining of very dissimilar materials such as titanium alloys, wear resistant white irons, cast irons and ceramic materials to ferrous (mild steel) and non-ferrous (aluminium) alloys. These new processes have allowed the development of more complex composite shapes to be produced. However, with any new process development, an undertsnating of the mechanism of bonding is required. through the use of x-ray mapping (XRM), chemical phase imaging as well as electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) analsysis, very useful information on the mass transport across the interface as well as phase segregation, texture variations and phase distribution within the bond interface can be obtained. results from this investigation on a number of bonded materials are presented and the importance of XRM and EBSD in providing a better understanding of the physical and chemical processes involved in metallurgical bonding/welding of dissimilar materials discussed.

Wuhrer, R, Moran, K, Phillips, MR & Davey, P 1970, 'X-Ray Mapping Using Multiple-EDS and WDS Detectors', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Honolulu, USA, pp. 1678-1679.
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High quality x-ray mapping (XRM) has been used for over 30 years by experienced wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS) operators. Manufacturers have been developing similar techniques using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) over the last 20 years. This has been generally unsuccssful due to a number of problems such as poor computer specifications, cost, time to map and generally poor peak to bacjground ratios (P:B). With improvements in all the above parameters EDS mapping is now gaining in popularity.

Yan, Z, Hanyu, G & Yugeng, X 1970, 'Prioritizing sub-problem in shifting bottleneck procedure for job shop scheduling', Proceedings of the 24th Chinese Control Conference, Vols 1 and 2, 24th Chinese Control Conference, SOUTH CHINA UNIV TECHNOLOGY PRESS, Canton, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1195-1198.

Yunusa, IA, Eamus, D, De Silva, DL, Murray, B, Burchett, M, Skilbeck, G & Heidrich, C 1970, 'Prospects for coal-ash in the management of Australian soils', World of Coal Ash Proceedings, World of Coal Ash 2005, Coal ash Association and the University of Kentucky's Centre for Applied Energy Research, Lexington, USA, p. CD ROM.

Zinder, Y 1970, 'Scheduling UET tasks on parallel machines: strength of priority algorithms', Proceedings of the 18th National Conference of the Australian Society for OPerations Research and the 11th Australian Optimisation Day, National Conference of theAustralian Society for Operation Research, Western Australian Centre of Excellence in Industrial Optimisation, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia, pp. 186-191.
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The paper is concerned with the problem of shceduling a partially ordered set of unit execution time tasks on parallel identical machines in ordered to minimise the criterion of maximum lateness which plays one of the central roles in scheduling theory. It is well known that the considered scheduling problem is NP-hard in the strong sense, and therefore various polynormial-time algorithms, developed for this problem are usually schracterised by their worst-case performance. For a broad class of scheduling algorithms, the paper introduces a notion of a strength, characterising their worst-case performance and within this formal framework gives a positive answer to the question of the existence of a strongest algorithm i.e. agorithm with the best worst-case performance.

Arulsamy, AD & Fronzi, M 2005, 'Length-dependent resistance model for a single-wall Carbon nanotube'.

Bruti Liberati, N & Platen, E 2005, 'On the strong approximation of jump-diffusion processes (QFRC paper #157)'.

Bruti Liberati, N & Platen, E 2005, 'On the strong approximation of pure jump processes (QFRC paper #164)'.
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ISSN 1441-8010 www.business.uts.edu.au/qfrc/research/research_papers/rp164.pdf

Fergusson, K & Platen, E 2005, 'On the Distributional Characterization of Log-returns of a World Stock Index'.
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In this paper we identify distributions which suitably fit log-returns of the world stock index (WSI) when these are expressed in units of different currencies. By searching for a best fit in the class of symmetric generalized hyperbolic distributions the maximum likelihood estimates appear to cluster in the neighborhood of those of the Student t distribution. This is confirmed on a high significance level under the likelihood ratio test.

HEATH, DAVID & PLATEN, ECKHARD 2005, 'CURRENCY DERIVATIVES UNDER A MINIMAL MARKET MODEL WITH RANDOM SCALING'.
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This paper uses an alternative, parsimonious stochastic volatility model to describe the dynamics of a currency market for the pricing and hedging of derivatives. Time transformed squared Bessel processes are the basic driving factors of the minimal market model. The time transformation is characterized by a random scaling, which provides for realistic exchange rate dynamics. The pricing of standard European options is studied. In particular, it is shown that the model produces implied volatility surfaces that are typically observed in real markets.

Platen, E 2005, 'Investments in the short and long run (QFRC paper #163)'.
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ISSN 1441-8010 www.business.uts.edu.au/qfrc/research/research_papers/rp163.pdf

Platen, E 2005, 'On the role of the growth optimal portfolio in finance (QFRC paper #144)'.
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ISSN 1441-8010 www.business.uts.edu.au/qfrc/research/research_papers/rp144.pdf